much of what she learned: Carter, C. Sue, “Oxytocin and the Prairie Vole: A Love Story,” in Essays in Social Neuroscience, ed. John T. Cacioppo and Gary G. Berntson (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2004), 53–64.
“mammals to make the connection between…”: Szalavitz, Maia, and Bruce D. Perry, Born for Love: Why Empathy Is Essential—and Endangered (New York: HarperCollins, 2010), 30.
the interactions almost doubled: Odendaal, J. S. J., and R. A. Meintjes, “Neuro-physiological Correlates of Affiliative Behaviour between Humans and Dogs,” Veterinary Journal 165 (2003): 299.
“one of the most potent triggers”: Olmert, Made for Each Other, xv; Miller, Suzanne C., Cathy Kennedy, Dale DeVoe, Matthew Hickey, Tracy Nelson, and Lori Kogan, “An Examination of Changes in Oxytocin Levels in Men and Women Before and After Interaction with a Bonded Dog,” Anthrozoos 22 (2009): 31–42.
In 2009, the U.S. Army began: Lorber, Janie, “For the Battle-Scarred, Comfort at Leash’s End,” New York Times, April 2, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/04/us/04dogs.html.
“an innate tendency…”: Wilson, Edward O., Biophilia: The Human Bond with Other Species, 12th ed. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003), 1.
“From infancy…”: Ibid.
To support his conclusions: Ibid.
Population geneticists at the University of Utah: Wade, Nicholas, “Genome Study Provides a Census of Early Humans,” New York Times, January 18, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/19/science/19human.html.
There is evidence that hominids: Leakey, Richard, and Roger Lewin, Origins Reconsidered: In Search of What Makes Us Human (New York: Anchor Books, 1992).
not until the arrival of modern humans: Jurmain, Robert, Lynn Kilgore, Wenda Trevathan, and Russell L. Ciochon, Introduction to Physical Anthropology (New York: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010), 392.
not until about twelve thousand years ago: Kottak, Conrad Phillip, Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 2nd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006), 210.
about eleven thousand years ago: Ibid.
This “overkill” hypothesis: Burney, D. A., and T. F. Flannery, “Fifty Millennia of Catastrophic Extinctions After Human Contact,” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20 (2005): 395–401.
climate change may explain: Ibid.
“on an exact learned knowledge…”: Wilson, Edward O., “Biophilia and the Conservation Ethic,” in The Biophilia Hypothesis, ed. Stephen R. Kellert and Edward O. Wilson (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993), 32.
“walking encyclopedias of natural history…”: Diamond, Jared, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1997), 143.
“For every one of Kulambangra’s…”: Diamond, Jared, “New Guineans and Their Natural World,” in Biophilia Hypothesis, ed. Kellert and Wilson, 251–271.
“people can turn into animals,…”: Personal communication with James Serpell, February 3, 2010.
Social anthropologist Tim Ingold adds: Ingold, Tim, “Human-Animal Relations,” in What Is an Animal?, ed. Tim Ingold (New York: Routledge, 1994), 15.
Stephen Kellert of the Yale School: Kellert, Stephen R., “The Biological Basis for Human Values of Nature,” in Biophilia Hypothesis, ed. Kellert and Wilson, 42–69.
the dog at least fifteen thousand years ago: Clutton-Brock, Juliet, “Origins of the Dog: Domestication and Early History,” in The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People, ed. James A. Serpell (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 245–256.
the cat some four thousand years ago: Serpell, James A., “Domestication and History of the Cat,” in The Domestic Cat: The Biology of Its Behaviour, ed. Dennis C. Turner and Paul Patrick Gordon Bateson (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 177–192.
“The various expressions of biophilia…”: Kellert, Stephen R., Kinship to Mastery: Biophilia in Human Evolution and Development (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1997), 4.
thirteen million Americans go hunting: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, “Hunting Statistics and Economics,” 2006, http://www.fws.gov/hunting/huntstat.html.
hunting behavior is still encoded: Shepherd, Paul, The Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998).
Many hunters speak of “buck fever”: The Buck Hunters Blog, “5 Tips for Coping with Buck Fever,” 2007, http://www.buckhuntersblog.com/5-tips-for-coping-with-buck-fever.
“Humans are not hardwired to hunt…”: Personal communication with James Serpell, February 3, 2010.
“the ancestors of the modern Pekingese…”: Serpell, James A., “Pet-Keeping in Non-Western Societies: Some Popular Misconceptions,” in Animals and People Sharing the World, ed. Andrew N. Rowan (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1988), 37.
“The practice of capturing and taming…”: Serpell, James, “Pet-Keeping in Non-Western Societies: Some Popular Misconceptions,” Anthrozoos: A Multi-disciplinary Journal of the Interactions of People & Animals 1 (1987): 166–174.
“with greater care than they bestow on…”: Serpell, “Pet-Keeping,” in Animals and People Sharing, ed. Rowan, 45.
“In the New Guinea villages where I work”: Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel, 165.
According to Serpell: Serpell, “Pet-Keeping,” in Animals and People Sharing, ed. Rowan, 42.
There is also evidence that native peoples: Lorenz, Konrad, Studies in Animal and Human Behavior, vol. 2 (London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1971).
has an estimated seven hundred million pigs: “China—Slaughtering 14 Million Pigs per Week,” Meat Trade News, May 2, 2010, http://www.meattradenewsdaily.co.uk/
news/040510/china___slaughtering__million_pigs_per_week_.aspx.
India has nearly three hundred million cattle: U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Live Cattle Selected Countries Summary,” Foreign Agricultural Service, Office of Global Analysis, Circular Series DL&P 2–07, November 2007, www.fas.usda.gov.
Christian tradition places the newborn Jesus: Steiner, Gary, “Descartes, Christianity, and Contemporary Speciesism,” in A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religion, Science, and Ethics, ed. Paul Waldau and Kimberly Patton (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 117–131.
Domestication is among: Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel.
Our special regard for dogs: Driscoll, C. A., D. W. Macdonald, and S. J. O’Brien, “From Wild Animals to Domestic Pets, an Evolutionary View of Domestication,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, Suppl. 1 (2009): 9971–9978.
Sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle…: Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel, 167.
Humans domesticated plants: Ibid., 83.
These expanded communities: Ibid., 265.
progress began with the domestication: Ibid.
U.S. cattle industry is worth: USDA, “U.S. Beef and Cattle Industry: Background Statistics and Information,” http://www.ers.usda.gov/news/BSECoverage.htm.
thirty million to forty million nomadic pastoralists: Wikipedia, “Nomadic Pastoralism,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism.
In India, which has more cows: Wikipedia, “Cattle,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle#Population.
venerated in Vedic scriptures: Harris, Marvin, The Cultural Ecology of India’s Sacred Cattle (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966).
The followers of Jainism: Chapple, Christopher Key, “Reverence for All Life: Animals in the Jain Tradition,” Jain Spirit 2 (1999): 56–58.
only fourteen have been successfully domesticated: Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel, 168.
a few of the species that did not submit: Ibid., 398.
Humans have had more luck: Ibid., 158.
Horses were among the most difficult: Anthony, David W., “Bridling Horse Power: The Domestication of the Horse,” in Horses Through Time, ed. Sandra Olsen (Lanham, MD: Robert Rinehart Paperback, 2003), 57–82.
the domestication of horses: Ibid.
With the aid of horses: Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel, 67.
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�Horses changed the way people hunted…”: Anthony, “Bridling Horse Power,” 59.
“From being independent coequals…”: Serpell, James, “Animals and Religion: Towards a Unifying Theory,” in The Human-Animal Relationship: Forever and a Day, ed. Francien Henriëtte de Jonge and Ruud van den Bos (The Netherlands: Royal Van Gorcum, 2005), 15.
Historian Lewis Mumford argues that: Mumford, Lewis, Technics and Human Development: The Myth of the Machine, vol. 1 (New York: Harvest/HBJ Books, 1967), 146.
Rifkin believes the practice: Rifkin, Jeremy, The Empathetic Civilization: The Race to Global Consciousness in a World in Crisis (New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin, 2009).
“drank of his own cup…”: King James Bible, 2 Samuel 12:3.
Even the animal sacrifices: Klawans, Jonathan, “Sacrifice in Ancient Israel: Pure Bodies, Domesticated Animals, and the Divine Shepherd,” in A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religion, Science, and Ethics, ed. Paul Waldau and Kimberly Patton (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 65–80.
For thousands of years: Patton, Kimberley, “Animal Sacrifice: Metaphysics of the Sublimated Victim,” in Communion of Subjects, ed. Waldau and Patton, 391–405.
Laura Hobgood-Oster says: Hobgood-Oster, Laura, Holy Dogs and Asses: Animals in the Christian Tradition (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2008).
Jonathan Klawans writes of sacrifice: Klawans, “Sacrifice in Ancient Israel,” 70.
act of mercy to a stray lamb: King James Bible, Exodus Rabbah 2:2.
Historian Kimberly Patton notes: Patton, “Animal Sacrifice,” 391–405.
Patton also argues: Ibid.
famed ethnographer Bronislaw Malinowski: Quoted in Hubert, Henri, and Marcel Mauss, Sacrifice: Its Nature and Functions (Champaign: University of Chicago Press, 1964), 33.
in the Christian tradition: Patton, “Animal Sacrifice,” 391–405.
animal sacrifice continues: Wise, Steven, “Animal Law and Animal Sacrifice: Analysis of the U.S. Supreme Court Ruling on Santería Animal Sacrifice in Hialeah,” in Communion of Subjects, ed. Waldau and Patton, 585–587.
Gadhimai Festival in southern Nepal: Humane Society of the United States, “Mass Animal Sacrifice Planned in Nepal,” November 20, 2009, http://www.hsus.org/hsi/confronting_cruelty/
animal_cruelty_around_the_world/gadhimai_festival_112009.html.
Hialeah, Florida, outlawed animal sacrifice: Wise, “Animal Law and Animal Sacrifice,” 585–587.
“If to be feeling alive…”: William Wilberforce, quoted in Carey, Brycchan, “William Wilberforce’s Sentimental Rhetoric: Parliamentary Reportage and the Abolition Speech of 1789,” The Age of Johnson: A Scholarly Annual 14 (2003): 281–305.
“his solicitous care…”: John Paul II, Message of Reconciliation, March 12, 1982, as quoted in Scully, Matthew, Dominion: The Power of Man, the Suffering of Animals, and the Call to Mercy (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 2002), 23–24.
“tyranny or cruelty towards any brute…”: “Charters and General Laws of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts Bay,” 1641, 95.
John Locke advised parents: Locke, John, Some Thoughts Concerning Education and of the Conduct of the Understanding, ed. Ruth W. Grant and Nathan Tarcov (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Co., Inc., 1996).
Bentham famously argued: Bentham, Jeremy, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (London: Clarendon Press, 1823), 311.
“Can there be one kind of justice…”: Lawrence, John, A Philosophical Treatise on Horses, and on the Moral Duties of Man towards the Brute Creation (London: Longman, 1796–1798), quoted in Henry Salt, Animals’ Rights Considered in Relation to Social Progress (London: Macmillan, 1894), 149.
“All things are void of terror”: Shelley, Percy Bysshe, Queen Mab, A Philosophical Poem with Notes (New York: Online at Google Books, 1831), http://books.google.com/books?id=6NcIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
source=gbs_ge_summary_r&
cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false, 59.
“The assumption that animals are without rights…”: Schopenhauer, Arthur, On the Basis of Morality, trans. E. F. J. Payne (Providence, RI: Berghahn Books, 1995).
the reformer Henry Salt: Salt, Animals’ Rights, 10, 114.
America’s first anticruelty laws: Favre, David, and Vivien Tsang, “The Development of Anti-Cruelty Laws During the 1800s,” Detroit College of Law Review 1 (1993): 8; and Stewart Leavitt, Emily, and Diane Halverson, “The Evolution of Anti-Cruelty Laws in the United States,” in Animal Welfare Institute, Animals and Their Legal Rights: A Survey of American Laws from 1641 to 1990, 4th ed. (Washington, DC: Animal Welfare Institute, 1990), 4.
New York socialite Henry Bergh founded: Lane, Marion S., and Stephen L. Zawistowski, Heritage of Care: The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2008).
Historian Bernard Unti calls: Unti, Bernard, The Quality of Mercy: Organized Animal Protection in the United States 1866–1930 (Ann Arbor, MI: Proquest/UMI Dissertation Services, 2002).
Katherine Grier notes: Grier, Katherine C., Pets in America: A History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 131.
Congress’s first animal-protection law: Unti, Quality of Mercy.
Bernard Unti notes: Ibid., 380.
In the nineteenth century, market hunters: Cronon, William, Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1991).
More than twelve million horses: Sinclair, Upton, The Jungle (New York: Sharp Press, 2003).
Henry Bergh and others: Unti, Quality of Mercy.
Katherine Grier argues: Grier, Pets in America, 134.
“It may enlarge our hearts toward…”: Unti, Quality of Mercy; and Scully, Dominion, 14.
the very first humane organization: Lane and Zawistowski, Heritage of Care.
“The care of the defenseless…”: Scully, Dominion
“I was convinced,” he wrote: Ibid., 15.
Chapter Two—The Mismeasure of Animals
visitors would leave with a story: Associated Press, “Gorilla at an Illinois Zoo Rescues a 3-Year-Old Boy,” August 16, 1996, http://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/17/us/gorilla-at-an-illinois-zoo-rescues-a–3-year-old-boy.html.
behavioral and psychological needs: Fiby, Monika, “Trends in Zoo Design—Changing Needs in Keeping Wild Animals for a Visiting Audience,” International Review of Landscape Architecture and Urban Design, Topos 62/2008, http://www.zoolex.org/
publication/fiby/zootrends08/fiby_topos62.html.
Even if the zoo architects: Associated Press, “Beer Kegs and Christmas Trees Keep Animals Healthy in New ‘Enrichment’ Programs,” March 22, 2009, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,510060,00.html.
in the waters off the Farallon Islands: Fimrite, Peter, “Daring Rescue of Whale Off Farallones/Humpback Nuzzled Her Saviors in Thanks After They Untangled Her from Crab Lines, Diver Says,” San Francisco Chronicle, December 14, 2005, http://articles.sfgate.com/2005–12–14/news/17403910_1_humpback-crab-pots-whale.
“When I was cutting the line…”: Ibid.
German field researchers studying: Boesch, Christophe, Camille Bolé, Nadin Eckhardt, and Hedwig Boesch, “Altruism in Forest Chimpanzees: The Case of Adoption,” PLoS ONE 5, no. 1 (2010): e8901, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.000890.
when Jane Goodall first began: The Jane Goodall Institute, “Study Corner: Biography,” 2010, http://www.janegoodall.org/study-corner-biography.
Goodall named the chimpanzees: Goodall, Jane, In the Shadow of Man (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), 32–33.
No animal other than man: Goodall, Jane, Through a Window (Boston: Mariner Books, 1990), 15.
It was Leakey who urged Goodall: Goodall, In the Shadow of Man, 6.
“Now we must redefine ‘tool,’…”: Goodall, Jane, “Learning from the Chimpanzees: A Message Humans Can Understand,” Science 282 (1998): 2184–2185.
make and use rudimentary tools: Choi, Charles Q., “10 Animals That Use Tools,” LiveScien
ce, December 14, 2009, http://www.livescience.com/animals/091214–10-tool-users.html.
animals can do much more: Moussaieff Masson, Jeffrey, and Susan McCarthy, When Elephants Weep: The Emotional Lives of Animals (New York: Delta, 1996).
the so-called science of “biological determinists”: Gould, Stephen Jay, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981).
“If my cup won’t hold but a pint…”: Mabee, Carleton, and Susan Mabee New-house, Sojourner Truth: Slave, Prophet, Legend (New York: NYU Press, 1995), 67–82.
animals were “mere automatons”: Descartes, René, A Discourse on Method (New York: Book Jungle, 2008).
“Answer me, machinist,…”: Voltaire, “The Philosophical Dictionary,” http://history.hanover.edu/texts/voltaire/volanima.html.
mammals “experience (to greater or lesser degrees)…”: Bekoff, Marc, The Emotional Lives of Animals (Novato, CA: New World Library, 2007), 32.
mimicking consciousness or intelligence: Griffin, Donald R., Animal Minds: Beyond Cognition to Consciousness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
most scientists rejected the Cartesian notion: Harriman, Philip Lawrence, ed., Twentieth Century Psychology: Recent Developments in Psychology (New York: Philosophical Library, 1946).
Morgan called his law of parsimony: Greenberg, Gary, and Maury M. Haraway, Comparative Psychology: A Handbook (New York: Taylor and Francis, 1998).
In 1913, Watson wrote: Watson, John B., “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It,” Psychological Review 20 (1913): 158–177.
The most prominent behaviorist of the era: Greenberg and Haraway, Comparative Psychology.
Masson wrote: Masson, Jeffrey and Susan McCarthy, When Elephants Weep (New York: Dell Publishing, 1995), 34.
Animal behaviorist Jonathan Balcombe: Balcombe, Jonathan, Second Nature: The Inner Lives of Animals (New York: Macmillan, 2010).
animals were conscious and emotional: Lorenz, Konrad, King Solomon’s Ring: New Light on Animal Ways (New York: Routledge, 2002).
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