Delphi Complete Works of Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Illustrated) (Delphi Ancient Classics Book 79)

by Dionysius of Halicarnassus

  [4] μοι γραφῇ. τήν τε ἀγοράν, ἐν ᾗ δικάζουσι καὶ ἐκκλησιάζουσι καὶ τὰς ἄλλας πολιτικὰς ἐπιτελοῦσι παράξεις ἐκεῖνος ἐκόσμησεν ἐργαστηρίοις τε καὶ παστάσι περιλαβών, καὶ τὰ τείχη τῆς πόλεως αὐτοσχέδια [p. 392] καὶ φαῦλα ταῖς ἐργασίαις ὄντα πρῶτος ᾠκοδομήσατο λίθοις ἁμαξιαίοις εἰργασμένοις πρὸς κανόνα.

  [4] Tarquinius also adorned the Forum, where justice is administered, the assemblies of the people held, and other civil matters transacted, by surrounding it with shops and porticos. And he was the first to build the walls of the city, which previously had been of temporary and careless construction, with huge stones regularly squared.

  [5] ἤρξατο δὲ καὶ τὰς ὑπονόμους ὀρύττειν τάφρους, δι᾽ ὧν ἐπὶ τὸν Τέβεριν ὀχετεύεται πᾶν τὸ συρρέον ἐκ τῶν στενωπῶν ὕδωρ, ἔργα θαυμαστὰ καὶ κρείττω λόγου κατασκευασάμενος. ἔγωγ᾽ οὖν ἐν τρισὶ τοῖς μεγαλοπρεπεστάτοις κατασκευάσμασι τῆς Ῥώμης, ἐξ ὧν μάλιστα τὸ τῆς ἡγεμονίας ἐμφαίνεται μέγεθος, τάς τε τῶν ὑδάτων ἀγωγὰς τίθεμαι καὶ τὰς τῶν ὁδῶν στρώσεις καὶ τὰς τῶν ὑπονόμων ἐργασίας οὐ μόνον εἰς τὸ χρήσιμον τῆς κατασκευῆς τὴν διάνοιαν ἀναφέρων, ὑπὲρ οὗ κατὰ τὸν οἰκεῖον καιρὸν ἐρῶ, ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰς τὴν τῶν ἀναλωμάτων πολυτέλειαν, ἣν ἐξ ἑνὸς ἔργου τεκμήραιτ᾽ ἄν τις Γάιον Ἀκίλλιον ποιησάμενος τοῦ μέλλοντος λέγεσθαι βεβαιωτήν, ὅς φησιν ἀμεληθεισῶν ποτε τῶν τάφρων καὶ μηκέτι διαρρεομένων τοὺς τιμητὰς τὴν ἀνακάθαρσιν αὐτῶν καὶ τὴν ἐπισκευὴν χιλίων μισθῶσαι ταλάντων.

  [5] He also began the digging of the sewers, through which all the water that collects from the streets is conveyed into the Tiber — a wonderful work exceeding all description. Indeed, in my opinion the three most magnificent works of Rome, in which the greatness of her empire is best seen, are the aqueducts, the paved roads and the construction of the sewers. I say this with respect not only to the usefulness of the work (concerning which I shall speak in the proper place), but also to the magnitude of the cost, of which one may judge by a single circumstance, if one takes as his authority Gaius Acilius, who says that once, when the sewers had been neglected and were no longer passable for the water, the censors let out the cleaning and repairing of them at a thousand talents.

  [1] κατεσκεύασε δὲ καὶ τὸν μέγιστον τῶν ἱπποδρόμων Ταρκύνιος τὸν μεταξὺ τοῦ τε Αὐεντίνου καὶ τοῦ Παλλαντίου κείμενον πρῶτος ὑποστέγους ποιήσας περὶ αὐτὸν καθέδρας ῾τέως γὰρ ἑστῶτες ἐθεώρουν᾽ ἐπ᾽ ἰκρίοις, δοκῶν ξυλίναις σκηναῖς ὑποκειμένων: [p. 393] καὶ διελὼν τοὺς τόπους εἰς τριάκοντα φράτρας ἑκάστῃ φράτρᾳ μοῖραν ἀπέδωκε μίαν, ὥστε ἐν τῇ προσηκούσῃ χώρᾳ καθεζόμενον ἕκαστον θεωρεῖν.

  [68.1] Tarquinius also built the Circus Maximus, which lies between the Aventine and Palatine Hills, and was the first to erect covered seats round it on scaffolding (for till then the spectators had stood), the wooden stands being supported by beams. And dividing the places among the thirty curiae, he assigned to each curia a particular section, so that every spectator was seated in his proper place.

  [2] ἔμελλε δὲ ἄρα σὺν χρόνῳ καὶ τοῦτο τὸ ἔργον ἐν τοῖς πάνυ καλοῖς καὶ θαυμαστοῖς κατασκευάσμασι τῆς πόλεως γενήσεσθαι. μῆκος μὲν γὰρ τοῦ ἱπποδρόμου τριῶν καὶ ἡμίσους ἐστὶ σταδίων, εὖρος δὲ τεττάρων πλέθρων: πέριξ δὲ αὐτοῦ κατά τε τὰς μείζους πλευρὰς καὶ κατὰ μίαν τῶν ἐλαττόνων εὔριπος εἰς ὑποδοχὴν ὕδατος ὀρώρυκται βάθος τε καὶ πλάτος δεκάπους. μετὰ δὲ τὸν εὔριπον ᾠκοδόμηνται στοαὶ τρίστεγοι. τούτων δὲ αἱ μὲν ἐπίπεδοι λιθίνας ἔχουσιν ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς θεάτροις ὀλίγον ὑπερανεστηκυίας ἀλλήλων καθέδρας,

  [2] This work also was destined to become in time one of the most beautiful and most admirable structures in Rome. For the Circus is three stades and a half in length and four plethra in breadth. Round about it on the two longer sides and one of the shorter sides a canal has been dug, ten feet in depth and width, to receive water. Behind the canal are erected porticos three stories high, of which the lowest story has stone seats, gradually rising, as in the theatres, one above the other, and the two upper stories wooden seats.

  [3] αἱ δ᾽ ὑπερῷοι ξυλίνας. συνάγονται δ᾽ εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ καὶ συνάπτουσιν ἀλλήλαις αἱ μείζους ὑπὸ τῆς ἐλάττονος μηνοειδὲς ἐχούσης τὸ σχῆμα συγκλειόμεναι, ὥστε μίαν ἐκ τῶν τριῶν γίνεσθαι στοὰν ἀμφιθέατρον ὀκτὼ σταδίων ἱκανὴν ὑποδέξασθαι πεντεκαίδεκα μυριάδας ἀνθρώπων. ἡ δὲ λοιπὴ τῶν ἐλαττόνων πλευρῶν αἴθριος ἀνειμένη ψαλιδωτὰς ἱππαφέσεις ἔχει διὰ

  [3] The two longer porticos are united into one and joined together by means of the shorter one, which is crescent-shaped, so that all three form a single portico like an amphitheatre, eight stades in circuit and capable of holding 150,000 persons. The other of the shorter sides is left uncovered and contains vaulted starting-places for the horses, which are all opened by means of a single rope.

  [4] μιᾶς ὕσπληγος ἅμα πάσας ἀνοιγομένας. ἔστι δὲ καὶ περὶ τὸν ἱππόδρομον ἔξωθεν ἑτέρα στοὰ μονόστεγος ἐργαστήρια ἔχουσα ἐν αὑτῇ καὶ οἰκήσεις ὑπὲρ αὐτά, δἰ ἧς εἰσιν εἴσοδοί τε καὶ ἀναβάσεις τοῖς ἐπὶ τὴν θέαν ἀφικομένοις παρ᾽ ἕκαστον ἐργαστήριον, ὥστε [p. 394] μηδὲν ἐνοχλεῖσθαι τὰς τοσάς2δε μυριάδας εἰσιούσας τε καὶ ἀπολυομένας.

  [4] On the outside of the Circus there is another portico of one story which has shops in it and habitations over them. In this portico there are entrances and ascents for the spectators at every shop, so that the countless thousands of people may enter and depart without inconvenience.

  [1] ἐνεχείρησε δὲ καὶ τὸν νεὼν κατασκευάζειν τοῦ τε Διὸς καὶ τῆς Ἥρας καὶ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς ὁ βασιλεὺς οὗτος εὐχὴν ἀποδιδούς, ἣν ἐποιήσατο τοῖς θεοῖς ἐν τῇ τελευταίᾳ πρὸς Σαβίνους μάχῃ. τὸν μὲν οὖν λόφον, ἐφ᾽ οὗ τὸ ἱερὸν ἔμελλεν ἱδρύεσθαι, πολλῆς δεόμενον πραγματείας ῾οὔτε γὰρ εὐπρόσοδος ἦν οὔτε ὁμαλός, ἀλλ᾽ ἀπότομος καὶ εἰς κορυφὴν συναγόμενος ὀξεῖαν᾽ ἀναλήμμασιν ὑψηλοῖς πολλαχόθεν περιλαβὼν καὶ πολὺν χοῦν εἰς τὸ μεταξὺ τῶν τε ἀναλημμάτων καὶ τῆς κορυφῆς ἐμ
φορήσας, ὁμαλὸν γενέσθαι παρεσκεύασε καὶ πρὸς ἱερῶν ὑποδοχὴν ἐπιτηδειότατον.

  [69.1] This king also undertook to construct the temple to Jupiter, Juno and Minerva, in fulfilment of the vow he had made to these gods in his last battle against the Sabines. Having, therefore, surrounded the hill on which he proposed to build the temple with high retaining walls in many places, since it required much preparation (for it was neither easy of access nor level, but steep, and terminated in a sharp peak), he filled in the space between the retaining walls and the summit with great quantities of earth and, by levelling it, made the place most suitable for receiving temples.

  [2] τοὺς δὲ θεμελίους οὐκ ἔφθασε θεῖναι τοῦ νεὼ χρόνον ἐπιβιώσας μετὰ τὴν κατάλυσιν τοῦ πολέμου τετραετῆ. πολλοῖς δ᾽ ὕστερον ἔτεσιν ὁ τρίτος βασιλεύσας ἀπ᾽ ἐκείνου Ταρκύνιος, ὁ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἐκπεσών, τούς τε θεμελίους κατεβάλετο καὶ τῆς οἰκοδομῆς τὰ πολλὰ εἰργάσατο. οὐ μὴν ἐτελείωσε τὸ ἔργον οὐδ᾽ οὗτος, ἀλλ᾽ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐνιαυσίων ἀρχόντων τῶν κατὰ τὸν τρίτον ἐνιαυτὸν ὑπατευσάντων τὴν συντέλειαν ἔλαβεν ὁ νεώς.

  [2] But he was prevented by death from laying the foundations of the temple; for he lived but four years after the end of the war. Many years later, however, Tarquinius, the second king after him, the one who was driven from the throne, laid the founds of this structure and built the greater part of it. Yet even he did not complete the work, but it was finished under the annual magistrates who were consuls in the third year after his expulsion.

  [3] ἄξιον δὲ καὶ τὰ πρὸ τῆς κατασκευῆς αὐτοῦ γενόμενα διελθεῖν, ἃ παραδεδώκασιν ἅπαντες οἱ τὰς ἐπιχωρίους συναγαγόντες ἱστορίας. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἔμελλε κατασκευάζειν ὁ Ταρκύνιος τὸν γαόν, συγκαλέσας τοὺς οἰωνομάντεις ἐκέλευσε [p. 395] τοῖς ἀνδράσι περὶ αὐτοῦ πρῶτον διαμαντεύσασθαι τοῦ τόπου, τίς ἐπιτηδειότατός ἐστι τῆς πόλεως χῶρος ἱερὸς ἀνεῖσθαι καὶ τοῖς θεοῖς αὐτοῖς μάλιστα κεχαρισμένος.

  [3] It is fitting to relate also the incidents that preceded the building of it as they have been handed down by all the compilers of Roman history. When Tarquinius was preparing to build the temple he called the augurs together and ordered them first to consult the auspices concerning the site itself, in order to learn what place in the city was the most suitable to be consecrated and the most acceptable to the gods themselves;

  [4] ἀποδειξάντων δ᾽ αὐτῶν τὸν ὑπερκείμενον τῆς ἀγορᾶς λόφον, ὃς τότε μὲν ἐκαλεῖτο Ταρπήιος, νῦν δὲ Καπιτωλῖνος, αὖθις ἐκέλευσεν αὐτοὺς διαμαντευσαμένους εἰπεῖν ἐν ὁποίῳ τοῦ λόφου χωρίῳ θέσθαι δεήσει τοὺς θεμελίους. τοῦτο δὲ οὐ πάνυ ῥᾴδιον ἦν: πολλοὶ γὰρ ἦσαν ἐν αὐτῷ βωμοὶ θεῶν τε καὶ δαιμόνων ὀλίγον ἀπέχοντες ἀλλήλων, οὓς ἔδει μετάγειν ἑτέρωσέ ποι, καὶ πᾶν ἀποδοῦναι τῷ μέλλοντι τοῖς θεοῖς τεμένει γενήσεσθαι τὸ δάπεδον.

  [4] and upon their indicating the hill that commands the Forum, which was then called the Tarpeian, but now the Capitoline Hill, he ordered them to consult the auspices once more and declare in what part of the hill the foundations must be laid. But this was not at all easy; for there were upon the hill many altars both of the gods and of the lesser divinities not far apart from one another, which would have to be moved to some other place and the whole area given up to the sanctuary that was to be built to the gods.

  [5] ἔδοξε δὴ τοῖς οἰωνοπόλοις ὑπὲρ ἑκάστου βωμοῦ τῶν καθιδρυμένων διαμαντευσαμένοις, ἐὰν παραχωρῶσιν οἱ θεοὶ τότε κινεῖν αὐτούς. οἱ μὲν οὖν ἄλλοι θεοί τε καὶ δαίμονες ἐπέτρεψαν αὐτοῖς εἰς ἕτερα χωρία τοὺς βωμοὺς σφῶν μεταφέρειν, οἱ δὲ τοῦ Τέρμονος καὶ τῆς Νεότητος πολλὰ παραιτουμένοις τοῖς μάντεσι καὶ λιπαροῦσιν οὐκ ἐπείσθησαν οὐδ᾽ ἠνέσχοντο παραχωρῆσαι τῶν τόπων. τοιγάρτοι συμπεριελήφθησαν αὐτῶν οἱ βωμοὶ τῇ κατασκευῇ τῶν ἱερῶν, καὶ νῦν ὁ μὲν ἕτερός ἐστιν ἐν τῷ προνάῳ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, ὁ δ᾽ ἕτερος ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ σηκῷ πλησίον τοῦ ἕδους.

  [5] The augurs thought proper to consult the auspices concerning each one of the altars that were erected there, and if the gods were willing to withdraw, then to move them elsewhere. The rest of the gods and lesser divinities, then, gave them leave to move their altars elsewhere, but Terminus and Juventas, although the augurs besought them with great earnestness and importunity, could not be prevailed on and refused to leave their places. Accordingly, their altars were included within the circuit of the temples, and one of them now stands in the vestibule of Minerva’s shrine and the other in the shrine itself near the statue of the goddess.

  [6] ἐκ δὲ τούτου συνέβαλον οἱ μάντεις, ὅτι τῆς Ῥωμαίων πόλεως οὔτε τοὺς ὅρους μετακινήσει καιρὸς οὐθεὶς οὔτε τὴν ἀκμὴν μεταβαλεῖ: καὶ μέχρι τῶν κατ᾽ ἐμὲ χρόνων ἀληθὲς [p. 396] αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἑκάτερον εἰκοστὴν ἤδη καὶ τετάρτην γενεάν.

  [6] From this circumstance the augurs concluded that no occasion would ever cause the removal of the boundaries of the Romans’ city or impair its vigour; and both have proved true down to my day, which is already the twenty-fourth generation.

  [1] ὁ δὲ τῶν οἰωνοσκόπων ἐπιφανέστατος ὁ τοὺς βωμοὺς μεθιδρυσάμενος καὶ τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ Διὸς τεμενίσας καὶ τἆλλα προλέγων τὰ θεῖα τῷ δήμῳ διὰ μαντικῆς αὐτὸς μὲν ἐκαλεῖτο τὸ κοινὸν ὄνομα καὶ προσηγορικὸν Νέβιος, τὸ δὲ συγγενικὸν Ἄττιος, ὃς ἁπάντων θεοφιλέστατος ὁμολογεῖται γενέσθαι τῶν ἀκριβούντων τὴν τέχνην καὶ μεγίστου τυχεῖν δι᾽ αὐτὴν ὀνόματος ἀπίστους τινὰς ὑπερβολὰς τῆς οἰωνομαντικῆς ἐπιστήμης ἐπιδειξάμενος: ὧν ἐγὼ μίαν, ἣν μάλιστα τεθαύμακα, προχειρισάμενος ἐρῶ προειπὼν ἐξ οἵας ὁρμηθεὶς συντυχίας καὶ τίνας ἀφορμὰς παρὰ τοῦ δαιμονίου λαβὼν τοσαύτην ἔσχεν ἐπιφάνειαν, ὥστε πάντας ἀζήλους ἀποδεῖξαι τοὺς κατὰ

  [70] The most celebrated of the augurs, the one who changed the position of the altars and marked out the area for temple of Jupiter and in other things foretold the will of the gods to the people by his prophetic art, had for his common and first name Nevius, and for his family name Attius; and he is conceded to have been the most favoured by the gods of all the experts in his profession and to have gained the greatest reputation by it, having displayed some extraordinary and incredible instances of his augural skill. Of these I shall give one, which I have selected because it has seemed the most wonderful to me; but first I
shall relate from what chance he got his start and by what opportunities vouchsafed to him by the gods he attained to such distinction as to make all the other augurs of his day appear negligible in comparison.

  [2] τὴν αὐτὴν ἀκμάσαντας ἡλικίαν. πένης αὐτῷ πατὴρ ἐγένετο χωρίον εὐτελὲς γεωργῶν, ᾧ τά τε ἄλλα συνειργάζετο παῖς ὢν ὁ Νέβιος, ὅσα τοῖς τηλικούτοις δύναμις ἦν, καὶ τὰς ὗς ἐξελαύνων ἔβοσκεν. ἀποκοιμηθεὶς δέ ποτε καὶ μετὰ τὴν ἐξέγερσιν οὐχ εὑρίσκων τινὰς τῶν ὑῶν τέως μὲν ἔκλαιε τὰς πληγὰς ὀρρωδῶν τὰς παρὰ τοῦ πατρός, ἔπειτ᾽ ἐλθὼν ἐπὶ τὴν καλιάδα τὴν ἐν τῷ χωρίῳ καθιδρυμένην ἡρώων ἠξίου τούς ἥρωας συνεξευρεῖν αὐτῷ τὰς ὗς, γενομένου δὲ τούτου θύσειν αὐτοῖς ὑπέσχετο τὸν μέγιστον τῶν ἐκ τοῦ

  [2] His father was a poor man who cultivated a cheap plot of ground, and Nevius, as a boy, assisted him in such tasks as his years could bear; among his other employments he used to drive the swine out to pasture and tend them. One day he fell asleep, and upon waking missed some of the swine. At first he wept, dreading the blows his father would give him; then, going to the chapel of some heroes that had been built on the farm, he besought them to assist him in finding his swine, promising that if they did so he would offer up to them the largest cluster of grapes on the farm.

  [3] χωρίου βοτρύων. εὑρὼν δὲ μετ᾽ ὀλίγον τὰς ὗς ἐβούλετο [p. 397] μὲν ἀποδοῦναι τοῖς ἥρωσι τὴν εὐχήν, ἐν ἀπορίᾳ δὲ ἦν πολλῇ τὸν μέγιστον οὐ δυνάμενος ἐξευρεῖν βότρυν. ἀδημονῶν δ᾽ ἐπὶ τῷ πράγματι τοὺς θεοὺς ἠξίου δι᾽ οἰωνῶν φανερὸν αὐτῷ ποιῆσαι τὸ ζητούμενον. ἔπειτ᾽ ἐπελθὸν αὐτῷ κατὰ δαίμονα διχῇ νέμει τὸν ἀμπελῶνα, θάτερα μὲν αὐτοῦ λαμβάνων ἐκ δεξιᾶς, θάτερα δ᾽ ἐξ ἀριστερᾶς, ἔπειθ᾽ ὑπὲρ ἑκατέρου τῶν μερῶν τοὺς παρακειμένους οἰωνοὺς ἐσκόπει. φανέντων δ᾽ ἐπὶ θατέρου μέρους ὀρνίθων, οἵων αὐτὸς ἐβούλετο, πάλιν ἐκεῖνο διχῇ διῄρει τὸ χωρίον καὶ τοὺς ὄρνιθας διέκρινε τοὺς παραγινομένους κατὰ τὸ αὐτό. ταύτῃ χρώμενος τῇ διαιρέσει τῶν τόπών καὶ τὴν ἐσχάτην ὑπὸ τῶν ὀρνίθων ἀποδειχθεῖσαν ἄμπελον ὑπελθὼν εὑρίσκει βότρυος ἄπιστόν τι χρῆμα καὶ αὐτὸν φέρων ἐπὶ τὴν καλιάδα τῶν ἡρώων ὁρᾶται πρὸς τοῦ πατρός.