Delphi Complete Works of Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Illustrated) (Delphi Ancient Classics Book 79)

by Dionysius of Halicarnassus

  [4] The woman, after delivering the books and bidding him take great care of them, disappeared from among men. Tarquinius chose two men of distinction from among the citizens and appointing two public slaves to assist them, entrusted to them the guarding of the books; and when one of these men, named Marcus Atilius, seemed to have been faithless to his trust and was informed upon by one of the public slaves, he ordered him to be sewed up in a leather bag and thrown into the sea as a parricide.

  [5] μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἐκβολὴν τῶν βασιλέων ἡ πόλις ἀναλαβοῦσα τὴν τῶν χρησμῶν προστασίαν ἄνδρας τε τοὺς ἐπιφανεστάτους ἀποδείκνυσιν αὐτῶν φύλακας, οἳ διὰ βίου ταύτην ἔχουσι τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν στρατειῶν ἀφειμένοι καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν κατὰ πόλιν πραγματειῶν, καὶ δημοσίους αὐτοῖς παρακαθίστησιν, ὧν χωρὶς οὐκ ἐπιτρέπει τὰς ἐπισκέψεις τῶν χρησμῶν τοῖς ἀνδράσι ποιεῖσθαι. συνελόντι δ᾽ εἰπεῖν οὐδὲν οὕτω Ῥωμαῖοι φυλάττουσιν οὔθ᾽ ὅσιον κτῆμα οὔθ᾽ ἱερὸν ὡς τὰ Σιβύλλεια θέσφατα. χρῶνται δ᾽ αὐτοῖς, [p. 105] ὅταν ἡ βουλὴ ψηφίσηται, στάσεως καταλαβούσης τὴν πόλιν ἢ δυστυχίας τινὸς μεγάλης συμπεσούσης κατὰ πόλεμον ἢ τεράτων τινῶν καὶ φαντασμάτων μεγάλων καὶ δυσευρέτων αὐτοῖς φανέντων, οἷα πολλάκις συνέβη. οὗτοι διέμειναν οἱ χρησμοὶ μέχρι τοῦ Μαρσικοῦ κληθέντος πολέμου κείμενοι κατὰ γῆς ἐν τῷ ναῷ τοῦ Καπιτωλίνου Διὸς ἐν λιθίνῃ λάρνακι, ὑπ᾽ ἀνδρῶν δέκα φυλαττόμενοι.

  [5] Since the expulsion of the kings, the commonwealth, taking upon itself the guarding of these oracles, entrusts the care of them to persons of the greatest distinction, who hold this office for life, being exempt from military service and from all civil employments, and it assigns public slaves to assist them, in whose absence the others are not permitted to inspect the oracles. In short, there is no possession of the Romans, sacred or profane, which they guard so carefully as they do the Sibylline oracles. They consult them, by order of the senate, when the state is in the grip of party strife or some great misfortune has happened to them in war, or some important prodigies and apparitions have been seen which are difficult of interpretation, as has often happened. These oracles till the time of the Marsian War, as it was called, were kept underground in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus in a stone chest under the guard of ten men.

  [6] μετὰ δὲ τὴν τρίτην ἐπὶ ταῖς ἑβδομήκοντα καὶ ἑκατὸν ὀλυμπιάσιν ἐμπρησθέντος τοῦ ναοῦ, εἴτ᾽ ἐξ ἐπιβουλῆς, ὡς οἴονταί τινες, εἴτ᾽ ἀπὸ ταὐτομάτου, σὺν τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀναθήμασι τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ οὗτοι διεφθάρησαν ὑπὸ τοῦ πυρός. οἱ δὲ νῦν ὄντες ἐκ πολλῶν εἰσι συμφορητοὶ τόπων, οἱ μὲν ἐκ τῶν ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ πόλεων κομισθέντες, οἱ δ᾽ ἐξ Ἐρυθρῶν τῶν ἐν Ἀσίᾳ, κατὰ δόγμα βουλῆς τριῶν ἀποσταλέντων πρεσβευτῶν ἐπὶ τὴν ἀντιγραφήν: οἱ δ᾽ ἐξ ἄλλων πόλεων καὶ παρ᾽ ἀνδρῶν ἰδιωτῶν μεταγραφέντες: ἐν οἷς εὑρίσκονταί τινες ἐμπεποιημένοι τοῖς Σιβυλλείοις, ἐλέγχονται δὲ ταῖς καλουμέναις ἀκροστιχίσι: λέγω δ᾽ ἃ Τερέντιος Οὐάρρων ἱστόρηκεν ἐν τῇ θεολογικῇ πραγματείᾳ.

  [6] But when the temple was burned after the close of the one hundred and seventy-third Olympiad, either purposely, as some think, or by accident, these oracles together with all the offerings consecrated to the god were destroyed by the fire. Those which are now extant have been scraped together from many places, some from the cities of Italy, others from Erythrae in Asia (whither three envoys were sent by vote of the senate to copy them), and others were brought from other cities, transcribed by private persons. Some of these are found to be interpolations among the genuine Sibylline oracles, being recognized as such by means of the so-called acrostics. In all this I am following the account given by Terentius Varro in his work on religion.

  [1] ταῦτα διαπραξάμενος ὁ Ταρκύνιος ἐν εἰνήνῃ τε καὶ κατὰ πολέμους καὶ δύο πόλεις ἀποικίσας τὴν μὲν καλουμένην Σιγνίαν οὐ κατὰ προαίρεσεν, ἀλλ᾽ ἐκ ταὐτομάτου, χειμασάντων ἐν τῷ χωρίῳ τῶν στρατιωτῶν καὶ κατασκευασαμένων τὸ στρατόπεδον ὡς μηδὲν [p. 106] διαφέρειν πόλεως: Κιρκαίαν δὲ κατὰ λογισμόν, ὅτι τοῦ Πωμεντίνου πεδίου μεγίστου τῶν περὶ τῇ Λατίνῃ καὶ τῆς συναπτούσης αὐτῷ θαλάττης ἔκειτο ἐν καλῷ: ἔστι δὲ χερσονησοειδὴς σκόπελος ὑψηλὸς ἐπιεικῶς ἐπὶ τοῦ Τυρρηνικοῦ πελάγους κείμενος, ἔνθα λόγος ἔχει Κίρκην τὴν Ἡλίου θυγατέρα κατοικῆσαι: καὶ τὰς ἀποικίας ἀμφοτέρας δυσὶ τῶν παίδων οἰκισταῖς ἀναθείς, Κιρκαίαν μὲν Ἄρροντι, Σιγνίαν δὲ Τίτῳ, δέος ἅτε οὐδὲν ἔτι περὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἔχων, διὰ γυναικὸς ὕβριν αὐτῆς, ἣν ὁ πρεσβύτατος αὐτοῦ τῶν παίδων Σέξτος διέφθειρεν, ἐξελαύνεται τῆς τ᾽ ἀρχῆς καὶ τῆς πόλεως, προθεσπίσαντος αὐτῷ τοῦ δαιμονίου τὴν μέλλουσαν γενήσεσθαι περὶ τὸν οἶκον συμφορὰν πολλοῖς μὲν καὶ

  [63.1] Besides these achievements of Tarquinius both in peace and in war, he founded two colonies. One of them, called Signia, was not planned, but was due to chance, the soldiers having established their winter quarters in the place and built their camp in such a manner as not to differ in any respect from a city. But it was with deliberate purpose that he settled Circeii, because the place was advantageously situated in relation both to the Pomptine plain, which is the largest of all the plains in the Latin country, and to the sea that is contiguous to it. For it is a fairly high rock in the nature of a peninsula, situated on the Tyrrhenian Sea; and tradition has it that Circe, the daughter of the Sun, lived there. He assigned both these colonies to two of his sons as their founders, giving Circeii to Arruns and Signia to Titus; and being now no longer in any fear concerning his power, he was both driven from power and exiled because of the outrageous deed of Sextus, his eldest son, who ruined a married woman. Of this calamity that was to overtake his house, Heaven had forewarned him by numerous omens, and particularly by this final one:

  [2] ἄλλοις οἰωνοῖς, τελευταίῳ δὲ τῷδε. αἰετοὶ συνιόντες εἰς τὸν παρακείμενον τοῖς βασιλείοις κῆπον ἔαρος ὥρᾳ νεοττιὰν ἔπλαττον ἐπὶ κορυφῇ φοίνικος ὑψηλοῦ. τούτων δὲ τῶν αἰετῶν ἀπτῆνας ἔτι τοὺς νεοττοὺς ἐχόντων γῦπες ἀθρόοι προσπετασθέντες τήν τε νεοττιὰν διεφόρησαν καὶ τοὺς νεοττοὺς ἀπέκτειναν καὶ τοὺς αἰετοὺς προσιόντας ἀπὸ τῆς νομῆς ἀμύττοντές τε καὶ παίοντες τοῖς ταρσοῖς ἀπὸ τοῦ φοίνικος ἀπήλασαν.

  [2] Two eagles, co
ming in the spring to the garden near the palace, made their aerie on the top of a tall palm tree. While these eagles had their young as yet unfledged, a flock of vultures, flying to the aerie, destroyed it and killed the young birds; and when the eagles returned from their feeding, the vultures, tearing them and striking them with the flat of their wings, drove them from the palm tree.

  [3] τούτους τοὺς οἰωνοὺς ἰδὼν ὁ Ταρκύνιος καὶ φυλαττόμενος, εἴ πως δύναιτο διακρούσασθαι τὴν μοῖραν, οὐκ ἴσχυσε νικῆσαι τὸ χρεών, ἀλλ᾽ ἐπιθεμένων αὐτῷ τῶν πατρικίων καὶ τοῦ δήμου συμφρονήσαντος ἐξέπεσε τῆς [p. 107] δυναστείας. οἵτινες δ᾽ ἦσαν οἱ τῆς ἐπαναστάσεως ἄρξαντες καὶ δι᾽ οἵων τρόπων ἦλθον ἐπὶ τὰ πράγματα, δἰ ὀλίγων πειράσομαι διελθεῖν.

  [3] Tarquinius, seeing these omens, took all possible precautions to avert his destiny but proved unable to conquer fate; for when the patricians set themselves against him and the people were of the same mind, he was driven from power. Who the authors of this insurrection were and by what means they came into control of affairs, I shall endeavour to relate briefly.

  [1] τὴν Ἀρδεατῶν πόλιν ὁ Ταρκύνιος ἐπολιόρκει πρόφασιν μὲν ποιούμενος, ὅτι τοὺς ἐκ Ῥώμης φυγάδας ὑπεδέχετο καὶ συνέπραττεν αὐτοῖς περὶ καθόδου: ὡς δὲ τἀληθὲς εἶχεν ἐπιβουλεύων αὐτῇ διὰ τὸν πλοῦτον εὐδαιμονούσῃ μάλιστα τῶν ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ πόλεων. γενναίως δὲ τῶν Ἀρδεατῶν ἀπομαχομένων καὶ πολυχρονίου τῆς πολιορκίας γινομένης οἵ τ᾽ ἐπὶ τοῦ στρατοπέδου κάμνοντες ἐπὶ τῇ τριβῇ τοῦ πολέμου καὶ οἱ κατὰ πόλιν ἀπειρηκότες ταῖς εἰσφοραῖς ἕτοιμοι πρὸς ἀπόστασιν ἦσαν, εἴ τις ἀρχὴ γένοιτο.

  [64.1] Tarquinius was then laying siege to Ardea, alleging as his reason that it was receiving the Roman fugitives and assisting them in their endeavours to return home. The truth was, however, that he had designs against this city on account of its wealth, since it was the most flourishing of all the cities in Italy. But as the Ardeates bravely defended themselves and the siege was proving a lengthy one, both the Romans who were in the camp, being fatigued by the length of the war, and those at Rome, who had become exhausted by the war taxes, were ready to revolt if any occasion offered for making a beginning.

  [2] ἐν τούτῳ δὴ τῷ καιρῷ Σέξτος ὁ πρεσβύτατος τῶν Ταρκυνίου παίδων ἀποσταλεὶς ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς εἰς πόλιν, ἣ ἐκαλεῖτο Κολλάτεια, χρείας τινὰς ὑπηρετήσων στρατιωτικὰς παρ᾽ ἀνδρὶ κατήχθη συγγενεῖ Λευκίῳ Ταρκυνίῳ τῷ Κολλατίνῳ

  [2] At this time Sextus, the eldest son of Tarquinius, being sent by his father to a city called Collatia to perform certain military services, lodged at the house of his kinsman, Lucius Tarquinius, surnamed Collatinus.

  [3] προσαγορευομένῳ. τοῦτον τὸν ἄνδρα Φάβιος μὲν υἱὸν εἶναί φησιν Ἠγερίου, περὶ οὗ δεδήλωκα πρότερον, ὅτι Ταρκυνίῳ τῷ προτέρῳ βασιλεύσαντι Ῥωμαίων ἀδελφόπαις ἦν καὶ Κολλατείας ἡγεμὼν ἀποδειχθεὶς ἀπὸ τῆς ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ πόλει διατριβῆς αὐτός τε Κολλατῖνος ἐκλήθη καὶ τοῖς ἐγγόνοις ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ τὴν αὐτὴν κατέλιπεν ἐπίκλησιν: ἐγὼ δὲ καὶ τοῦτον [p. 108] υἱωνὸν εἶναι τοῦ Ἠγερίου πείθομαι, εἴ γε τὴν αὐτὴν εἶχε τοῖς Ταρκυνίου παισὶν ἡλικίαν, ὡς Φάβιός τε καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ συγγραφεῖς παραδεδώκασιν: ὁ γὰρ χρόνος ταύτην μοι τὴν ὑπόληψιν βεβαιοῖ.

  [3] This man is said by Fabius to have been the son of Egerius, who, as I have shown earlier, was the nephew of Tarquinius the first Roman king of that name, and having been appointed governor of Collatia, was not only himself called Collatinus from his living there, but also left the same surname to his posterity. But, for my part, I am persuaded that he too was a grandson of Egerius, inasmuch as he was of the same age as the sons of Tarquinius, as Fabius and the other historians have recorded; for the chronology confirms me in this opinion.

  [4] ὁ μὲν οὖν Κολλατῖνος ἐπὶ στρατοπέδου τότε ὢν ἐτύγχανεν, ἡ δὲ συνοικοῦσα αὐτῷ γυνὴ Ῥωμαία, Λουκρητίου θυγάτηρ ἀνδρὸς ἐπιφανοῦς, ἐξένιζεν αὐτὸν ὡς συγγενῆ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς πολλῇ προθυμίᾳ τε καὶ φιλοφροσύνῃ. ταύτην τὴν γυναῖκα καλλίστην οὖσαν τῶν ἐν Ῥώμῃ γυναικῶν καὶ σωφρονεστάτην ἐπεχείρησεν ὁ Σέξτος διαφθεῖραι, παλαίτερον μὲν ἔτι εἰργόμενος, ὁπότε κατάγοιτο παρὰ τῷ συγγενεῖ, τότε δὲ καιρὸν ἁρμόττοντα οἰόμενος ἔχειν.

  [4] Now it happened that Collatinus was then at the camp, but his wife, who was a Roman woman, the daughter of Lucretius, a man of distinction, entertained him, as a kinsman of her husband, with great cordiality and friendliness. This matron, who excelled all the Roman women in beauty as well as in virtue, Sextus tried to seduce; he had already long entertained this desire, whenever he visited his kinsman, and he thought he now had a favourable opportunity.

  [5] ὡς δὲ μετὰ τὸ δεῖπνον ἀπῆλθε κοιμησόμενος ἐπισχὼν τῆς νυκτὸς πολὺ μέρος, ἐπειδὴ καθεύδειν ἅπαντας ἐνόμιζεν, ἀναστὰς ἧκεν ἐπὶ τὸ δωμάτιον, ἐν ᾧ τὴν Λουκρητίαν ᾔδει καθεύδουσαν, καὶ λαθὼν τοὺς παρὰ ταῖς θύραις τοῦ δωματίου κοιμωμένους εἰσέρχεται ξίφος ἔχων.

  [5] Going, therefore, to bed after supper, he waited a great part of the night, and then, when he thought all were asleep, he got up and came to the room where he knew Lucretia slept, and without being discovered by her slaves, who lay asleep at the door, he went into the room sword in hand.

  [1] ἐπιστὰς δὲ τῇ κλίνῃ διεγερθείσης ἅμα τῷ συνεῖναι τὸν ψόφον τῆς γυναικὸς καὶ πυνθανομένης, ὅστις εἴη, φράσας τοὔνομα σιωπᾶν ἐκέλευε καὶ μένειν ἐν τῷ δωματίῳ σφάξειν αὐτὴν ἀπειλήσας, ἐὰν ἐπιχειρήσῃ φεύγειν ἢ βοᾶν. τούτῳ καταπληξάμενος τῷ τρόπῳ τὴν ἄνθρωπον αἱρέσεις αὐτῇ δύο προὔτεινεν, ὧν ποτέραν αὐτὴ προῃρεῖτο λαβεῖν ἠξίου, θάνατον μετ᾽ [p. 109]

  [65.1] When he paused at the woman’s bedside and she, hearing the noise, awakened and asked who it was, he told her his name and bade her be silent and remain in the room, threatening to kill her if she attempted either to escape or to cry out. Having terrified the woman in this manner, he offered her two alternatives, bidding her choose whichever she herself preferred — death with dishonour or life with happiness.

  [2] αἰσχύνης ἢ βίον μετ᾽ εὐδαιμονίας. εἰ μὲν γὰρ ὑπομενεῖς, ἔφη, χαρίσασθαί μοι, γυναῖκά σε ποιήσομαι καὶ βασιλεύσεις σὺν ἐμοὶ νῦν μὲν ἧς ὁ πατήρ μοι ἔδωκε πόλεως, μετὰ δ�
�� τὴν ἐκείνου τελευτὴν Ῥωμαίων τε καὶ Λατίνων καὶ Τυρρηνῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὅσων ἐκεῖνος ἄρχει. ἐγὼ γὰρ οἶδ᾽, ὅτι παραλήψομαι τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς βασιλείαν, ὥσπερ ἐστὶ δίκαιον, τῶν υἱῶν αὐτοῦ πρεσβύτατος ὤν. ὅσα δ᾽ ὑπάρχει τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν ἀγαθά, ὧν ἁπάντων ἔσῃ σὺν ἐμοὶ κυρία, τί δεῖ σε καλῶς ἐπισταμένην διδάσκειν;

  [2] “For,” he said, “if you will consent to gratify me, I will make you my wife, and with me you shall reign, for the present, over the city my father has given me, and, after his death, over the Romans, the Latins, the Tyrrhenians, and all the other nations he rules; for I know that I shall succeed to my father’s kingdom, as is right, since I am his eldest son. But why need I inform you of the many advantages which attend royalty, all of which you shall share with me, since you are well acquainted with them?

  [3] εἰ δ᾽ ἀντιπράττειν ἐπιχειρήσεις σώζειν βουλομένη τὸ σῶφρον, ἀποκτενῶ σε καὶ τῶν θεραπόντων ἐπικατασφάξας ἕνα θήσω τὰ σώματα ὑμῶν ἅμα καὶ φήσω κατειληφὼς ἀσχημονοῦσάν σε μετὰ τοῦ δούλου τετιμωρῆσθαι τὴν τοῦ συγγενοῦς ὕβριν μετερχόμενος, ὥστ᾽ αἰσχρὰν καὶ ἐπονείδιστόν σου γενέσθαι τὴν τελευτὴν καὶ μηδὲ ταφῆς τὸ σῶμά σου τυχεῖν μηδ᾽ ἄλλου τῶν νομίμων μηδενός.