Delphi Complete Works of Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Illustrated) (Delphi Ancient Classics Book 79)

by Dionysius of Halicarnassus

  συστρέφειν. 204 9. To abbreviate. Lat. contrahere. Cp. D.H. , and Demetr. (s.v. συστροφή). The condensation indicated in 204 9 consists in the fact that the rolling down of the stone is described in a single line, whereas the rolling up takes four lines.

  σφραγίς. 268 3. Seal, impression of a seal. Lat. signum.

  σχέδιος. 186 5. Sudden, off-hand, impromptu. Lat. extemporalis. Cp. αὐτοσχέδιος supra.

  σχῆμα. 88 12, 90 19, 130 7, 132 11, 148 20 etc., 196 25, 26, 198 6, passim. Figure, attitude. Lat. figura. See D.H. , and Demetr. , for various quotations and references (to which may be added Causeret La Langue de la rhétorique et de la critique littéraire dans Ciceron p ff.). Sometimes ‘construction’ will be a good rendering (e.g. de Isocr. c. 3), or ‘form’ (de Thucyd. c. 37): cp. Cic. Brut. 17. 69 (‘sententiarum orationisque formae’). ‘Turns of expression’ (tours de phrase) will also serve occasionally.

  σχηματίζειν. 104 18, 106 15, 108 1, 110 14, 112 18, 19, etc. To use a figure, to shape, to construct. Lat. figurare. Cp. D.H. , Demetr. .

  σχηματισμός. 112 14, 20, 146 7, 212 21, etc. Configuration, construction; the employment of figures or turns of phrase. Lat. conformatio, figuratio.

  σχολικός. 214 9. After the manner of lectures, tedious. Lat. longus. Dionysius has in mind treatises which are ‘academic’ rather than practical. Cp. Long. de Sublim. iii. 5 πολλὰ γὰρ ὥσπερ ἐκ μέθης τινὲς εἰς τὰ μηκέτι τοῦ πράγματος, ἴδια ἑαυτῶν καὶ σχολικὰ παραφέρονται πάθη.

  σῶμα. 134 25. Person. Lat. persona. Same sense as πρόσωπον: compare, in Ep. ii. ad Amm. c. 14, πρόσωπα δὲ παρ’ αὐτῷ τὰ πράγματα γίνεται with πράγματα δὲ ἀντὶ σωμάτων τὰ τοιαῦτα ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ γίνεται.

  Σωτάδειος. 88 1. Sotadean. Lat. Sotadeus. So called from Sotades, a native of Maroneia or of Crete, who lived under the early Ptolemies. The structure of the Sotadean verse is analyzed in P. Masqueray’s Abriss der griechischen Metrik p-4. For some further references see Demetr. .

  ταμιεύειν. 246 4. To regulate, to manage. Lat. temperare, dispensare.

  τάξις. 72 12, 18, 198 6, etc. Order. Lat. dispositio. Not identical in sense with σύνθεσις, which (in 72 18) forms part of one and the same sentence as τάξις. τάξις often (e.g. Aristot. Rhet. iii. 12. 6) refers to the marshalling of the subject matter of a speech. — The verb τάττειν occurs (with various senses) in 126 7, 196 6, 254 10, etc.

  ταπεινός. 74 12, 78 10, 80 13, 92 17, 134 23, 166 3, 176 11, 186 19. Low, mean, vulgar. Lat. humilis, abiectus. So ταπεινότης 192 9.

  τάσις. 126 7, 9, 128 5, 11, 196 16. Tension, pitch, accent. Lat. intentio (vocis), accentus. Cp. προσῳδία supra, and τόνος infra. Definition in 196 16: τάσεις φωνῆς αἱ καλούμεναι προσῳδίαι. Quintil. i. 5. 22 “adhuc difficilior observatio est per tenores, (quos quidem ab antiquis dictos tonores comperi, videlicet declinato a Graecis verbo, qui τόνους dicunt) vel accentus, quas Graeci προσῳδίας vocant,” etc.

  ταυτολογία. 240 26. Verbal reiteration, tautology. Lat. eiusdem verbi iteratio. This is, apparently, the earliest recorded use of the word, though Polybius employs the verb ταυτολογεῖν. Quintil. viii. 3. 50 “sicut ταυτολογία, id est eiusdem verbi aut sermonis iteratio. haec enim quamquam non magnopere a summis auctoribus vitata, interim vitium videri potest, in quod saepe incidit etiam Cicero, securus tam parvae observationis: sicut hoc loco, Non solum igitur illud iudicium iudicii simile, iudices, non fuit.” The English word tautology must have been unfamiliar when Philemon Holland translated the Morals of Plutarch, since it is one of the terms included in the “explanation of certain obscure words” appended to Holland’s volume.

  ταυτότης. 134 18, 192 20. Sameness, monotony. Lat. rerum earundem iteratio. Contrasted with μεταβολή: as in 134 18 διαναπαύειν δὲ τὴν ταυτότητά φημι δεῖν μεταβολὰς εὐκαίρους εἰσφέροντα. — Aristotle uses the word several times, in the sense of ‘identity.’

  τέλειος. 84 21, 116 24, 144 17, 150 13, etc. Complete, perfect. Lat. absolutus, perfectus. See, further, note on 204 24. — So τελειοῦν 178 13. — In 120 4, 268 5, τέλος = ‘end,’ ‘object.’

  τελεταί. 252 15. Rites, mysteries. Lat. sacra arcana, ritus et caerimoniae. αἱ τελεταὶ τοῦ λόγου = sacra eloquentiae.

  τετράμετρος. 86 3, 14, 256 8, 13. Consisting of four metres or measures. Lat. tetrametrus (sc. versus: στίχος).

  τετριμμένος. 252 29. Homely, ordinary. Lat. tritus. Fr. ordinaire. The word sometimes inclines to the sense ‘vulgar,’ ‘hackneyed,’ ‘banal,’ ‘rebattu’: cp. τέτριπται 134 22.

  τέχνη. 68 9, 94 10, 14, 96 2, 104 10, 132 22, etc. Art, handbook. Lat. ars. αἱ τέχναι in Dionysius (cp. αἱ τέχναι τῶν λόγων, Aristot. Rhet. i. 1. 3) refers specially to rhetorical handbooks: e.g. 270 4, 282 3. αἱ ῥητορικαὶ τέχναι is often used to designate the Rhetoric of Aristotle: e.g. 254 25, and Ep. i. ad Amm. cc. 1, 2, etc. — In 124 3 τεχνίτης = ‘craftsman,’ ‘professional.’

  τὴν ἄλλως. 176 6. To no purpose. Lat. temere. Coupled here with a negative: cp. Suidas, τηνάλλως. μάτην. καὶ οὐ τηνάλλως μετὰ τῆς ἀποφάσεως λέγεται.

  τομή. 72 2. Division. Lat. partitio. Fr. partie, subdivision.

  τόνος. 126 5, 15, 19, 142 8. Tone, tension, pitch, accent. Lat. tonus, intentio (vocis), accentus. If τόνον be read in 136 16 and τόνος in 236 8, the meaning will be energy: cp. D.H. . See also under τάσις supra, and under περισπασμός supra (for a passage of Aristot Rhet. iii. 1. 4).

  τόπος. 66 6, 96 9, 144 18, 164 17, 248 8. Place, heading, department. Lat. locus. The πραγματικὸς τόπος (66 6) is the locus rerum, as opposed to the λεκτικὸς τόπος (96 9). In this connexion not only τόπος, but τρόπος, τύπος, χαρακτήρ and μέρος are sometimes used by Dionysius.

  τορευτός. 264 18. Worked in relief, chased. Lat. caelatus. So τορευτής = caelator, 266 8.

  τραγῳδοποιός. 236 17, 248 14. Tragic poet, tragedian. Lat. tragicus poëta. [For the Greek expressions used to denote tragic and comic poets see H. Richards in the Classical Review xiv. 211.]

  τρανός. 230 14. Clear, distinct. Lat. perspicuus. In earlier Greek the form τρανής is used: cp. Soph. Ajax 23 ἴσμεν γὰρ οὐδὲν τρανές, ἀλλ’ ἀλώμεθα.

  τραχύτης. 230 5, 232 8. Roughness. Lat. asperitas. Fr. âpreté, dureté. So τραχύς 130 26, 154 12, 228 7, 234 15, etc.; and τραχύνειν 130 19, 146 9, 202 26, 206 4, 216 17, 218 18, 240 17. By ‘rough’ letters, in 202 26, Dionysius may probably mean the following letters found in the four lines quoted in 202 3-6: Σ, σ, φ (?), σ, γ, χ, στ, ζ, σ, σκ, πτ, σχ, σκ, φ (?); and among these, σκ, σχ and πτ may be regarded as ‘juxtapositions of rough letters.’

  τρίκωλον. 116 11. A sentence consisting of three members or clauses. Lat. oratio trimembris. τὸ τρίκωλον is here a noun: on the same principle as, for example, ἡ τρίοδος (= trivium).

  τρίμετρος. 258 19, 25. Consisting of three metres or measures. Lat. trimetrus (sc. versus: στίχος).

  τρισύλλαβος. 170 15, 174 8. Consisting of three syllables. Lat. trisyllabus.

  τρόπος. 196 1. Mode (in music). Lat. modus. Cp. Monro’s Modes of Ancient Greek Music . In 132 12 the word means trope (metaphor particularly: cp. Quintil. viii. 6. 4): so τροπικός (figurative; Fr. figuré) 78 16, 252 24, 272 10.

  τροχαῖος. 170 8,
184 11. Trochee. The metrical foot – ᴗ.

  τρυφερός. 236 9. Delicate, dainty. Lat. delicatus, nitidus.

  τύπος. 70 7, 268 2, 17, 24. Outline, form. Lat. forma, figura.

  ὕλη. 266 9. Material. Lat. materia. Fr. matière.

  ὑπαγωγικός. 90 5. Drawn slowly out, prolonged. Lat. dilatatus. Cp. de Demosth. c. 4 διώκει δ’ ἐκ παντὸς τρόπου τὴν περίοδον οὐδὲ ταύτην στρογγύλην καὶ πυκνὴν ἀλλ’ ὑπαγωγικήν τινα καὶ πλατεῖαν καὶ πολλοὺς ἀγκῶνας, ὥσπερ οἱ μὴ κατ’ εὐθείας ῥέοντες ποταμοὶ ποιοῦσιν, ἐγκολπιζομένην. It is possible, however, that in the de Comp. Verb. the word has an active meaning similar to that of ἐπαγωγικός, in which case the rendering will be ‘the effect of the passage will no longer be that of a narrative which gently carries the reader on.’

  ὑπαλλαγή. 78 16. Hypallage. Lat. hypallage. Quintil. ix. 6. 23 “nec procul ab hoc genere discedit μετωνυμία, quae est nominis pro nomine positio. cuius vis est, pro eo, quod dicitur, causam, propter quam dicitur, ponere; sed, ut ait Cicero, ὑπαλλαγήν rhetores dicunt. haec inventas ab inventore et subiectas res ab obtinentibus significat: ut Cererem corruptam undis, et receptus Terra Neptunus classes Aquilonibus arcet.” Cp. Cic. Orat. 27. 93 “hanc ὑπαλλαγήν rhetores, quia quasi summutantur verba pro verbis, μετωνυμίαν grammatici vocant, quod nomina transferuntur.”

  ὑπάτη. 210 7. Top note. Lat. chorda suprema. See L. & S. s.v.

  ὑπεραίρειν. 224 11. To exceed. Lat. transgredi.

  ὑπερβολή. 156 11. Excess, violence. Lat. impetus, ardor. [Not here used in the technical sense of superlatio, traiectio.]

  ὑπέρμετρος. 214 8. Exceeding due measure, excessively long. Lat. excedens mensuram. [Not here used in the technical sense of passing beyond the bounds of metre: Demetr. de Eloc. § 118 ποίημα γὰρ ἄκαιρον ψυχρόν, ὥσπερ καὶ τὸ ὑπέρμετρον, ‘a bit of verse out of place is just as inartistic as the disregard of metrical rules in poetry.’]

  ὑπεροπτικός. 232 20. Disdainful. Lat. ad contemnendum pronus.

  ὑπερτείνειν. 132 14. To exceed. Lat. transcendere.

  ὑπηχεῖν. 150 7. To sound in answer to, to re-echo. Lat. resonare.

  ὑποβάκχειος. 174 23, 178 11, 13. Hypobacchius. The metrical foot ᴗ – –. The Epitome (c. 17) gives παλιμβάκχειος in the same sense as ὑποβάκχειος.

  ὑπογράφειν. 122 7. To sketch. Lat. adumbrare. Fr. esquisser.

  ὑπόδειγμα. 174 12. Pattern, specimen. Lat. documentum, exemplum.

  ὑπόθεσις. 104 6. Subject, theme. Lat. argumentum operis. So τὰ ὑποκείμενα (the subject matter) 74 9, 106 17, 130 13, 134 21, 158 2.

  ὑπόμνησις. 80 1. Reminder. Lat. admonitio. ὑπομνήσεως ἕνεκα = memoriae causa.

  ὑποτακτικός. 220 19. Subordinate. Lat. subditus. Dionysius seems to mean that π is not apt to be amalgamated with, or absorbed in, a preceding ν. [The second vowel in a diphthong could be described as ὑποτακτικὸν φωνῆεν.] The verb ὑποτάττειν occurs in 100 23 and 126 21.

  ὑποτίθεσθαι. 194 8. To take as a subject. Lat. argumentum sibi sumere. This (rather than ‘to postulate’) seems to be the meaning.

  ὑποτραχύνειν. 222 7. To grate slightly on the ear. Lat. leni horrore aures afficere.

  ὕπτιος. 108 3. Passive. Lat. supinus.

  ὕφος. 234 12. Woven stuff, a web. Lat. tela. The word is used metaphorically in Long. de Subl. i. 4 τοῦ ὅλου τῶν λόγων ὕφους.

  ὑψηλός. 92 18, 172 2, 180 2, 182 7. Lofty, elevated. Lat. sublimis.

  φαντασία. 230 29. Representation, image. Lat. imago.

  φάρμακον. 208 17. Colour (for painting). Lat. pigmentum. For φάρμακα (= βάμματα, χρώματα) cp. Horace’s “lana Tarentino violas imitata veneno” (Ep. ii. 1. 207).

  φάρυγξ. 150 7. Throat. Lat. guttur. Here used in the masculine gender, according to the best-supported reading. Galen (on Hippocr. Progn. ), ὅτι φάρυγγα τὴν προκειμένην χώραν στομάχου τε καὶ λάρυγγος ὀνομάζει δῆλόν ἐστι.

  φθαρτός. 266 9. Perishable. Lat. mortalis, periturus.

  φθόγγος. 128 4, 130 12, 268 10. Sound, note. Lat. sonus.

  φιλόκαλος. 66 16. Loving beauty, artistic. Lat. pulchritudinis studiosus.

  φιλόλογος. 264 24. Loving literature, literary; a scholar. Lat. litterarum studiosus; litteratus, philologus.

  φιλοπονία. 264 25. Loving care; industry. Lat. diligentia: which (etymologically) contains the same suggestion of ‘work done con amore.’

  φιλόσοφος. 74 8, 132 22, 164 22, 248 15. Philosopher. Lat. philosophus. The comprehensive sense in which philosophy is understood may be illustrated from φιλοσοφία (140 12) and φιλοσοφεῖν (70 12). Cp. in modern times such academic vestiges of ancient usage as ‘Natural Philosophy’ or ‘Ph. D.’ In Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme (ii. 4) rhetoric is taught by the Maître de Philosophie; and Dionysius is fond of contrasting the philosophical, or scientific, rhetoric (ἡ φιλόσοφος ῥητορική) of the best Attic times with the later and purely empirical Asiatic rhetoric, to which he applies the epithet ἀμαθής. See further in D.H. .

  φιλοτεχνεῖν. 154 20, 200 18. To practise an art lovingly, to be devoted to it. Lat. artem amare, in artem incumbere. So φιλοτέχνως 176 18. φιλοτεχνεῖν, φιλότεχνος and φιλοτεχνία are all used by Plato in reference to art pursued con amore; and Cicero (ad Att. xiii. 40. 1) uses φιλοτέχνημα of an elaborate work of art — a chef-d’œuvre: “Ubi igitur φιλοτέχνημα illud tuum quod vidi in Parthenone, Ahalam et Brutum?”

  φιλοχωρεῖν. 110 5. To cling to a place, to haunt it. Lat. libenter in loco commorari. φιλοχωρεῖν is used repeatedly by Dionysius in the Antiqq. Rom. (e.g. i. 13 Ἀρκαδικὸν γὰρ τὸ φιλοχωρεῖν ὄρεσιν and v. 63 παρεκελεύοντο ἀλλήλοις μὴ φιλοχωρεῖν ἐν πόλει μηδενὸς αὐτοῖς ἀγαθοῦ μεταδιδούσῃ) and φιλοχωρία in i. 27 (ὑπὸ τῆς φιλοχωρίας κρατουμένους). Plutarch uses the word in reference to his birthplace Chaeroneia, telling us that he ‘clung fondly to the spot,’ lest by leaving it he should make a small place, but one which had witnessed thrilling scenes, ‘smaller yet’ (ἡμεῖς δὲ μικρὰν οἰκοῦντες πόλιν, καὶ ἵνα μὴ μικροτέρα γένηται φιλοχωροῦντες, Plut. Demosth. c. 2). The form χωροφιλεῖν seems to occur twice only in good Greek authors: (1) Antiphon de Caede Herodis § 78 εἰ δ’ ἐν Αἴνῳ χωροφιλεῖ [probably it is to this passage that Dionysius here refers]; (2) Ep. Thaletis ap. Diog. L. i. 44 σὺ μέντοι χωροφιλέων ὀλίγα φοιτέεις ἐς Ἰωνίην.

  φλυαρία. 264 7, 268 15. Nonsense, foolery. Lat. nugae, ineptiae. So φλυάρημα (futility) 192 9. Notwithstanding the remarks in Stephanus, it would seem more natural to take φλύαρος as an adjective (than as a noun) in 272 20, 22, and this for two reasons: (1) the form φλυαρία has been used shortly before; (2) the adjectival use is sufficiently established by Hesychius’ note (φαῦλος, εὐήθης) and by that of Thom. M. Ritschl (πολύλογος), while ἡ φλύαρος φιλοσοφία occurs in the Septuagint (Maccab. iv. 5, 10) and καὶ ὅλως ἀποδείκνυσι τὸν Πυθαγόρου λόγον φλύαρον in Plut. Mor. 169 E.

  φορά. 144 22, 204 17, 244 20. Current, rush. Lat. cursus, impetus.

  φορτικός. 252
14. Coarse, rude. Lat. insolens, importunus, insulsus.

  φράσις. 84 2, 166 3, 182 8, 206 1, 15, 208 7, 250 14. Style, expression. Lat. elocutio. Cp. Quintil. viii. 1. 1 “igitur, quam Graeci φράσιν vocant, Latine dicimus elocutionem. ea spectatur verbis aut singulis aut coniunctis.”

  φριμαγμός. 158 14. Snorting. Lat. fremitus. It is hardly likely that the word here means no more than βληχή, bleating.

  Φρύγιος. 196 1. Phrygian. Lat. Phrygius. Cp. Monro’s Modes of Ancient Greek Music, passim.

  φυλακή. 198 6. Preservation. Lat. conservatio. — In the de Imitat. B. vi. 3 the reading φυλακή (if correct) will correspond to the middle φυλάττεσθαι (not to φυλάττειν).

  φυσικός. 96 23, 214 3, 224 5, 240 8, etc. Natural. Lat. naturalis. So φυσικῶς 200 12. ὁ φυσικός, in 214 3, = ‘the natural philosopher,’ ‘the physicist’ (of Empedocles). In 134 2 οὐδ’ ἔχει φύσιν τὸ πρᾶγμα ... πεσεῖν the meaning is ‘nor is the subject of such a nature that it can fall.’

  φωνή. 130 4, 21, 136 22, 138 7, etc. Voice, sound. Lat. vox, sonus, sonus vocalis. Cp. φωνεῖν (‘to pronounce,’ etc.) 140 1, 20, 144 18, 148 14.

  φωνήεις. 138 8, 9, 15, 140 2, 144 7, 150 17, 152 4, 220 11. Voiced. Lat. vocalis. φωνήεντα γράμματα = litterae vocales = vowels. For the term ‘voiced’ see s.v. ἄφωνος supra. Cp. Dionys. Thrax Ars Gramm. (ed. Uhlig) φωνήεντα δὲ λέγεται, ὅτι φωνὴν ἀφ’ ἑαυτῶν ἀποτελεῖ.

  φωτεινός. 234 13. Full of light. Lat. lucidus, luminosus.

  χαρακτήρ. 68 21, 80 17, 90 10, etc. Characteristic stamp, type. Lat. forma, nota. So the adjective χαρακτηρικός in 232 21 (cp. de Demosth. c. 39 init.). See further in D.H. , Demetr. . — In 230 9 the verb χαράττειν = ‘to irritate.’

  χάρις. 112 5, 120 20, 124 12, etc. Charm, grace. Lat. venustas, lepor. Fr. grâce. Cp. Demetr. . So χαρίεις (‘refined,’ ‘elegant,’ ‘accomplished,’ ‘consummate’) 106 16, 116 1, 154 16; χαριέντως 110 22.