new field of cognitive ethology: Bekoff, Marc, and Colin Allen, “Cognitive Ethology: Slayers, Skeptics and Proponents,” in Anthropomorphism, Anecdotes and Animals: The Emperor’s New Clothes?, ed. R. W. Mitchessl, N. Thompson, and L. Miles (New York: State University Press of New York State, 1997), 313–334.
Harvard zoologist Donald Griffin: Griffin, Donald, The Question of Animal Awareness (New York: The Rockefeller University Press, 1976).
“Nature,” Griffin wrote: Griffin, Donald, A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religion, Science, and Ethics (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006).
Animal behaviorist Marc Bekoff told me: Personal communication with Marc Bekoff, December 5, 2009.
Marc Bekoff notes that in 2000: Ibid.
“You be good, I love you”: “‘Alex & Me’: The Parrot Who Said ‘I Love You,’” NPR; August 31, 2009, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112405883.
devoted it instead to Alex: “Alex the African Grey,” The Economist, September 20, 2007, http://www.economist.com/node/9828615?story_id=9828615.
When Dr. Pepperberg bought Alex: Pepperberg, Irene, Alex & Me: How a Scientist and a Parrot Uncovered a Hidden World of Animal Intelligence—and Formed a Deep Bond in the Process (New York: Harper, 2008).
British scientist Nicholas Humphrey: Humphrey, Nicholas, “The Social Function of Intellect,” in Growing Points in Ethology, ed. P. P. G. Bateson and R. A. Hinde (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1976), 303–317.
Alex’s education began slowly: Pepperberg, Alex & Me.
“Scientifically speaking, the greatest lesson…”: Ibid.
In 2003, Cambridge University researchers: Rutledge, Robb, and Gavin Hunt, “Lateralized Tool Use in New Caledonian Crows,” Animal Behaviour 67 (2004): 327–332, homepages.nyu.edu/~rbr242/RutledgeHuntAB04.pdf.
scrub jays have gone even further: Clayton, N. S., and A. D. Dickinson, “What, Where and When: Evidence for Episodic-Like Memory During Cache Recovery by Scrub Jays,” Nature 395 (1998): 272–274.
Rico, a border collie, astounded scientists: Kaminski, Juliane, Josep Call, and Julia Fischer, “Word Learning in a Domestic Dog: Evidence for ‘Fast Mapping,’” Science 304 (2004): 1682–1683.
Stanley Coren, a psychology professor: Coren, Stanley, The Intelligence of Dogs: A Guide to the Thoughts, Emotions, and Inner Lives of Our Canine Companions (New York: Bantam, 1995).
At Kyoto University, Ayuma: Macrae, Fiona, “I’m the Chimpion! Ape Trounces the Best of the Human World in Memory Competition,” Mail Online, January 26, 2008, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article–510260/Im-chimpion—Ape-trounces-best-human-world-memory-competition.html.
As Jonathan Balcombe relates: Balcombe, Second Nature, 32–33.
Balcombe frames the matter: Ibid., 48–49.
Dolphins off Western Australia: Mann, Janet, Brooke L. Sargeant, Jana J. Watson-Capps, Quincy A. Gibson, Michael R. Heithaus, Richard C. Connor, and Eric Patterson, “Why Do Dolphins Carry Sponges?,” PLoS One 3, no. 12 (2008): e3868, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003868, http://www.plosone.org/article/
info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003868.
captive dolphin named Akeakamai: Pack, Adam, and Louis M. Herman, “The Dolphins’ Understanding of Human Gazing and Pointing: Knowing What and Where, The Dolphin Institute, University of Hawaii at Monoa and Kewalo Basin Marine Mammal Laboratory, 121, no. 1 (2007): 34–45.
In 2009, Australian wildlife rehabilitators: Edwards, Lin, “Scientists Say Dolphins Should Be Treated As Non-Human Persons,” PhysOrg.com, January 6, 2010, http://www.physorg.com/news181981904.html.
Lifeguard Rob Howes said: “Dolphins Save Swimmers from Shark,” CBC News, November 24, 2004, http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2004/11/24/
dolphin_newzealand041124.html.
“The shark—a monster great white”: Celizic, Mike, “Dolphins Save Surfer from Becoming Shark’s Bait,” NBC Today show, November 8, 2007.
The 2010 winner was Kenai: Humane Society of the U.S., “Winners of the Third Annual Dogs of Valor Awards,” March 10, 2010, http://www.humanesociety.org/news/news/2010/03/
third_annual_dogs_of_valor_winners.html.
The runner-up in the HSUS contest: Ibid.
Jack, a terrier mix rescued: “Dogs of Valor Awards,” June 25, 2008, http://www.hsus.org/pets/
pets_related_news_and_events/dog_of_valor/first_annual/
dogs_of_valor_winners.html.
Hungarian researchers trained a dog: Kershaw, Sarah, “Good Dog, Smart Dog,” New York Times, November 1, 2009, http://www.thedogfiles.com/?s=hungarian&x=0&y=0.
When Marc Bekoff first began: Bekoff, Marc, Coyotes: Biology, Behavior and Management (New York: The Blackburn Press, 2001).
coyotes and other canids begin their play fights: Bekoff, Marc, and Colin Allen, “The Evolution of Social Play,” in The Cognitive Animal: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition, ed. Marc Bekoff, Colin Allen, and Gordon M. Burghardt (Boston: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002).
Bekoff tells other stories: Bekoff, Marc, and Jessica Pierce, Wild Justice: The Moral Lives of Animals (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009).
vampire bats even appear to exhibit reciprocal altruism: Bekoff, Marc, and Jonathan Balcombe, “Q & A: Minds of Their Own,” All Animals, March/April 2010, 33.
“they seem to care for…”: Schmid, Randolph, “Monkeys Like to Both Give and Receive,” Msnbc.com, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26394973/.
Bekoff notes that such grief: “Grief in Animals: It’s Arrogant to Think We’re the Only Animals Who Mourn,” Psychology Today Blog, October 29, 2009, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/animal-emotions/200910/grief-in-animals-its-arrogant-think-were-the-only-animals-who-mourn?page=2.
procession to mourn the loss of an elder: Heussner, Ki Mae, “Chimps Mourn Passing of One of Their Own,” ABC News, October 28, 2009, http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/AmazingAnimals/chimps-mourn-passing/story?id=8937053.
rats show increased levels of dopamine: Bozarth, M. A., “Pleasure Systems in the Brain,” in Pleasure: The Politics and the Reality, ed. D. M. Warburton (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994), 5–14.
Neuroscientist Jaak Panksepp notes: Panksepp, Jaak, Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
researchers at the University of Sussex: Thornhill, Cher, “Gorillas and Humans Use Similar Body Language to Communicate,” Mail Online, October 17, 2008, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article–1078543/Gorillas-humans-use-similar-body-language-communicate.html.
Scientists in Uganda: Shaikh, Thair, “Elephants Never Forget…and Cannot Forgive,” The Times, February 16, 2006, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/
news/world/article731367.ece.
delinquent elephants were responsible: Slotow, R., and G. Van Dyk, “Role of Delinquent Young ‘Orphan’ Male Elephants in High Mortality of White Rhinoceros in Pilanesberg National Park, South Africa,” Koedoe—African Protected Area Conservation and Science 44, no. 1 (2001).
“They are certainly intelligent enough…”: Shaikh, “Elephants Never Forget.”
send the elephants living at the Detroit Zoo: Farinato, Richard, “Detroit Zoo Sends Its Elephants Packing. Should Others Follow Suit?,” May 27, 2004, http://www.hsus.org/wildlife/wildlife_news/
detroit_zoo_sends_its_elephants_packing_
should_others_follow_suit.html.
On his first encounter: Personal communication with Ron Kagan, April 17, 2010.
Ron went to Kenya: Ibid.
“In the most polite way, she told me…”: Ibid.
Kagan and his colleagues decided: Farinato, “Detroit Zoo Sends Its Elephants Packing.”
Matt told me people rarely know: Personal communication with Matt Smith, April 19, 2010.
Mira Tweti provides a similar estimate: Tweti, Mira, Of Parrots and People: The Sometimes Funny, Always Fascinating, and Often Catastrophic Collision of Two Intelligent Species (New York: Penguin Books,
2009).
Chapter Three—A Message from Hallmark: Exposing Factory Farming
the state’s nearly eighteen million registered voters: Bowen, Debra, California Secretary of State Voter Registration Report, October 31, 2008, http://yubanet.com/california/Bowen-Reports-Record-Number-of-Registered-Voters-in-California.php.
both sides would spend the bulk of their money: Lawrence, Steve, “California Initiative Campaigns Cost 227 Million,” The Associated Press, February 3, 2009.
the extreme confinement of twenty million animals: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2007 Census of Agriculture, Vol. 1, U.S. Summary and State Reports, Table 13. Poultry—Inventory and Sales: 2007 and 2002, p. 411, http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/
Publications/2007/Full_Report/usv1.pdf.
From its founding in the 1950s: Unti, Bernard, Protecting All Animals: A Fifty-Year History of the Humane Society of the United States (Washington, DC: Humane Society Press, 2004.)
we help animals of every kind: Annual Report—Rescue, Reform, Results, The Humane Society of the United States, 2009 Annual Report, http://www.humanesociety.org/about/overview/financials/.
I pledged that America’s largest animal-protection group: Oldenburg, Don, “Vegan in the Henhouse: Wayne Pacelle, Putting Animals on (and off) the Table,” Washington Post, August 9, 2004.
Nearly ten billion animals: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Quick Stats, “U.S. & State—Slaughter” and “U.S. & State—Poultry Slaughter,” http://www.nass.usda.gov/Data_and_Statistics/
Quick_Stats_1.0/index.asp.
the nation’s top farm state in revenues generated: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Farm Income: Data Files, Income and Production Expenses, U.S. and State income and production expenses by category, 1949–2009, Value of Agricultural Production, http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/FarmIncome/FinfidmuXls.htm.
It is the biggest dairy state in the nation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2007 Census of Agriculture, Vol. 1, U.S. Summary and State Reports, Table 11. Cattle and Calves—Inventory and Sales: 2007 and 2002, p. 381, http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/
2007/Full_Report/usv1.pdf; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economics, Statistics, and Market Information System, 2009, Milk Production, Disposition and Income: 2008 Summary, http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/
usda/nass/
MilkProdDi//2000s/2009/MilkProdDi–05–29–2009.pdf.
midwestern corn-growing states have surpassed California: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economics, Statistics, and Market Information System, Chicken and Eggs, http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1028.
an egg factory farm in Riverside County: Blume, Howard, “Footage of Mistreated Hens Released in Support of Proposition 2,” Los Angeles Times, October 14, 2008.
up to a 100 percent annual turnover rate in personnel: Schlosser, Eric, Fast Food Nation (New York: Harper Perennial, 2005).
Accidents are common: Ibid.
Through selective breeding, we’ve engineered Holsteins: Hansen, L. B. “Consequences of Selection for Milk Yield from a Geneticist’s Viewpoint,” Journal of Dairy Science 83, no. 5 (2000): 1145–1150; and Tsuruta, S., I. Misztal, and T. J. Lawlor, “Changing Definition of Productive Life in U.S. Holsteins: Effect on Genetic Correlations,” Journal of Dairy Science 88, no. 3 (2005): 1156–1165.
Upton Sinclair wrote a hundred years ago: Sinclair, The Jungle.
17 percent of U.S.-produced beef: Troutt, H. F., and B. I. Osburn, “Meat from Dairy Cows: Possible Microbiological Hazards and Risks,” Revue Scientifique et Technique de l’Office International des Epizooties 16, no. 2 (1997): 405–414.
The average cow produces: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economics, Statistics, and Market Information System, Milk Production, http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1103.
More than 90 percent of America’s dairy herds: The NAHMS survey shows more than 90 percent but could just be one cow in a herd. U.S. Department of Agriculture, APHIS-NAHMS, 2007, Dairy 2007. Part I: Reference of Dairy Cattle Health and Management Practices in the United States, http://nahms.aphis.usda.gov/dairy/dairy07/Dairy07_dr_PartI.pdf.
Many also have foot rot: Manure is only cited as a factor in foot rot—there can be others. Singh, G. R., Aithal H. P. Amarpal, and P. Kinjavdekar, “Lameness in Cattle—A Review,” Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 75, no. 6 (2005): 723–740.
Though not strictly forbidding the practice: 9 C.F.R. § 313.2(b).
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement raided: Shu, Spencer, “Immigration Raid Jars Small Town,” Washington Post, May 18, 2008.
Hallmark’s daily total was: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Inspector General, Evaluation of FSIS Management Controls Over Pre-Slaughter Activities, Report No: 24601–07-KC, November 2008, p. 9; see also 13 C.F.R. § 121.201 and 61 Fed. Reg. 38,806 (July 25, 1996).
Smithfield Foods runs: See Plaintiffs’ Complaint for Damages and Equitable Relief at p. 3, ¶9 in Smithfield Foods, Inc. and Smithfield Packing Co. v. United Food and Commercial Workers International Union, et al., Civil Action No. 3:07CV641 (U.S. Dist. Ct., E.D. Va.), http://www.prconversations.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/rico_1017072.pdf.
33 million cows: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Quick Stats, “U.S. & State—Slaughter,” http://www.nass.usda.gov/Data_and_Statistics/
Quick_Stats_1.0/index.asp.
And the USDA doesn’t apply: Humane Methods of Livestock Slaughter, 7 U.S.C. §§ 1901 et seq. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Quick Stats, “U.S. & State—Slaughter” and “U.S. & State—Poultry Slaughter.” http://www.nass.usda.gov/Data_and_Statistics/
Quick_Stats_1.0/index.asp.
After he completed his morning inspection: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Inspector General, Evaluation of FSIS Management Controls Over Pre-Slaughter Activities, Report No: 24601–07-KC, November 2008, at p. 18 (stating “The PHV [public health veterinarian] stated that he took ‘shortcuts’ in the ante-mortem process to save time, and stated that he had complained in the past about lack of staffing”). See also “Contaminated Food: Private Sector Accountability,” Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, written testimony of Dr. Michael Greger on behalf of the Humane Society of the United States, February 26, 2008, at pp. 3–4, http://energycommerce.house.gov/
images/stories/Documents/Hearings/PDF/110-oi-hrg.022608.Greger-testimony.pdf.
“If I relied on my mail,…”: Unti, Bernard, Protecting All Animals (Washington, DC: Humane Society Press, 2004), 45.
Slaughterhouse about the USDA’s failures: Eisnitz, Gail, Slaughterhouse: The Shocking Story of Greed, Neglect, and Inhumane Treatment Inside the U.S. Meat Industry (New York: Prometheus Books, 1997).
In 2001, the Washington Post reported: Warrick, Joby, “‘They Die Piece by Piece,’ in Overtaxed Plants, Humane Treatment of Cattle Is Often a Battle Lost,” Washington Post, April 10, 2001.
seventeen third-party audits: Steve Mendell, “Westland/Hallmark Meat Co. Statement on Beef Meat Recall,” February 3, 2008 (stating, “During 2007, we had 17 third party audits of our operation to confirm that we meet the statutorily mandated humane handling and food safety standards”).
the average American consumes: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System, http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/FoodConsumption/
FoodAvailSpreadsheets.htm.
Michael Pollan has pointed out: Pollan, Michael, In Defense of Food (New York: Penguin Press, 2008), and Pollan, Michael, The Omnivore’s Dilemma (New York: Penguin Press, 2006).
Men, on average, weigh: Schlosser, Eric, Fast Food Nation (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2001).
The Post story was powerful: Weiss, Ric
k, “Video Reveals Violations of Laws, Abuse of Cows at Slaughterhouse,” Washington Post, January 30, 2008.
fifty million pounds of ground beef: Geoffrey S. Becker, Nonambulatory Livestock and the Humane Methods of Slaughter Act, Congressional Research Service, Report no. RS22819, March 24, 2009 at p. 1 (stating “About 50 million pounds were distributed to the school lunch and other federal nutrition programs in at least 45 states”); see also Matthew L. Wald, “Meat Packer Admits Slaughter of Sick Cows,” New York Times, March 13, 2008 (stating, “Of the 143 million pounds of beef that were recalled, about 50 million pounds went to school lunch programs or federal programs for the poor or elderly, Mr. Stupak said”).
Daniel Ugarte Navarro, a plant worker: Kim, Victoria, “Cruelty Charges Filed Against Slaughterhouse Boss,” Los Angeles Times, February 16, 2008.
the largest meat recall in American history: Brown, David, “USDA Orders Largest Meat Recall in U.S. History,” Washington Post, February 18, 2008.
downer cows are much more likely: Doherr, M. G., D. Heim, R. Fatzer, C. H. Cohen, M. Vandevelde, and A. Zurbriggen, “Targeted Screening of High-Risk Cattle Populations for BSE to Augment Mandatory Reporting of Clinical Suspects,” Preventive Veterinary Medicine 51, no. 1–2 (2001): 3–16.
He assured the committee: Zhang, Jane, “Meatpacker Admits Ailing Cattle Used at Slaughterhouse,” Wall Street Journal, March 13, 2008.
seventy thousand people took to the streets of Seoul: “South Korean Government Ready to Resign of Resumption of U.S. Beef Imports,” October 3, 2010; McNeil, Donald, “Questions on U.S. Beef Remain,” New York Times, June 10, 2008.
eventually announced nearly four months after: The USDA Office of Communications, “Agriculture Secretary Schafer Announces Plan to End Exceptions to Animal Handling Rule,” May 20, 2008, press release, Release Number 0131.08.
a federal ban on processing: Food Safety Inspection Service, “Requirements for the Disposition of Cattle That Become Non-Ambulatory Disabled Following Ante-Mortem Inspection,” Federal Register 74, no. 51 (March 18, 2009).
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