[3] ἦν τ᾽ ἄρα τὸ ἐν πολλοῖς εὐτυχεῖν σφαλερὸν ἀνθρώπῳ χρῆμα καὶ ἀσύμφορον: αὐχήματός τε γὰρ ἀνοήτου πολλοῖς αἴτιον γενόμενον λανθάνει καὶ ἐπιθυμιῶν ἀρχηγὸν ἐκβαινουσῶν τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην φύσιν: ὃ καὶ τῷ ἀνδρὶ ἐκείνῳ συνέβη. τρισὶ γὰρ ὑπατείαις καὶ δυσὶ θριάμβοις μόνος τῶν τότε ἀνθρώπων ὑπὸ τῆς πόλεως τετιμημένος σεμνότερον ἑαυτὸν ἦγε καὶ μοναρχικῆς ἐξουσίας ἐλάμβανε πόθον: ἐνθυμούμενος δ᾽ ὅτι τοῖς βασιλείας ἢ τυραννίδος ἐφιεμένοις ῥᾴστη τε καὶ ἀσφαλεστάτη πασῶν ἐστιν ὁδὸς ἡ τὸ πλῆθος εὐεργεσίαις τισὶν ὑπαγομένη καὶ ἐκ τῶν χειρῶν τοῦ διδόντος τὰ κοινὰ σιτεῖσθαι ἐθίζουσα, ταύτην ἐτράπετο: καὶ αὐτίκα οὐθενὶ προειπών: ἦν γάρ τις χώρα δημοσία πολλὴ παρημελημένη τε καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν εὐπορωτάτων κατεχομένη, ταύτην ἔγνω τῷ δήμῳ διανέμειν.
[3] But it seems that to be successful in many undertakings is a dangerous and prejudicial thing for a man; for to many it is the hidden source of senseless pride and the secret author of desires that are too ambitious for our human nature. And so it was with Cassius. For, being the only man at that time who had been honoured by his country with three consulships and two triumphs, he now conducted himself in a more pompous manner and conceived a desire for monarchical power. And bearing in mind that the easiest and safest way of all for those who aim at monarchy or tyranny is to draw the multitude to oneself by sundry gratifications and to accustom them to feed themselves out of the hands of the one who distributes the possessions of the public, he took that course; and at once, without communicating this intention to anyone, he determined to divide among the people a certain large tract of land belonging to the state which had been neglected and was then in the possession of the richest men.
[4] καὶ εἰ μὲν ἄχρι τοῦδ᾽ ἐλθὼν ἠρκέσθη, τάχ᾽ ἂν αὐτῷ κατὰ νοῦν τὸ ἔργον ἐχώρησε: νῦν δὲ πλειόνων ὀρεγόμενος στάσιν οὐ μικρὰν ἤγειρεν, ἐξ ἧς οὐκ εὐτυχὲς τὸ τέλος αὐτῷ συνέβη. Λατίνους τε γὰρ ἠξίου τῇ καταγραφῇ τῆς χώρας συμπεριλαμβάνειν καὶ τοὺς νεωστὶ [p. 232] προσληφθέντας εἰς τὴν πολιτείαν Ἕρνικας οἰκεῖα ἑαυτῷ παρασκευάσας τὰ ἔθνη.
[4] Now if he had been content to stop there, the business might perhaps have gone according to his wish; but as it was, by grasping for more, he raised a violent sedition, the outcome of which proved anything but fortunate for him. For he thought fit in assigning the land to include not only the Latins, but also the Hernicans, who had only recently been admitted to citizenship, and thus to attach these nations to himself.
[1] ταῦτα διανοηθεὶς τῇ μετὰ τὸν θρίαμβον ἡμέρᾳ συνεκάλεσε τὸ πλῆθος εἰς ἐκκλησίαν: καὶ παρελθὼν ἐπὶ τὸ βῆμα, ὡς ἔθος ἐστὶ ποιεῖν τοῖς τεθριαμβευκόσι, πρῶτον μὲν ἀπέδωκε τὸν ὑπὲρ τῶν πραχθέντων αὐτῷ λόγον, οὗ κεφάλαια ἦν ταῦτα:
[70.1] Having formed this plan, the day after his triumph he called the multitude together in assembly, and coming forward to the tribunal, according to the custom of those who have triumphed, he first gave his account of his achievements, the sum of which was as follows:
[2] ὅτι τῆς μὲν πρώτης ὑπατείας τυχὼν τὸ Σαβίνων ἔθνος ἀντιποιούμενον τῆς ἡγεμονίας μάχῃ νικήσας ὑπήκοον ἠνάγκασε Ῥωμαίοις γενέσθαι: ἀποδειχθεὶς δὲ τὸ δεύτερον ὕπατος τὴν ἐμφύλιον ἔπαυσε τῆς πόλεως στάσιν καὶ κατήγαγε τὸν δῆμον εἰς τὴν πατρίδα, Λατίνους δὲ συγγενεῖς μὲν ὄντας τῆς Ῥωμαίων πόλεως, ἀεὶ δὲ τῆς ἡγεμονίας καὶ τῆς δόξης αὐτῇ φθονοῦντας, εἰς φιλότητα συνήγαγε τῆς ἰσοπολιτείας μεταδούς, ὥστε μηκέτι ἀντίπαλον, ἀλλὰ πατρίδα τὴν Ῥώμην νομίζειν.
[2] that in his first consulship he had defeated in battle the Sabines, who were laying claim to the supremacy, and compelled them to become subject to the Romans; that upon being chosen consul for the second time he had appeased the sedition in the state and restored the populace to the fatherland, and had caused the Latins, who, though kinsmen of the Romans, had always envied them their supremacy and glory, to become their friends by conferring upon them equal rights of citizenship, so that they looked upon Rome no longer as a rival, but as their fatherland;
[3] τρίτον δὲ καταστὰς ἐπὶ τὴν αὐτὴν ἀρχὴν Οὐολούσκους τ᾽ ἠνάγκασε φίλους ἀντὶ πολεμίων γενέσθαι καὶ τὸ Ἑρνίκων ἔθνος μέγα τε καὶ ἄλκιμον καὶ πλησίον σφῶν κείμενον βλάπτειν τε καὶ ὠφελεῖν τὰ μέγιστα ἱκανώτατον ἑκούσιον ὑπηγάγετο.
[3] that being for the third time invested with the same magistracy, he had not only compelled the Volscians to become their friends instead of enemies, but had also brought about the voluntary submission of the Hernicans, a great and warlike nation situated near them and quite capable of doing them either the greatest mischief or the greatest service.
[4] ταῦτά τε δὴ καὶ τὰ ὅμοια τούτοις διεξελθὼν ἠξίου τὸν δῆμον ἑαυτῷ προσέχειν τὸν νοῦν, ὡς παρὰ πάντας τοὺς ἄλλους πρόνοιαν ἔχοντι τοῦ κοινοῦ καὶ εἰς τὸν λοιπὸν ἕξοντι χρόνον. [p. 233] τελευτῶν δὲ τοῦ λόγου τοσαῦτ᾽ ἔφη καὶ τηλικαῦτ᾽ ἀγαθὰ ποιήσειν τὸν δῆμον, ὥστε πάντας ὑπερβαλέσθαι τοὺς ἐπαινουμένους ἐπὶ τῷ φιλεῖν καὶ σώζειν τὸ δημοτικόν: καὶ ταῦτ᾽ ἔφη ποιήσειν οὐκ εἰς μακράν.
[4] After recounting these and similar achievements he asked the populace to pay good heed to him, as to one who then had and always would have a greater concern for the commonwealth than any others. He concluded his speech by saying that he would confer upon the populace so many benefits and so great as to surpass all those who were commended for befriending and saving the plebeians; and these things he said he would soon accomplish.
[5] διαλύσας δὲ τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ χρόνον οὐδὲ ἀκαριαῖον διαλιπὼν τῇ κατόπιν ἡμέρᾳ συνεκάλει τὴν βουλὴν εἰς τὸ συνέδριον ὀρθὴν καὶ περίφοβον οὖσαν ἐπὶ τοῖς ῥηθεῖσιν ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ λόγοις: καὶ πρὶν ἑτέρου τινὸς ἄρξασθαι λόγου τὴν ἀπόρρητον ἐν τῷ δήμῳ φυλαχθεῖσαν γνώμην εἰς μέσον ἔφερεν, ἀξιῶν τοὺς βουλευτάς, ἐπειδὴ πολλὰ ὁ δῆμος τῇ πόλει χρήσιμος γέγονε τὰ μὲν εἰς τὴν ἐλευθερίαν, τὰ δ᾽ εἰς τὸ ἑτέρων ἄρχειν συλλαβόμενος, πρόνοιαν αὐτοῦ ποιήσασθαι, τήν τε χώραν αὐτῷ νείμαντας, ὅση πολέμῳ κρατηθεῖσα λόγῳ μὲν ἦν δημοσία, ἔργῳ δὲ τῶν ἀναιδεστάτων τε καὶ σὺ
ν οὐδενὶ δικαίῳ κατεσχηκότων πατρικίων, καὶ τῆς ὑπὸ Γέλωνος τοῦ Σικελίας τυράννου πεμφθείσης σφίσι δωρεᾶς σιτικῆς, ἣν προῖκα δέον ἅπαντας διανείμασθαι τοὺς πολίτας ὠνητὴν ἐλάμβανον οἱ πένητες, ἀποδοθῆναι τὰς τιμὰς τοῖς ὠνησαμένοις ἐξ ὧν εἶχε τὸ κοινὸν χρημάτων.
[5] He then dismissed the assembly, and without even the slightest delay called a meeting the next day of the senate, which was already in suspense and terrified at his words. And before taking up any other subject he proceeded to lay before them openly the purpose which he had kept concealed in the popular assembly, asking of the senators that, inasmuch as the populace had rendered the commonwealth great service by aiding it, not only to retain its liberty, but also to rule over other peoples, they should show their concern for them by dividing among them the land conquered in war, which, though nominally the property of the state, was in reality possessed by the most shameless patricians, who had occupied it without any legal claim; and that the price paid for the corn sent them by Gelon, the tyrant of Sicily, as a present, which, though it ought to have been divided among all the citizens as a free gift, the poor had got by purchase, should be repaid to the purchasers from the funds held in the public treasury.
[1] εὐθὺς μὲν οὖν ἔτι λέγοντος αὐτοῦ θόρυβος ἦν πολύς, ἀχθομένων ἁπάντων καὶ οὐχ ὑπομενόντων τὸν λόγον. ἐπειδὴ δ᾽ ἐπαύσατο ὅ τε συνύπατος αὐτοῦ Οὐεργίνιος πολλὴν ἐποιήσατο κατηγορίαν ὡς στάσιν εἰσάγοντος, καὶ τῶν ἄλλων βουλευτῶν οἱ πρεσβύτατοί τε καὶ τιμιώτατοι, μάλιστα δ᾽ Ἄππιος Κλαύδιος: καὶ μέχρι πολλῆς ὥρας ἠγριωμένοι τε καὶ τὰ [p. 234] αἴσχιστα κατ᾽ ἀλλήλων ὀνείδη λέγοντες οὗτοι διετέλεσαν.
[71.1] At once, while he was still speaking, a great tumult arose, the senators to a man disliking his proposal and refusing to countenance it. And when he had done, not only his colleague Verginius, but the oldest and the most honoured of the senators as well, particularly Appius Claudius, inveighed against him vehemently for attempting to stir up a sedition; and until a late hour these men continued to be beside themselves with rage and to utter the severest reproaches against one another.
[2] ταῖς δὲ κατόπιν ἡμέραις ὁ μὲν Κάσσιος ἐκκλησίας συνεχεῖς ποιούμενος ἐξεδημαγώγει τὸ πλῆθος, καὶ τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῆς κληρουχίας λόγους εἰσέφερε, καὶ πολὺς ἦν ἐν ταῖς κατηγορίαις τῶν ἀντιπραττόντων. ὁ δ᾽ Οὐεργίνιος τὴν βουλὴν ὁσημέραι συνάγων μετὰ κοινῆς γνώμης τῶν πατρικίων ἀντιπαρεσκευάζετο φυλακάς τε καὶ κωλύσεις νομίμους.
[2] During the following days Cassius assembled the populace continually and attempted to win them over by his harangues, introducing the arguments in favour of the allotment of the land and laying himself out in invectives against his opponents. Verginius, for his part, assembled the senate every day and in concert with the patricians prepared legal safeguards and hindrances against the other’s designs.
[3] καὶ ἦν στῖφος ἑκατέρῳ τῶν παρακολουθούντων τε καὶ φυλακὴν τῷ σώματι παρεχόντων πολύ: τὸ μὲν ἄπορον καὶ ῥυπαρὸν καὶ πάντα τολμᾶν πρόχειρον ὑπὸ τῷ Κασσίῳ τεταγμένον, τὸ δ᾽ εὐγενέστατόν τε καὶ καθαρώτατον ὑπὸ τῷ Οὐεργινίῳ.
[3] Each of the consuls had a strong body of men attending him and guarding his person; the needy and the unwashed and such as were prepared for any daring enterprise were ranged under Cassius, and those of the noblest birth and the most immaculate under Verginius.
[4] τέως μὲν οὖν τὸ χεῖρον ἐν ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις ἐπεκράτει μακρῷ θατέρου προὔχον, ἔπειτα ἰσόρροπον ἐγένετο προσνειμάντων ἑαυτοὺς τῶν δημάρχων τῇ κρείττονι μοίρᾳ: τάχα μὲν καὶ διὰ τὸ μὴ δοκεῖν ἄμεινον εἶναι τῇ πόλει δεκασμοῖς τ᾽ ἀργυρίου καὶ διανομαῖς τῶν δημοσίων διαφθειρόμενον τὸ πλῆθος ἀργὸν καὶ πονηρὸν εἶναι, τάχα δὲ καὶ διὰ τὸν φθόνον, ὅτι τῆς φιλανθρωπίας ταύτης οὐκ αὐτοὶ ἦρξαν οἱ τοῦ δήμου προεστηκότες, ἀλλ᾽ ἕτερος: οὐθὲν δὲ κωλύει καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τὸ δέος, ὃ πρὸς τὴν αὔξησιν τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἐλάμβανον μείζονα γενομένην ἢ τῇ πόλει συνέφερεν.
[4] For some time the baser element prevailed in the assemblies, being far more numerous than the others; then they became evenly balanced when the tribunes joined the better element. This change of front on the part of the tribunes was due perhaps to their feeling that it was not best for the commonwealth that the multitude should be corrupted by bribes of money and distributions of the public lands and so be idle and depraved, and perhaps also to envy, since it was not they themselves, the leaders of the populace, who had been the authors of this liberality, but someone else; however, there is no reason why their action was not due also to the fear they felt at the increase in Cassius’ power, which had grown greater than was to the interest of the commonwealth.
[5] ἀντέλεγον οὖν ἤδη κατὰ κράτος ἐν ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις οὗτοι [p. 235] πρὸς τοὺς εἰσφερομένους ὑπὸ τοῦ Κασσίου νόμους διδάσκοντες τὸν δῆμον, ὡς οὐκ εἴη δίκαιον, ἃ διὰ πολλῶν ἐκτήσατο πολέμων, ταῦτα μὴ Ῥωμαίους νείμασθαι μόνους, ἀλλὰ καὶ Λατίνους αὐτοῖς ἰσομοιρεῖν τοὺς μὴ παραγενομένους τοῖς πολέμοις, καὶ τοὺς νεωστὶ προσελθόντας πρὸς τὴν φιλίαν Ἕρνικας, οἷς ἀγαπητὸν ἦν πολέμῳ προσαχθεῖσι τὸ μὴ τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἀφαιρεθῆναι χώραν.
[5] At any rate, these men in the meetings of the assembly now began to oppose with all their power the laws which Cassius was introducing, showing the people that it was not fair if the possessions which they had acquired in the course of many wars were not to be distributed among the Romans alone, but were to be shared equally not only by the Latins, who had not been present in those wars, but also by the Hernicans, who had but lately entered into friendship with them, and having been brought to it by war, would be content not to be deprived of their own territory.
[6] ὁ δὲ δῆμος ἀκούων τοτὲ μὲν τοῖς τῶν δημάρχων προσετίθετο λόγοις ἐνθυμούμενος, ὅτι μικρόν τι καὶ οὐκ ἄξιον ἔσται λόγου τὸ ἐκ τῆς δημοσίας γῆς ἐσόμενον ἑκάστῳ λάχος, εἰ μεθ᾽ Ἑρνίκων τε καὶ Λατίνων αὐτὴν νεμήσονται, τοτὲ δ᾽ ὑπὸ τοῦ Κασσίου μετεπείθετο δημαγωγοῦντος, ὡς προδιδόντων αὐτοὺς τοῖς πατρικίοις τῶν δημάρχων καὶ πρόφασιν ποιουμένων τῆς κωλύσεως εὐπρεπῆ τὴν Ἑρνίκων τε καὶ Λατίνων ἰσομοιρίαν, ἣν αὐτὸς ἔφη νόμῳ περιλαβεῖν ἰσχύος τῶν πενήτων ἕνεκα καὶ εἴ τις ἀφαιρεῖσθαί ποτε αὐτοὺς ἀξιώσαι τὰ δοθέντα κω
λῦσαι, κρεῖττον ἡγούμενος εἶναι καὶ ἀσφαλέστερον τοῖς πολλοῖς μικρὰ λαβοῦσιν ὁμοίως ἔχειν ἢ πολλὰ ἐλπίσασιν ἁπάντων ἀποτυχεῖν.
[6] The people, as they listened, would now assent to the representations of the tribunes, when they recalled that the portion of the public land which would fall to the lot of each man would be small and inconsiderable if they shared it with the Hernicans and the Latins, and again would change their minds as Cassius in his harangues charged that the tribunes were betraying them to the patricians and using his proposal to give an equal share of the land to the Hernicans and the Latins as a specious pretence for their opposition; whereas, he said, he had included these peoples in his law with a view to adding strength to the poor and of hindering any attempt that might thereafter be made to deprive them of what had been once granted to them since he regarded it as better and safer for the masses to get little, but to keep that little undiminished, than to expect a great deal and to be disappointed of everything.
[1] τούτοις δὴ τοῖς λόγοις τοῦ Κασσίου θαμινὰ μεταπείθοντος ἐν ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις τὸν ὄχλον παρελθὼν εἷς τῶν δημάρχων, Γάϊος Ῥαβολήιος, ἀνὴρ οὐκ ἄφρων, τήν τε διχοστασίαν τῶν ὑπάτων ὑπέσχετο παύσειν οὐκ εἰς μακράν, καὶ τῷ δήμῳ ποιήσειν φανερόν, ὅ τι χρὴ ποιεῖν. ἐπισημασίας δὲ γενομένης αὐτῷ μεγάλης καὶ μετὰ τοῦτο σιωπῆς: οὐχὶ ταῦτ᾽, εἶπεν, ὦ [p. 236] Κάσσιε, καὶ σὺ Οὐεργίνιε, τὰ κεφάλαιά ἐστι τοῦ νόμου; ἓν μέν, εἰ χρὴ τὴν δημοσίαν γῆν κατ᾽ ἄνδρα διανεμηθῆναι, ἕτερον δ᾽, εἰ χρὴ καὶ Λατίνους καὶ Ἕρνικας μέρος αὐτῆς λαβόντας ἔχειν; ὁμολογησάντων δ᾽ αὐτῶν:
Delphi Complete Works of Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Illustrated) (Delphi Ancient Classics Book 79) Page 625