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Socialism 101

Page 21

by Kathleen Sears


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  Kathleen Sears has a wide array of interests and enjoys taking a deep dive into new subject matter. She is the author of American Government 101, Mythology 101, US History 101, Grammar 101, and Weather 101.

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  INDEX

  A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.

  Adorno, Theodor, 169–70

  Agricultural revolution, 22

  Amiens, Charter of, 110

  Anarchism

  anarcho-communism, 83–84

  assassinations spreading and, 87

  Marxism vs., 82–87

  propaganda of the deed, 86–87

  syndicalism and, 104–5

  Arab socialism, 204–6

  Assassinations, 59, 86–87, 111, 140, 142

  Assassinations, attempted, 118, 126, 131, 228

  Atlee, Clement, 186–87, 189, 190

  Austrian empire, revolution in, 57–60

  Bahro, Rudolf, 240–41

  Bakunin, Mikhail, 82–85, 102, 147

  Bebel, August, 93–95, 97, 99

  Beginnings of socialist thought, 12, 20

  Harrington, English Civil War and, 16–18

  invisible hand of marketplace and, 19–20

  natural rights of man and, 18–19

  Sir Thomas More, Utopia and, 12–16

  Benbow, William, 108

  Benjamin, Walter, 171

  Berlin/Berlin Wall, Cold War and, 160–62, 211–12

  Bernstein, Eduard, 98, 99–101, 184, 191

  Beveridge, William, and Beveridge Report, 187–89

  Bismarck, Otto von, 74, 79, 89, 94, 97, 100, 185

  Blake, William, 26

  Blanc, Louis, 52, 53

  Bolsheviks

  Bolshevik Revolution and takeover, 124–28. See also Russian Revolution

  syndicalism and, 127

  Third International, Comintern and, 114, 134–36

  Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon III), 72–74, 76

  Bonaparte, Napoleon, 33

  Bourgeoisie. See Proletariat and bourgeoisie

  Branting, Hjalmar, 191–92

  Brisbane, Albert, 38–39

  Britain. See also Hardie, Keir; Industrial Revolution; Morris, William; Webb, Sidney and Beatrice; Working class

  Beveridge Report, 187–89

  British Labour Party, 183, 185–89

  Chartism, 172–75

  Christian socialism, 175–76

  creation of welfare state, 184–90

  Fabian Society, 100, 179–80, 183, 186, 200

  first working-class movement, 172–75

  Marx’s exile in, 66, 67

  “moral force” in, 174

  nationalization of industries, 190

  parliamentary elections, 182

  Thatcher and privatization, 196–99

  utopian socialist movements, 172–81

  Brook Farm, 38

  Capital (Marx and Engels), 7, 8, 44, 67–71, 100, 144, 148

  Capitalism

  class consciousness and, 70, 104

  fall of, process per Marx, 47

  forms of, 8

  socialism versus, 7–8

  surplus value and, 68–69

  Carlyle, Thomas, 178, 181, 186

  Castro, Fidel, 226–28

  Castro, Raúl, 227

  Cavaignac, Louis-Eugène, 54

  Chartism, 172–75

  Chen Duxiu, 148–49

  Chiang Kai-shek, 139, 145, 151, 153, 230, 231

  Child labor laws, 25

  China. See also Mao Zedong and Maoism

  centrality of the peasantry, 148

  Chiang Kai-shek and, 139, 145, 151, 153, 230, 231

  Chinese Revolution, 145–46, 150–53

  communism in, 144–49, 150–53, 155–56

  failures of socialism, 10

  Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution, 154–56

  Kuomintang in, 139, 146, 149, 150–51, 152, 153

  Long March, 152

  Marx, Marxism and, 148–49

  May Fourth Movement, 147

  New Culture Movement, 146

  Sun Yat-sen and, 145, 146, 150

  treaty ports, 147

  united front, 152–53

  Vietnam and, 229–33

  Christian socialism, 175–76

  Churchill, Winston, 160, 185, 186–87

  Class consciousness, 70, 104

  Classes, Saint-Simon and, 35–36

  “Classical economics,” 44

  Cold War, 160–62, 222, 232, 235

  Comintern, 134–36

  Commonwealth of Oceana (Harrington), 16–18

  Communism. See also China; Soviet Union; Stalin, Joseph

  anarcho-communism, 83–84

  Bahro and, 240–41

  collapse in Soviet Union, 211–12

  First International and, 84–85, 94, 213

  in Italy, 166–68

  Marx on, 47

  red scares in the US, 218, 222–24

  revisionism and orthodoxy, 99

  socialism as precursor to, 62

  Tito and, 99, 163–65

  Vietnam and, 229–33

  War Communism, 131–32

  The Communist Manifesto, 62–66, 148

  Considérant, Victor-Prosper, 38

  Critique of the Gotha Program (Marx), 96

  Cuba, failures of socialism, 10

  Cuban Revolution, socialism and, 225–28

  Cultural Revolution, Great Leap Forward and, 154–56

  Debs, Eugene V., 214–15, 216

  De Leon, Daniel, 213–14, 216

  Democratic Socialists of America, 245–46

  Depressions

  Great Depression, 192–93, 219–21

  Long Depression, 95

  Panic of 1893, 214–15

  Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher (Marx), 42, 44

  Developing world, socialism in, 200–206

  Dewey, John, 235

  Dialectical materialism, 46–47

  Dialectic of Enlightenment (Adorno and Horkheimer), 169

  Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (Engels and Marx), 46

  Egypt, socialism and, 204–6

  Engels, Friedrich. See also Marx, Karl, Friedrich Engels and

  birth to university years, 41

  education and perspective, 43–44

  The German Ideology of, 65

  Environmentalism and ecologism, 242

  Erfurt Program, 97–98

  Eros and Civilization (Marcuse), 171, 240

  Fabian Society, 100, 179–80, 183, 186, 200

  Factories. See Industrial Revolution; Working class

  Failures of socialism, 10–11

  February Revolution, 49, 50–54, 58

  Ferdinand, Archduke Franz, 11, 59

  Ferdinand I, emperor of Austria, 58–59

  Feuerbach, Ludwig, 65<
br />
  First International, 84–85, 94, 213

  Folkhemmet, 195

  Fourier, Charles, and Fourierism, 37–39, 64

  France. See also Trade unions

  February Revolution, 49, 50–54, 58

  Franco-Prussian War and Paris siege, 74–76

  French Revolution, 30, 33, 42, 64, 72

  Paris Commune, 78–81, 95, 130

  Second Empire, 72–74

  workers’ insurrection, 76–78

  Frankfurt School, 169–71

  Franz Joseph I, 57

  French Revolution, 30, 33, 42, 64, 72

  Friedman, Milton, 198, 237

  Friedrich Wilhelm IV, emperor of Prussia, 57, 89

  Gambetta, Léon (and guerillas), 75, 76, 105

  Gandhi, Indira, 203

  Gandhi, Mohandas, 202, 203

  General Confederation of Labor (CGT), 108

  General German Workers’ Association, 90, 93

  The German Ideology (Engels), 65

  Germany

  Berlin, Berlin Wall, and Cold War, 160–62, 211–12

  Ferdinand Lassalle and, 90–93

  Frankfurt Parliament, 55–57

  Frankfurt School, 169–71

  General German Workers’ Association, 90, 93

  German Confederation, 55

  German Social Democratic Party (SPD), 93–96, 112, 185

  North German Confederation, 94

  revolution in states of, 55–61

  social democracy beginnings, 89–90

  socialists in World War I, 111–15

  Glasnost and perestroika, 210–11

  Gorbachev, Mikhail, 209–11, 212

  Gorz, André, 241–42

  Gramsci, Antonio, 166–68

  Great Depression, 192–93, 219–21

  Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution, 154–56

  Greeley, Horace, 39

  Green socialism, 239–42

  Hansson, Per Albin, 193, 194

  Hardie, Keir, 181–83, 186

  Hargreaves, James, 23

  Harrington, James, 16–18

  Harrington, Michael, 245

  Hatzfeldt, Countess Sophie, 91

  Haywood, William D. “Big Bill,” 216–17

  Healthcare, socialized examples, 9

  Hegel, Georg Wilhelm, and Hegelians, 41, 42, 43, 46–47, 65, 82

  Henry VIII, King of England, 12, 13

  Ho Chi Minh, 229–32

  Horkheimer, Max, 169–70

  Humanists, 13, 14

  “Hungry Forties,” 48–50

  India, socialism and, 200–201

  Industrial Revolution

  agricultural revolution and, 22

  birth of factory system, 24–25

  in continental Europe, 32

  “dark satanic mills” and, 26–27

  eighteenth-century population explosion and, 21–22

  growth of factory towns, 26–32

  in Russia, 115–16

  second wave of industry, 28

  small business owners created in, 29

  urban working class origins, 28–29

  weaving becoming modern industry, 22–24, 27–28

  Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or Wobblies), 216–18

  Internationals, 114. See also First International; Second International; Third International

  Israel, kibbutz movement, 200–201

  Italian communist party, 166–68

  Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 207, 208

  Jefferson, Thomas, 17, 232

  Kay, John, 23

  Kibbutz movement in Israel, 200–201

  Kirov, Sergei, assassination, 142

  Kreuger, Ivar, 192–93, 194

  Kropotkin, Peter, 80, 85–86, 87, 147

  Kulaks, 133

  Kun, Béla, 135

  Labour Party, British, 181–83

  Lassalle, Ferdinand, 90–93

  Lectures on the Philosophy of World History (Hegel), 46

  Lenin, Vladimir

  architect of Bolshevik Revolution/takeover, 126–28

  assassination attempt, 131

  birth, family, and education, 126

  identifying socialism as precursor to communism, 62

  jailed/exiled as organizer, 126–27

  Paris Commune and, 80

  pseudonyms, 126

  on revolutionaries bridging class lines, 80

  Russian Revolution and, 124–28

  testament on Stalin and Trotsky, 138

  Third International, Comintern and, 134–36

  Trotsky conflicting with, 113, 137

  What Is to Be Done? by, 127

  Zimmerwald Movement and, 114

  Li Dazhao, 148–49, 150

  Liebknecht, Karl, 112

  Liebknecht, Wilhelm, 93–95, 99

  Locke, John, 18–19

  London School of Economics, 180

  Long Depression, 95

  Louis Philippe, King of France, 49–50, 51, 55, 60

  Luddites, 27

  Mao Zedong and Maoism, 144–45, 149, 150–53, 154–56

  Marcuse, Herbert, 170–71, 239

  Marketplace, invisible hand of, 19–20

  Marx, Karl

  “classical economics” and, 44

  communism and, 47

  Critique of the Gotha Program by, 96

  daughters of, 71

  as editor, husband, socialist thinker, 42

  exile in Britain, 66, 67, 172

  Feuerbach and, 65

  Freud and, 171, 240

  Hegel, Hegelians and, 41, 42, 43, 46–47, 65, 82

  method of, 64–65

  Paris Commune and, 80

  perspectives on other socialists, 64–65

  on religion as opiate of the people, 176

  value of a commodity per, 69

  women laborers and, 68

  Marx, Karl, Friedrich Engels and

  Capital by, 7, 8, 44, 67–71, 100, 144, 148

  The Communist Manifesto by, 62–66

  dialectical materialism and, 46–47

  Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 by, 46

  Engels completing Capital volumes, 70–71

  friendship of, 45

  in/after revolutions of 1848, 65–66

  liberal newspaper of, 56

  “odd couple” of socialism, 40

  Marxism

  anarchism vs., 82–87

  “cultural,” Antonio Gramsci, Frankfurt School and, 166–71

  Second International and, 71, 112, 134, 182

  Materialism, dialectical and historical, 46–47

  May Fourth Movement, 147

  McCarthy, Joseph, and McCarthyism, 222–24

  Mensheviks, 113, 120, 124–25

  Mine explosion, strikes after, 109–10

  Monetarism, 198, 199

  More, Sir Thomas, 12–16

  Morris, William, 26, 177–78

  Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 204–6

  Nehru, Jawaharlal, 202–3

  Neoliberalism, Reaganism and, 236–38

  New Culture Movement, 146

  New Economic Policy (NEP), 132–33, 139

  Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia, 50, 60

  Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, 115, 119, 120, 121–23

  Ocasio-Cortez, Alexandria, 246

  One-Dimensional Man (Marcuse), 170, 240

  The Organization of Labor (Blanc), 52, 53

  Palmer, A. Mitchell, “Palmer Raids,” 218

  Paris Commune, 78–81

  Past and Present (Carlyle), 177

  Paul, Lewis, 23

  Pelloutier, Fernand, 106–8

  Perestroika, glasnost and, 210–11

  Phalansteries, 37–38

  Pinoche, Augusto, 237

  Platt Amendment, 225, 226

  Poland, Solidarity and reforms in, 207–8

  Potato blight, 48–49

  Proletariat and bourgeoisie

  “artillery of the proletariat,” 87

  Austrian empire and, 57–58

  class consciousness
and, 70, 104

  The Communist Manifesto and, 64

  “dictatorship of the proletariat,” 47, 78–79

  evolution or revolution for the proletariat, 96

  French Revolution and, 53, 64

  proletariat and/or peasants, 84, 116–18

  socialism in one country and, 143

  US socialist movements and, 213–14

  “vanguard of the proletariat,” 127

  Propaganda of the deed, 86–87

  Property

  capitalism versus socialism, 7–8

  English seizures of, 12

  socialized, examples, 9–10

  Utopia perspective, 14–15

  Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 60–61, 102, 104, 107, 147

  Pullman strike, Debs and, 214–15

  Reaganism, neoliberalism and, 236–38

  Reason and Revolution (Marcuse), 171

  “Reds,” socialists as, 130

  Red scares, 218, 222–24

  Revisionism, 99–101

  Revolutions of 1848, 48–54

  Europe in upheaval, 49–50

  February Revolution in France, 49, 50–54, 58

  in German states, 55–61

  “Hungry Forties” and, 48–49

  impact on socialism, 60–61

  Marx and Engels in/after, 65–66

  right to work demands, 52–53

  Ricardo, David, 44, 67, 92, 179

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., New Deal and, 219–21

  Ruskin, 26, 177

  Russian Revolution

  beginning of, 115–23

  “Bloody Sunday,” 119

  Bolshevik Revolution and takeover, 124–28

  Comintern and, 134–36

  Duma (advisory council) and, 120–21, 123

  end of serfdom and, 117

  February 1917 revolution, 122–23

  first revolution (1904-1905), 118–22

  Industrial Revolution and, 115–16

  Lenin and, 124–28

  October Manifesto and, 120

  peasants, proletariat and, 116–18

  Russo-Japanese War and, 118

  worker protests/insurrection and response, 119–22

  Russian Social-Democratic Worker’s Party, 137

  about: founding of, 124

  becoming Russian Communist Party, 134

  minority as majority, 124

  Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, 123

  Socialist Revolutionary Party and, 125, 131

  splitting into two factions, 124

  What Is to Be Done? (Lenin) and, 127

  Zimmerwald Movement and, 113

  Saint-Simon, Henri de, 34–36, 64

  Sanders, Bernie, 243–44

  Sartor Resartus (Carlyle), 181

  Sawant, Kshama, 244

  Scandinavian socialism, 191–95

 

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