Delphi Complete Works of Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Illustrated) (Delphi Ancient Classics Book 79)

by Dionysius of Halicarnassus

  [1] ἃ μὲν οὖν εἰς γυναῖκας εὖ ἔχοντα ὁ Ῥωμύλος ἐνομοθέτησεν, ἐξ ὧν κοσμιωτέρας περὶ τοὺς ἄνδρας αὐτὰς ἀπειργάσατο, ταῦτ᾽ ἐστιν, ἃ δ᾽ εἰς αἰδῶ καὶ δικαιοσύνην παίδων, ἵνα σέβωσι τοὺς πατέρας ἅπαντα πράττοντές τε καὶ λέγοντες ὅσα ἂν ἐκεῖνοι κελεύωσιν, ἔτι τούτων ἦν σεμνότερα καὶ μεγαλοπρεπέστερα καὶ πολλὴν ἔχοντα παρὰ τοὺς ἡμετέρους νόμους διαφοράν.

  [26] These, then, are the excellent laws which Romulus enacted concerning women, by which he rendered them more observant of propriety in relation to their husbands. But those he established with respect to reverence and dutifulness of children toward their parents, to the end that they should honour and obey them in all things, both in their words and actions, were still more august and of greater dignity and vastly superior to our laws.

  [2] οἱ μὲν γὰρ τὰς Ἑλληνικὰς καταστησάμενοι πολιτείας βραχύν τινα κομιδῇ χρόνον ἔταξαν ἄρχεσθαι τοὺς παῖδας ὑπὸ τῶν πατέρων, οἱ μὲν ἕως τρίτον ἐκπληρώσωσιν ἀφ᾽ ἥβης ἔτος, οἱ δὲ ὅσον ἂν χρόνον ἠίθεοι μένωσιν, οἱ δὲ μέχρι τῆς εἰς τὰ ἀρχεῖα τὰ δημόσια ἐγγραφῆς, ὡς ἐκ τῆς Σόλωνος καὶ Πιττακοῦ καὶ Χαρώνδου νομοθεσίας ἔμαθον,

  [2] For those who established the Greek constitutions set a very short time for sons to be under the rule of their fathers, some till the expiration of the third year after they reached manhood, others as long as they continued unmarried, and some till their names were entered in the public registers, as I have learned from the laws of Solon, Pittacus and Charondas, men celebrated for their great wisdom.

  [3] οἷς πολλὴ μαρτυρεῖται σοφία: τιμωρίας τε κατὰ τῶν παίδων ἔταξαν, ἐὰν ἀπειθῶσι τοῖς πατράσιν, οὐ βαρείας [p. 191] ἐξελάσαι τῆς οἰκίας ἐπιτρέψαντες αὐτοὺς καὶ χρήματα μὴ καταλιπεῖν, περαιτέρω δὲ οὐδέν. εἰσὶ δ᾽ οὐχ ἱκαναὶ κατασχεῖν ἄνοιαν νεότητος καὶ αὐθάδειαν τρόπων οὐδ᾽ εἰς τὸ σῶφρον ἀγαγεῖν τοὺς ἠμεληκότας τῶν καλῶν αἱ μαλακαὶ τιμωρίαι: τοιγάρτοι πολλὰ ἐν Ἕλλησιν ὑπὸ τέκνων εἰς πατέρας ἀσχημονεῖται.

  [3] The punishments, also, which they ordered for disobedience in children toward their parents were not grievous: for they permitted fathers to turn their sons out of doors and to disinherit them, but nothing further. But mild punishments are not sufficient to restrain the folly of youth and its stubborn ways or to give self-control to those who have been heedless of all that is honourable; and accordingly among the Greeks many unseemly deeds are committed by children against their parents.

  [4] ὁ δὲ τῶν Ῥωμαίων νομοθέτης ἅπασαν ὡς εἰπεῖν ἔδωκεν ἐξουσίαν πατρὶ καθ᾽ υἱοῦ καὶ παρὰ πάντα τὸν τοῦ βίου χρόνον, ἐάν τε εἴργειν, ἐάν τε μαστιγοῦν, ἐάν τε δέσμιον ἐπὶ τῶν κατ᾽ ἀγρὸν ἔργων κατέχειν, ἐάν τε ἀποκτιννύναι προαιρῆται, κἂν τὰ πολιτικὰ πράττων ὁ παῖς ἤδη τυγχάνῃ κἂν ἐν ἀρχαῖς ταῖς μεγίσταις ἐξεταζόμενος κἂν διὰ τὴν εἰς τὰ κοινὰ

  [4] But the lawgiver of the Romans gave virtually full power to the father over his son, even during his whole life, whether he thought proper to imprison him, to scourge him, to put him in chains and keep him at work in the fields, or to put him to death, and this even though the son were already engaged in public affairs, though he were numbered among the highest magistrates, and though he were celebrated for his zeal for the commonwealth.

  [5] φιλοτιμίαν ἐπαινούμενος. κατὰ τοῦτόν γέ τοι τὸν νόμον ἄνδρες ἐπιφανεῖς δημηγορίας διεξιόντες ἐπὶ τῶν ἐμβόλων ἐναντίας μὲν τῇ βουλῇ, κεχαρισμένας δὲ τοῖς δημοτικοῖς, καὶ σφόδρα εὐδοκιμοῦντες ἐπὶ ταύταις κατασπασθέντες ἀπὸ τοῦ βήματος ἀπήχθησαν ὑπὸ τῶν πατέρων, ἣν ἂν ἐκείνοις φανῇ τιμωρίαν ὑφέξοντες: οὓς ἀπαγομένους διὰ τῆς ἀγορᾶς οὐδεὶς τῶν παρόντων ἐξελέσθαι δυνατὸς ἦν οὔτε ὕπατος οὔτε δήμαρχος οὔτε ὁ κολακευόμενος ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν καὶ πᾶσαν ἐξουσίαν ἐλάττω τῆς ἰδίας εἶναι νομίζων ὄχλος.

  [5] Indeed, in virtue of this law men of distinction, while delivering speeches from the rostra hostile to the senate and pleasing to the people, have been dragged down from thence and carried away by their fathers to undergo such punishment as these thought fit; and while they were being led away through the Forum, none present, neither consul, tribune, nor the very populace, which was flattered by them and thought all power inferior to its own, could rescue them.

  [6] ἐῶ γὰρ λέγειν ὅσους ἀπέκτειναν οἱ πατέρες ἄνδρας ἀγαθοὺς ὑπ᾽ ἀρετῆς καὶ προθυμίας ἕτερόν τι διαπράξασθαι [p. 192] ἔργον γενναῖον προαχθέντας, ὃ μὴ προσέταξαν αὐτοῖς οἱ πατέρες, καθάπερ ἐπὶ Μαλλίου Τορκουάτου καὶ πολλῶν ἄλλων παρειλήφαμεν, ὑπὲρ ὧν κατὰ τὸν οἰκεῖον καιρὸν ἐρῶ.

  [6] I forbear to mention how many brave men, urged by their valour and zeal to proof some noble deed that their fathers had not ordered, have been put to death by those very fathers, as is related of Manlius Torquatus and many others. But concerning them I shall speak in the proper place.

  [1] καὶ οὐδ᾽ ἐνταῦθα ἔστη τῆς ἐξουσίας ὁ τῶν Ῥωμαίων νομοθέτης, ἀλλὰ καὶ πωλεῖν ἐφῆκε τὸν υἱὸν τῷ πατρί, οὐδὲν ἐπιστραφεὶς εἴ τις ὠμὸν ὑπολήψεται τὸ συγχώρημα καὶ βαρύτερον ἢ κατὰ τὴν φυσικὴν συμπάθειαν. καὶ ὅ πάντων μάλιστα θαυμάσειεν ἄν τις ὑπὸ τοῖς Ἑλληνικοῖς ἤθεσι τοῖς ἐκλελυμένοις τραφεὶς ὡς πικρὸν καὶ τυραννικόν, καὶ τοῦτο συνεχώρησε τῷ πατρί, μέχρι τρίτης πράσεως ἀφ᾽ υἱοῦ χρηματίσασθαι, μείζονα δοὺς ἐξουσίαν πατρὶ κατὰ

  [27.1] And not even at this point did the Roman lawgiver stop in giving the father power over the son, but he even allowed him to sell his son, without concerning himself whether this permission might be regarded as cruel and harsher than was compatible with a natural affection. And, — a thing which anyone who has been educated in the lax manners of the Greeks may wonder at above all things and look upon as harsh and tyrannical, — he even gave leave to the father to make a profit by selling his son as often as three times, thereby giving greater power to the father over his son than to the master over his slaves.

  [2] παιδὸς ἢ δεσπότῃ κατὰ δούλων. θεραπόντων μὲν γὰρ ὁ πραθεὶς ἅπαξ, ἔπειτα τὴν ἐλευθερίαν εὑρόμενος αὑτοῦ τὸ λοιπὸν ἤδη κύριός ἐστιν, υἱὸς δὲ πραθεὶς ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς εἰ γένοιτο ἐλεύθερος ὑπὸ τῷ πατρὶ πάλιν ἐγίνετο, κ
αὶ τὸ δεύτερον ἀπεμποληθείς τε καὶ ἐλευθερωθεὶς δοῦλος ὥσπερ ἐξ ἀρχῆς τοῦ πατρὸς ἦν: μετὰ δὲ τὴν τρίτην πρᾶσιν ἀπήλλακτο τοῦ πατρός.

  [2] For a slave who has once been sold and has later obtained his liberty is his own master ever after, but a son who had once been sold by his father, if he became free, came again under his father’s power, and if he was a second time sold and a second time freed, he was still, as at first, his father’s slave; but after the third sale he was freed from his father.

  [3] τοῦτον τὸν νόμον ἐν ἀρχαῖς μὲν οἱ βασιλεῖς ἐφύλαττον εἴτε γεγραμμένον εἴτε ἄγραφον ῾οὐ γὰρ ἔχω τὸ σαφὲς εἰπεῖν᾽ ἁπάντων κράτιστον ἡγούμενοι νόμον. καταλυθείσης δὲ τῆς μοναρχίας, ὅτε πρῶτον ἐφάνη Ῥωμαίοις ἅπαντας τοὺς πατρίους ἐθισμούς τε καὶ [p. 193] νόμους ἅμα τοῖς ἐπεισάκτοις ἐν ἀγορᾷ θεῖναι φανεροὺς ἅπασι τοῖς πολίταις, ἵνα μὴ συμμεταπίπτῃ τὰ κοινὰ δίκαια ταῖς τῶν ἀρχόντων ἐξουσίαις, οἱ λαβόντες παρὰ τοῦ δήμου τὴν ἐξουσίαν τῆς συναγωγῆς τε καὶ ἀναγραφῆς αὐτῶν δέκα ἄνδρες ἅμα τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀνέγραψαν νόμοις, καὶ ἔστιν ἐν τῇ τετάρτῃ τῶν λεγομένων δώδεκα δέλτων, ἃς ἀνέθεσαν ἐν ἀγορᾷ.

  [3] This law, whether written or unwritten, — I cannot say positively which, — the kings observed in the beginning, looking upon it as the best of all laws; and after the overthrow of the monarchy, when the Romans first decided to expose in the Forum for the consideration of the whole body of citizens all their ancestral customs and laws, together with those introduced from abroad, to the end that the rights of the people might not be changed as often as the powers of the magistrates, the decemvirs, who were authorized by the people to collect and transcribe the laws, recorded it among the rest, and it now stands on the fourth of the Twelve Tables, as they are called, which they then set up in the Forum.

  [4] ὅτι δ᾽ οὐχ οἱ ἄνδρες δέκα οἱ τριακοσίοις ἔτεσιν ὕστερον ἀποδειχθέντες ἐπὶ τὴν ἀναγραφὴν τῶν νόμων πρῶτοι τοῦτον εἰσηγήσαντο τὸν νόμον Ῥωμαίοις, ἀλλ᾽ ἐκ πολλοῦ κείμενον παραλαβόντες οὐκ ἐτόλμησαν ἀνελεῖν, ἐκ πολλῶν μὲν καὶ ἄλλων καταλαμβάνομαι, μάλιστα δ᾽ ἐκ τῶν Νόμα Πομπιλίου τοῦ μετὰ Ῥωμύλον ἄρξαντος νόμων, ἐν οἷς καὶ οὗτος γέγραπται: ἐὰν πατὴρ υἱῷ συγχωρήσῃ γυναῖκα ἀγαγέσθαι κοινωνὸν ἐσομένην ἱερῶν τε καὶ χρημάτων κατὰ τοὺς νόμους, μηκέτι τὴν ἐξουσίαν εἶναι τῷ πατρὶ πωλεῖν τὸν υἱόν: ὅπερ οὐκ ἂν ἔργαψεν εἰ μὴ κατὰ τοὺς προτέρους νόμους ἅπαντας ἐξῆν τῷ πατρὶ πωλεῖν τοὺς υἱούς.

  [4] And that the decemvirs, who were appointed after three hundred years to transcribe these laws, did not first introduce this law among the Romans, but that, finding it long before in use, they dared not repeal it, I infer from many other considerations and particularly from the laws of Numa Pompilius, the successor of Romulus, among which there is recorded the following: “If a father gives his son leave to marry a woman who by the laws is to be the sharer of his sacred rites and possessions, he shall no longer have the power of selling his son.” Now he would never have written this unless the father had by all former laws been allowed to sell his sons.

  [5] ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων ἅλις, βούλομαι δὲ καὶ τὸν ἄλλον ἐπὶ κεφαλαίων διελθεῖν κόσμον, ᾧ τοὺς τῶν ἰδιωτῶν ὁ Ῥωμύλος ἐκόσμησε βίους.

  [5] But enough has been said concerning these matters, and I desire also to give a summary account of the other measures by which Romulus regulated the lives of the private citizens.

  [1] ὁρῶν γὰρ ὅτι τὸ σωφρόνως ζῆν ἅπαντας καὶ τὰ δίκαια πρὸ τῶν κερδαλέων αἱρεῖσθαι καρτερίαν τε τὴν παρὰ τοὺς πόνους ἀσκεῖν καὶ μηδὲν ὑπολαμβάνειν χρῆμα τιμιώτερον ἀρετῆς οὐ λόγων [p. 194] διδαχῇ παραγίνεσθαι τοῖς πολιτικοῖς πλήθεσι πέφυκεν, ἐν οἷς τὸ πλεῖόν ἐστι δυσάγωγον, ἀλλ᾽ ἔργων ἐθισμοῖς τῶν πρὸς ἑκάστην ἀρετὴν ἀγόντων, ὑπ᾽ ἀνάγκης τε μᾶλλον ἢ κατὰ γνώμην ἐπ᾽ αὐτὰ τοὺς πολλοὺς παραγινομένους, εἰ δὲ μηδὲν εἴη τὸ κωλῦσον ἐπὶ τὴν φύσιν ὀλισθαίνοντας εἰδώς, ἐπιδιφρίους μὲν καὶ βαναύσους καὶ προσαγωγοὺς ἐπιθυμιῶν αἰσχρῶν τέχνας, ὡς ἀφανιζούσας καὶ λυμαινομένας τά τε σώματα καὶ τὰς ψυχὰς τῶν μεταχειριζομένων, δούλοις καὶ ξένοις ἀπέδωκε μεθοδεύειν: καὶ διέμεινεν ἕως πολλοῦ πάνυ χρόνου δι᾽ αἰσχύνης ὄντα Ῥωμαίοις τὰ τοιαῦτα ἔργα καὶ ὑπ᾽ οὐδενὸς τῶν αὐθιγενῶν ἐπιτηδευόμενα.

  [28.1] Observing that the means by which the whole body of citizens, the greater part of whom are hard to guide, can be induced to lead a life of moderation, to prefer justice to gain, to cultivate perseverance in hardships, and to look upon nothing as more valuable than virtue, is not oral instruction, but the habitual practice of such employments as lead to each virtue, and knowing that the great mass of men come to practise them through necessity rather than choice, and hence, if there is nothing to restrain them, return to their natural disposition, he appointed slaves and foreigners to exercise those trades that are sedentary and mechanical and promote shameful passions, looking upon them as the destroyers and corruptors both of the bodies and souls of all who practise them; and such trades were for a very long time held in disgrace by the Romans and were carried on by none of the native-born citizens.

  [2] δύο δὲ μόνα τοῖς ἐλευθέροις ἐπιτηδεύματα κατέλιπε τά τε κατὰ γεωργίαν καὶ τὰ κατὰ πολέμους, ὁρῶν ὅτι γαστρός τε ἄνθρωποι γίνονται διὰ τούτους τοὺς βίους ἐγκρατεῖς ἀφροδισίοις τε ἧττον ἁλίσκονται παρανόμοις πλεονεξίαν τε οὐ τὴν βλάπτουσαν ἀλλήλους διώκουσιν, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν πολεμίων περιποιουμένην τὰς ὠφελείας. ἀτελῆ δὲ τούτων ἑκάτερον ἡγούμενος εἶναι τῶν βίων χωριζόμενον θατέρου καὶ φιλαίτιον οὐχ ἑτέροις μέν τισιν ἀπέδωκεν ἐργάζεσθαι τὴν γῆν, ἑτέροις δὲ τὰ πολεμίων φέρειν τε καὶ ἄγειν ὡς ὁ παρὰ Λακεδαιμονίοις εἶχε νόμος, ἀλλὰ τοὺς αὐτοὺς τόν τε πολεμικὸν καὶ τὸν γεωργικὸν ἔταξε βίον ζῆν:

  [2] The only employments he left to free men were two, agriculture and warfare; for he observed that men so employed become masters of their appetite, are less entangled in illicit love affairs, and follow that kind of covetousness only which leads them, not to injure one another, but to enrich themselves at the expense of the enemy. But, as he regarded each of these occupations, when separate from the other,
as incomplete and conducive to fault-finding, instead of appointing one part of the men to till the land and the other to lay waste the enemy’s country, according to the practice of the Lacedaemonians, he ordered the same persons to exercise the employments both of husbandmen and soldiers.

  [3] εἰ μὲν εἰρήνην ἄγοιεν ἐπὶ [p. 195] τοῖς κατ᾽ ἀγρὸν ἔργοις ἐθίζων ἅπαντας μένειν, πλὴν εἴ ποτε δεηθεῖεν ἀγορᾶς, τότε δ᾽ εἰς ἄστυ συνιόντας ἀγοράζειν, ἐνάτην ὁρίζων ἡμέραν ταῖς ἀγοραῖς: ὅτε δὲ πόλεμος καταλάβοι στρατεύεσθαι διδάσκων καὶ μὴ παραχωρεῖν ἑτέροις μήτε τῶν πόνων μήτε τῶν ὠφελειῶν. διῄρει γὰρ αὐτοῖς ἐξ ἴσου γῆν τε ὅσην ἂν ἀφέλοιτο πολεμίους καὶ ἀνδράποδα καὶ χρήματα, καὶ παρεσκεύαζεν ἀγαπητῶς δέχεσθαι τὰς στρατείας.

  [3] In time of peace he accustomed them to remain at their tasks in the country, except when it was necessary for them to come to market, upon which occasions they were to meet in the city in order to traffic, and to that end he appointed every ninth day for the markets; and when war came he taught them to perform the duties of soldiers and not to yield to others either in the hardships or advantages that war brought. For he divided equally among them the lands, slaves and money that he took from the enemy, and thus caused them to take part cheerfully in his campaigns.

  [1] τῶν δ᾽ εἰς ἀλλήλους ἀδικημάτων οὐ χρονίους ἀλλὰ ταχείας ἐποιεῖτο τὰς κρίσεις τὰ μὲν αὐτὸς διαιτῶν, τὰ δ᾽ ἄλλοις ἐπιτρέπων, καὶ τὰς τιμωρίας αὐτῶν πρὸς τὰ μεγέθη τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων ἐποιεῖτο. ἀποτρέπειν τε ἀνθρώπους ἀπὸ παντὸς ἔργου πονηροῦ τὸν φόβον μάλιστα δυνάμενον ὁρῶν πολλὰ εἰς τοῦτο παρεσκευάσατο χωρίον τε, ἐν ᾧ καθεζόμενος ἐδίκαζεν, ἐν τῷ φανερωτάτῳ τῆς ἀγορᾶς καὶ στρατιωτῶν, οἳ παρηκολούθουν αὐτῷ τριακόσιοι τὸν ἀριθμὸν ὄντες, καταπληκτικώτατοι τὴν πρόσοψιν, ῥάβδους τε καὶ πελέκεις ὑπ᾽ ἀνδρῶν δώδεκα φερομένους, οἷς τοὺς μὲν ἄξια μαστίγων δεδρακότας ἔξαινον ἐν ἀγορᾷ, τῶν δὲ τὰ μέγιστα ἠδικηκότων τοὺς τραχήλους ἀπέκοπτον ἐν τῷ φανερῷ.