In the Hurricane's Eye
Page 44
Tuchman, Barbara W. The First Salute: A View of the American Revolution. New York: Ballantine, 1988.
Tucker, Glenn. Mad Anthony Wayne and the New Nation. Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole, 1973.
Tucker, St. George. “St. George Tucker’s Journal of the Siege of Yorktown, 1781.” Edited by Edward M. Riley. WMQ, 3rd ser., 5 (July 1958), pp. 375–95.
Tunstall, Brian. Naval Warfare in the Age of Sail: The Evolution of Fighting Tactics, 1650–1815. Edison, N.J.: Wellfleet, 2001.
Twomey, Tom, ed. Origins of the Past: History of Montauk and Gardiner’s Island. Bridgehampton, N.Y.: East End, 2013.
Upton, L. F. S. The Loyal Whig: William Smith of New York and Quebec. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969.
Urban, Mark. Fusiliers: The Saga of a British Redcoat Regiment in the American Revolution. New York: Walker, 2007.
Valliant, Joseph N., Jr. “Revolution’s Fate Sealed at Sea.” Military History 12, no. 4 (August 1995), pp. 46–53.
Van Buskirk, Judith. Generous Enemies: Patriots and Loyalists in Revolutionary New York. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.
Van Doren, Carl. Mutiny in January. New York: Viking, 1943.
Villiers, Patrick. “Chesapeake: La France au secours de l’Amérique.” Magazine de l’Histoire, no. 38 (October 1981), pp. 91–93.
———. “Stratégie navale: Introduction au journal tenu pendant la guerre d’Amérique par René-Calixte de Lapeyrière.” In La Glorieuse Campagne du Comte de Grasse, 1781–1782, pp. 43–62. Paris: SPM, 2010.
Volo, James M. Blue Water Patriots: The American Revolution Afloat. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006.
Vorsey, De Louis. “Pioneer Charting of the Gulf Stream: The Contributions of Benjamin Franklin and William Gerard De Brahm.” Imago Mundi: The International Journal for the History of Cartography, 2nd ser., 28, no. 2 (1976), pp. 105–20.
Wade, Herbert T., and Robert A. Lively, eds. This Glorious Cause. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1958.
Waite, Anthony. Washington’s Headquarters, the Hasbrouck House. Albany: New York State Historic Trust, 1971.
Walker, Anthony. So Few the Brave: Rhode Island Continentals, 1775–1783. Newport, R.I.: Seafield, 1981.
Walker, Paul K., ed. Engineers of Independence: A Documentary History of the Army Engineers in the American Revolution, 1775–1783. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1982.
Ward, Christopher. The War of the Revolution. Edited by John Richard Alden. 2 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1952.
Ward, Harry. George Washington’s Enforcers: Policing the Continental Army. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2006.
Warren, Jack. “The Childhood of George Washington.” The Northern Neck of Virginia Historical Magazine 49, no. 1 (1999), pp. 5785–5809.
Washington, George. The Diaries of George Washington, 1748–1799. Vol. 2. Edited by John C. Fitzpatrick. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1925.
———. The Diaries of George Washington, 1748–1765. Vol. 1. Edited by Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1976.
———. George Washington’s Newburgh Address. Boston: MHS, 1966.
———. The Papers of George Washington. Vol. 22. Edited by Benjamin L. Huggins. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2013.
———. The Papers of George Washington. LOC. http//memory.loc.gov/amen/gwhtml/gwseries.
———. The Writings of George Washington. Vols. 1, 9, 12, 17, and 20–28. Edited by John C. Fitzpatrick. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1937–1938.
———, and Comte de Grasse. Correspondence of General Washington and Comte de Grasse, 1781, August 1–November 4. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1931.
Watson, Elkanah. Men and Times of the Revolution. Edited by Winslow C. Watson. New York: Dana, 1856.
Weigley, Russell F. The Partisan War: The South Carolina Campaign of 1780–1782. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1970.
Weintraub, Stanley. General Washington’s Christmas Farewell: A Mount Vernon Homecoming, 1783. New York: Free Press, 2003.
———. Iron Tears: America’s Battle for Freedom, Britain’s Quagmire; 1775–1783. New York: Free Press, 2005.
Wharton, James. “Washington’s Fisheries at Mount Vernon.” The Commonwealth (August 1952), pp. 11–13, 44.
White, Thomas. Naval Researches; Or a Candid Inquiry into the Conduct of Admirals Byron, Graves, Hood and Rodney, in the Action off Grenada, Chesapeake, St. Christophers, and of the Ninth and Twelfth of April, 1782. 1830. Reprint, Boston: Greg, 1972.
Whiteley, Emily Stone. Washington and His Aides de Camp. New York: Macmillan, 1936.
Whitridge, Arnold. Rochambeau: America’s Neglected Founding Father. New York: Macmillan, 1965.
Wickwire, Franklin, and Mary Wickwire. Cornwallis: The American Adventure. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970.
Wiencek, Henry. An Imperfect God: George Washington, Slaves and the Creation of America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003.
Willcox, William. “Arbuthnot, Gambier, and Graves: ‘Old Women’ of the Navy.” In George Washington’s Generals and Opponents, edited by George Athan Billias, pp. 260–90. New York: Da Capo, 1994.
———. “The British Road to Yorktown.” American Historical Review 52 (1947), pp. 1–35.
———. Portrait of a General: Sir Henry Clinton in the War of Independence. New York: Knopf, 1964.
———. “Rhode Island in British Strategy, 1780–1781.” Journal of Modern History 17, no. 4 (December 1945), pp. 304–31.
Williams, Catherine. Biography of Revolutionary Heroes; Containing the Life of . . . Captain Stephen Olney. New York: Wiley and Putnam, 1839.
Williamson, Joseph. “Biographical Sketch of Joseph P. Martin, of Prospect, Maine, a Revolutionary Solider.” New England Historical and Genealogical Register 30 (1876), pp. 330–31.
Willis, Sam. “The Capability of Sailing Warships, Part I: Windward Performance.” Northern Mariner 13, no. 4 (2004), pp. 29–39.
———. “The Capability of Sailing Warships, Part II: Maneuverability.” Northern Mariner 14, no. 3 (2005), pp. 57–68.
———. Fighting at Sea in the Eighteenth Century: The Art of Sailing Warfare. Woodbridge, Eng.: Boydell, 2008.
———. “Fleet Performance and Capability in the Eighteenth Century Royal Navy.” War in History 11 (2004), pp. 373–92.
———. “The High Life: Topmen in the Age of Sail.” Mariner’s Mirror 90 (2004), pp. 152–66.
———. The Struggle for Sea Power: A Naval History of the American Revolution. New York: Norton, 2016.
Wood, Gordon S. The American Revolution. New York: Modern Library, 2002.
———. The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1969.
———. “The Greatness of George Washington.” Virginia Quarterly Review 68 (Spring 1992), pp. 189–207.
———. The Radicalism of the American Revolution. New York: Vintage, 1991.
Woodmason, Charles. The Carolina Back Country on the Eve of the Revolution: The Journal and Other Writings of Charles Woodmason, Anglican Itinerant. Edited by Richard J. Hooker. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1953.
Wright, John W. “Notes on the Siege of Yorktown in 1781 with Special Reference to the Conduct of a Siege in the Eighteenth Century.” WMQ 12, no. 4 (October 1932), pp. 229–50.
Wright, Robert K. The Continental Army. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 1989.
Young, Thomas. “Memoir of Thomas Young, a Revolutionary Patriot of South Carolina.” Orion 3 (October 1843), pp. 84–88, and (November 1843), pp. 100–105.
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
1: George Washington, 1780, by John Trumbull. Bequest of Charles Allen
Munn, 1924/The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
2: Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, Comte de Rochambeau (1725–1807), by Charles Willson Peale, from life, c. 1782. Courtesy of Independence National Historical Park.
3: François Jean de Beauvoir, Marquis de Chastellux (1734–1788), by Charles Willson Peale, from life, c. 1782. Courtesy of Independence National Historical Park.
4: Armand Louis de Gontaut, Duke of Biron and Lauzun, by Joseph-Désiré Court, © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, NY.
5: Portrait of Sir Henry Clinton (1732–1795), British general of the American War of Independence, by John Smart/De Agostini Picture Library/Bridgeman Images.
6: George Sackville Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville (1716–1785), by George Romney, © Crown Copyright: UK Government Art Collection.
7: George III by Sir Joshua Reynolds, courtesy of the Library of Congress.
8: Nathanael Greene (1742–1786) by Charles Willson Peale, from life, 1783. Courtesy of Independence National Historical Park.
9: Baron Frederick William von Steuben, 1780, by Charles Willson Peale. Courtesy of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia. Deposited by Mrs. Maria L. M. Peters.
10: Daniel Morgan (1736–1802) by Charles Willson Peale, from life, c. 1794. Courtesy of Independence National Historical Park.
11: Colonel Banastre Tarleton, 1782, by Joshua Reynolds. Bequeathed by Mrs. Henrietta Charlotte Tarleton, 1951/The National Gallery/Art Resource.
12: Benedict Arnold. Copy of engraving by H. B. Hall after John Trumbull, published 1879, 1931–1932/National Archives and Records Administration.
13: Johann v. Ewald, 1835, by Christian Albrecht Jensen, after a drawing by H. J. Aldenrath, © The Museum of National History at Frederiksborg Castle. Photo: Hans Petersen.
14: Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) by Charles Willson Peale, from life, 1791–1793. Courtesy of Independence National Historical Park.
15: Coiffure à la Belle Poule, courtesy of the Bibliothèque nationale de France.
16: Position of British fleet in Gardiners Bay, Feb. 16, 1781, sent by Rochambeau to George Washington, from the Washington Papers. Courtesy of the Library of Congress.
17: Admiral Mariot Arbuthnot by Charles Howard Hodges, © National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London.
18: Diagrams of the Battle of Cape Henry. Collection of Service historique de la Défense.
19: Battle of Cape Henry, © DEA/M. SEEMULLER/De Agostini Picture Library/Getty Images.
20: View of the city, harbor, and roadstead of Newport, Rhode Island, circa 1781/Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
21: Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, 1798, by Thomas Gainsborough, © National Portrait Gallery, London.
22: Jemima, Countess Cornwallis, 1771. Portrait after Reynolds, © The Trustees of the British Museum.
23: General Charles O’Hara, © Paul Fearn/Alamy Stock Photo.
24: Henry Lee (1756–1818) by Charles Willson Peale, from life, c. 1782. Courtesy of Independence National Historical Park.
25: Bernardo de Gálvez, courtesy of the Library of Congress.
26: Don Francisco Saavedra, © Photographic Archive Museo Nacional del Prado.
27: Admiral François-Joseph-Paul Count de Grasse (1722–1788) by Mathilde M. Leisenring (1870–1949) after Jean-Baptiste Mauzaisse (1784–1844). Gift of Archibald Barklie, 1934. Courtesy of U.S. Naval Academy Museum.
28: Count Louis-Antoine de Bougainville (1729–1811), French navigator. Miniature. © Jacques Boyer/Roger-Viollet/The Image Works.
29: Admiral Rodney at the Battle of the Saintes by Thomas Gainsborough.
30: Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves, by Francesco Bartolozzi, after 1794, © National Portrait Gallery, London.
31: Admiral Samuel Hood by James Northcote, © National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London, Caird Collection.
32: The Ville de Paris launched in Port Rochefort, 1764, courtesy of the Bibliothèque nationale de France.
33: Battle of the Virginia Capes, 5 September 1781, by V. Zveg. Courtesy of the U.S. Navy Art Collection, Washington, D.C. U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command Photograph.
34: Robert Morris by Carl Peter Teigen. Copy after Charles Willson Peale. Harvard University Portrait Collection, purchased by the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration for Morris Hall, 1927, H372. Photo: Imaging Department, © President and Fellows of Harvard College.
35: Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Motier, Marquis de Lafayette (1757–1834), by Charles Willson Peale, after Charles Willson Peale, 1779–1780. Courtesy of Independence National Historical Park.
36: Benjamin Lincoln (1733–1810) by Charles Willson Peale, from life, c. 1781–1783. Courtesy of Independence National Historical Park.
37: Henry Knox (1750–1806) by Charles Willson Peale, from life, c. 1784. Courtesy of Independence National Historical Park.
38: Joseph Plumb Martin, courtesy of the Stockton Springs Historical Society.
39: Verger’s drawing of American soldiers at Yorktown, 1781, courtesy of Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University Library.
40: George Washington and His Generals at Yorktown, circa 1781, by Charles Willson Peale, Museum Department. Courtesy of the Maryland Historical Society, 1845.3.1.
41: Siege of Yorktown, 17th October 1781, by Louis Charles Auguste Couder, 1836, © Château de Versailles, France/Bridgeman Images.
42: Siege at Yorktown, watercolor by an unknown artist, Lt. Col. John Graves Simcoe Papers/Special Collections, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
43: Nelson House and Fortifications, Yorktown, Virginia, by Benjamin Henry Latrobe, Latrobe Sketchbook, Museum Department. Courtesy of the Maryland Historical Society, 1960.108.1.4.11.
44: Alexander Hamilton by Alonzo Chappel, © The Museum of the City of New York/Art Resource, NY.
45: John Laurens, 1780, watercolor on ivory by Charles Willson Peale, courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution.
46: The Storming of Redoubt #10, 1840, by Eugène Lami. Courtesy of the Library of Virginia.
47: British Surrender at Yorktown by John Trumbull, courtesy of the Architect of the Capitol.
48: The Surrender of Yorktown, 19th October 1781, by Louis-Nicolas van Blarenberghe, 1784, © Château de Versailles, France/Bridgeman Images.
49: The Battle of the Saints, 12 April 1782: Surrender of the “Ville de Paris,” © National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London, Caird Collection.
50: Horatio Gates, circa 1782, by James Peale, courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery.
51: General Sir Guy Carleton/Library and Archives Canada, Acc. No. 1997-8-1.
52: General George Washington Resigning His Commission by John Trumbull, courtesy of the Architect of the Capitol.
53: View of Mount Vernon with the Washington Family on the Piazza, 1796, by Benjamin Latrobe. Watercolor, ink, graphite, paper. Purchased with funds provided in part by an anonymous donor, 2013 [W-5307]. Courtesy of Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association.
Endpapers: Carte de la partie de la Virginie ou l’armée combinée de France & des États-Unis de l’Amérique a fait prisonnière l’Armée anglaise commandée par Lord Cornwallis le 19 octobre, avec le plan de l’attaque d’York-town & de Glocester, by Esnauts and Rapilly. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Maps Division.
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
INDEX
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
Page numbers in italics refer to maps and charts. Pages after 285 refer to the notes.
Adams, Abigail, 262
Adams, John, 157
African American soldiers
, 156, 216–17, 219, 236
African slave trade, 143–44, 303; see also slaves
American citizens:
Arnold detested by, 27, 28, 33, 34, 38, 218, 266, 277
British appeals to, 76–77
Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans, 265–66
patriots vs. loyalists, 242
refusal to pay taxes, 23, 153, 242, 243, 246
refusing to serve in military, 120, 153
Washington’s appeal for food and supplies, 165
Whigs vs. Tories, 25–26, 95
American Revolution:
American deaths in, 259
as common cause, 242
end announced, 251–52
failure of, 153
and French ancien régime, 234
French entry into, 8, 60, 129, 279
peace agreement signed, 257–58
Spanish entry into, 9
treaty negotiations in Paris, 240, 242
American states:
army recruitment deficit in, 120, 139, 153
Declaration of Independence, 252
enmity of French and, 233–34
failure to support Continental army, 120, 139, 148, 153, 243
foreign loans needed by, 35, 105–6, 112, 174
as separate organisms, 108, 242, 254, 261
territorial squabbles of, 242–43
André, John, 22, 243
Antigua, 10
Arbuthnot, Mariot:
at Cape Henry, 57–63, 68, 70–72, 95, 102, 131, 188
en route to Chesapeake area, 51–52, 55
in Newport, 21, 37, 44, 50–52
retired from Admiralty, 137, 182–83, 187
ships repaired by, 44, 51
Archer, Benjamin, 12–17
Armstrong, John, 250
Arnold, Benedict, 255, 257
and Cape Henry battle, 60, 68–71, 73, 105
in Chesapeake area, 27–28, 30–34, 37, 38, 40, 44–46, 48
in New London, 218, 220
plans to capture, 44–46, 48–49, 61, 68, 72