The Oxford History of Byzantium

by Cyril Mango

Stephen the Patrician 146

  Stephen Uroš II Milutin of Serbia 260, 263, 293

  Stephen Uroš III Dušan of Serbia 260, 263, 267, 269

  Stephen the Younger, St 155, 157–8, 159

  Stilicho (general) 37–8, 37

  Stobi 8

  Stoicism 96

  strategoi (‘generals’) 10, 131, 141, 147

  stratiotai 9

  Stylianos Zaoutzes 11

  Sueves 38

  Süleyman Çelebi 274

  Süleyman ibn-Kutlumush 12

  Süleyman Pasha 268

  Sunni Muslims 176, 184

  superstitio (superstition) 96, 97, 111

  Sviatoslav of Kiev 176, 183, 237

  Symeon of Bulgaria 172, 173, 175, 195, 239

  Symeon the Fool, Life of 76

  Symeon the Logothete, Metaphrast 222

  Symeon Stylites, St 95, 110, 117, 117, 118

  synagogue, Sardis 82, 83

  Synesius 287

  Syracuse, cathedral 108

  Syria:

  Arab conquest 129, 142, 169, 171

  and cities 88

  crusader principalities 191–2

  and Egypt 193

  and Hamdanid emirate 176

  and literary tradition 214

  and Monophysitism 106

  Ottoman conquest (1516–17) 294

  Persian advances 23, 53, 59, 121

  and Tiberius III 137

  and villages 8, 90, 91–2, 91–4

  Syrians, in Byzantine population 11, 187, 196

  tagmata (‘regiments’) 140, 141, 142

  Takht-i-Sulaiman, Zoroastrian temple 55

  taktika 61

  Tamerlane 270, 274

  Tarasios, patriarch 161, 170, 215

  Tatian 224

  taxation 179, 198

  evasion 39, 40, 45, 71–2, 145

  and Justinian 45, 49–51

  and Justinian II 136

  and Michael VIII Palaiologos 258

  and rural populations 91

  and shortage of coinage 150

  temples, pagan 76–8, 82, 83, 84, 102, 111

  incubation 113

  revenues of 71, 73

  Tervel, khan 135

  Tetrarchy 19–20, 20, 24, 69

  textile industry see silk industry

  theatre 148

  Apamea 87

  Ephesus 79–80

  Side 78

  Thebes, Latin rule 250–1

  Thekla (sister of Michael III) 161

  themes (themata) 131–3, 142, 197

  and provincial governors 147

  rebellions in 139, 140

  Themistius, surviving manuscripts 224

  theocracy, state as 105, 206

  Theoderic (Ostrogothic king) 14, 40

  Theodora, empress (daughter of Constantine VIII) 203–4, 206

  Theodora (stepmother of Constantine) 26

  Theodora (wife of Justinian) 45, 46, 46, 82

  Theodora (wife of Theophilos) 11

  and Iconoclasm 153, 158, 159, 161–2, 161

  Theodore I Laskaris 253

  Theodore II Laskaris 254

  Theodore II of Morea 277

  Theodore Abu Qurra 214

  Theodore Komnenos Doukas of Epiros 254

  Theodore Meliteniotes, Three Books 289

  Theodore Metochites (prime minister) 286, 287, 289–91, 292

  Introduction to Astronomy 288–9, 288

  Theodore of Mopsuestia 102

  Theodore Palaiologos, Marquis of Montferrat 300–1

  Theodore the Studite, St:

  and education 215

  and Iconoclasm 15, 153, 154, 158

  and verse epigrams 224

  Theodore of Sykeon, St 88

  Theodoret of Cyrus (theologian) 105, 107–8, 209

  Theodosian Code 5, 105

  Theodosius I, Eastern emperor 32, 32, 34, 102

  and Ambrose 207

  and Church and State 103, 105

  and Constantinople 35, 65, 65, 69

  and First Council of Constantinople 79

  and imperial regalia 60, 60

  and Visigoths 36, 38

  Theodosius II 45, 65

  Theodosius III 138

  Theodotos, patriarch 158

  Theoktistos 153

  theology:

  and disputes 105–6, 111

  and Hesychasm 265

  and Iconoclasm 154, 156

  and literature 149, 285

  and monasticism 212

  and the State 25, 40–2, 49, 79, 103–6, 134

  Theophanes the ‘Confessor’ 153–4, 155

  Theophanes the Cretan 305

  Theophanes the Greek 305

  Theophanes and Theodore, Sts 214

  Theophano (wife of Otto II) 179

  Theophilos, emperor:

  and Constantinople 70

  and education 216

  and Iconoclasm 153, 161

  and succession 202

  Thessalonica 198

  Avar attacks 51

  churches 84–5

  fortifications 84, 144, 148

  hippodrome 81, 84

  Ottoman capture (1430) 277–8, 283

  and Ottoman threat 271, 272

  palace of Galerius 84

  and Pecheneg raids 183

  population 278

  recovery (1224) 254

  recovery (1403) 274

  Rotunda 84, 107

  and St Demetrios 113, 117, 119, 152

  Slav attacks 51, 134

  Thessalonica, Latin kingdom 250, 294

  Thessaly:

  Byzantine recovery 263, 271

  Latin rule 250

  Third Crusade (1189–92) 195–6

  Thomas, bishop of Claudiopolis 157

  Thomas Aquinas, translations of 284, 289

  Thomas Magister 287, 298

  Thomas the Slav 201, 202

  Thrace:

  and Andronikos III 262

  Bulgars in 134–5, 141, 172

  and Catalan attacks 261

  and civil war 267

  and Constantius II 26

  and Cuman raids 184

  Kosmosoteira monastery 210, 211

  and Latin empire 250

  monasteries 210, 211

  and Ottoman threat 268

  and Pecheneg raids 183, 184

  Slavs in 136, 140–1

  Venetian gains in 251

  and Vlach raids 193–5

  Thracesian Theme 131, 135, 140, 141

  Tiberius III, emperor 137

  Tiflis 57

  Timur 270, 274

  Tintoretto, Domenico 249

  Togrul (Seljuk leader) 184

  toleration, religious 13, 29, 31

  towns:

  Dark Age 145, 148

  Late Antique 88, 95

  medieval 198

  Toynbee, Arnold 5

  trade:

  in cities 73–4, 77–8

  decline 148, 149, 267

  in frontier zones 183, 184

  international 9, 12, 70, 163–8, 198, 295

  luxury 196, 251

  and mission 125

  rural 89–90, 92, 95

  and Venice 12, 192, 250

  see also commerce

  Transcaucasus, and conquest of Persians 46, 51–3, 55–6

  Transylvania 279

  Trebizond:

  and aristocracy 199

  Church of St Sophia 299, 303

  ‘Empire of’ 250, 251

  fortifications 195

  Ottoman capture (1461) 251, 283, 294

  Tripoli, as crusader principality 187

  True Cross:

  discovery 18, 21

  Persian capture 53, 57

  relics of 87, 116, 118–19, 119

  Turahan Beg 277

  Türkmen, threat to Byzantium 184–7, 197

  Turks :

  in Byzantine population 11, 196

  Hungarian 60

  and threat to Constantinople 10, 184

  and war against Persians 56, 57r />
  see also Bulgars; Khazars; Ottoman Turks; Seljuk Turks

  typika 7, 209, 210, 211

  Tzachas, Seljuk emir 185

  ‘Umar 123

  Umayyad caliphate 124, 125, 126–7, 127, 171

  and art 162

  and Greek literature 214

  Umm el-Rasas, pavement 154

  Umur, beg of Aydın 263, 267

  Urban II, Pope 185, 190

  Urban IV, Pope 257

  Urban V, Pope 269

  Uspensky Gospels 219

  usurers 163

  ‘Uthman, caliph 126

  Valens, Eastern emperor 14, 32, 36, 172

  and Arianism 105

  Valentine (general) 131

  Valentinian I, Western emperor 32, 34

  Valentinian II, Western emperor 32–4, 32

  Valentinian III, Western emperor 45

  Valerian, Roman emperor 23

  Vandals:

  in North Africa 38, 46, 46

  and sack of Rome (455) 39

  Varna, battle (1444) 280

  Vavassore, Andrea 70

  Venice:

  and Franco-Greek culture 297–9

  and international trade 12, 70, 192, 197, 198, 250, 295

  St Mark’s 159, 238, 251, 295

  territorial gains 251, 256, 267, 295

  Veroli casket 167, 228

  verse epigrams 62–3, 68, 217, 224–6, 225, 287

  villages:

  Dark Age 149

  Late Antique 8, 49, 88–91, 90, 91, 92–4

  medieval 9

  Visigoths:

  in Balkans 36–8

  in Gaul 38, 39–40

  uprising (378) 36

  Vitalian, Pope 133

  Vlacherna monastery 256

  Vlachs:

  in Byzantine population 11

  and Cumans 193–5

  and Pechenegs 183

  Vladimir of Kiev 180, 231, 236, 241, 243, 246

  Vladislav III of Hungary 279–80

  Volagesos, bishop 31

  Vorone¸t monastery (Moldavia) 100

  Vukašin, king 269

  al-Walid I ibn ‘Abd al-Malik, caliph 124, 127

  al-Walid II ibn Yazid, caliph 125

  Wallachia, and Ottoman Turks 279

  Walter of Brienne 261

  War of Troy 297, 300

  warehouses, provincial 145–6, 149–50

  Watch (tagma) 140

  water supply 76

  Constantinople 68–9, 68, 70

  weights and measures 163, 163

  ‘White Huns’ 42

  William of Champlitte 250, 298

  withdrawal (anachoresis) 109

  workshops 163

  Yahya of Antioch 243

  Yarmuk, battle (636) 58

  Yazid II, caliph 154

  Yeats, W. B. 9

  Yemen 124

  Zaganos Pasha 283

  Zeno, emperor:

  Henotikon 14

  revolts against 40

  Zenobia 50

  Zoe, empress 182, 203, 206

  Zonaras (historian) 9

  Zoroastrianism 55

  Zosimus (historian) 19, 96

  Left: An elaborate scroll border, enclosing grotesque heads, animals and fruit, surrounds the mosaic pavement of the Great Palace, Constantinople. Archaeological evidence indicates a date not earlier than the middle of the sixth century.

  Below: The imperial palace of Ravenna. This mosaic in the church of Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo was executed in the reign of the Ostrogothic king Theoderic (493–526) who was an Arian heretic. The personages represented under the arches were rather clumsily excised after the Byzantine reconquest of the city.

  This silver gilt paten was presented by the bishop Eutychianus to the church of Sion built in rural Lycia in the mid-sixth century. The paten, 60.50 cm in diameter, is part of the largest known hoard of Byzantine church silver plate. It was discovered at modern Kumluca in Turkey.

  The Second General Council (Constantinople, 381), presided over by the emperor Theodosius I, proclaimed the equal divinity of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, while condemning both Arianism and the followers of the former bishop Macedonius. It is here shown in a miniature of cod. Paris. gr. 510 of c. AD 880.

  Right: Purple silk banner representing a suppliant in court costume at the feet of the archangel Michael. The owner has been identified, rightly or wrongly, with Manuel, illegitimate son of John V Palaiologos, who, as commander of the Byzantine fleet, inflicted a minor defeat on the Turks in 1411.

  Below: The colossal composition of the Dormition of the Virgin Mary occupies the west wall of the monastery church of the Holy Trinity at Sopocani, Serbia, founded by King Stephen Uros I in c.1260. Inscribed in Slavonic, not Greek, the paintings of Sopocani foreshadow many traits of the Palaiologan style.

  David playing the harp from the Psalter, Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, gr. 139 of the second half of the tenth century. This miniature was directly inspired by a late antique original, which in turn reproduced the pagan iconography of Orpheus charming the beasts.

  David playing the harp from the Psalter, Vatican Palatinus gr. 381B of the late thirteenth century. This is a direct copy of the Paris miniature, except for the elongation of the format and of the figures as well as the omission of some animals. We have here a clue to the kind of model that was used by artists of the Palaiologan period.

  This small triptych of the Pieta flanked by St Francis and St Mary Magdalen, used for personal devotion, is attributed to Nikolaos Tzafouris, a Cretan painter known in 1489-1500. This type of icon executed in the maniera italiana or greca by post-Byzantine artists, is mentioned in contracts preserved in archives in Venice.

  Domenico Theotokopoulos (El Greco), Dormition and Assumption of the Virgin Mary, c.1567. Church of the Dormition, Hermoupolis, Syros. His signature appears on the base of the Renaissance candlestick, centre foreground.

  1 ‘So what does Athens have to do with Jerusalem? What does the Academy have to do with the Church? … Our discipline comes from Solomon’s Stoa.’

  1 A method of attaining divine illumination through meditation and the constant recitation of ‘the prayer of the heart’, championed in the 14th century by St Gregory Palamos, but going back to earlier ascetic practices.