“dog whisperer” Cesar Millan: “Cesar’s Way,” 2010, http://www.cesarsway.com/.
171 million dogs and cats: U.S. Pet Ownership Statistics 2009, Compiled from the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association (APPMA) 2008–2009 National Pet Owners Survey, December 30, 2009, http://www.hsus.org/pets/issues_affecting_our_pets/
pet_overpopulation_and_ownership_statistics/
us_pet_ownership_statistics.html.
products and services industry: American Pet Products Association, 2010, “Industry Statistics & Trends,” http://www.americanpetproducts.org/press_industrytrends.asp.
PetSmart, a big-box store: Wikipedia, “Petsmart,” 2010, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PetSmart.
have made PetSmart Charities: Wikipedia, “Petsmart,” 2010, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PetSmart.
Petco, also has more than a thousand stores: Wikipedia, “Petco,” 2010, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petco.
When Petfinder.com went nationwide in 1998: Wikipedia, “Petfinder.org,” 2010, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petfinder.org.
Many of the nation’s twenty-eight veterinary schools: Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges, “AAVMC Annual Report 2008–2009,” 2009, http://www.aavmc.org/.
From 1984 to 1996, total veterinary income: “The Current and Future Market for Veterinarians and Veterinary Medical Services in the United States,” May 1999, www.avma.org/reference/mega715c.pdf; and personal communication with Andrew Rowan, October 10, 2010.
Banfield pet hospital runs: Wikipedia, “Banfield (pet hospitals),” 2010, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banfield_(pet_hospitals).
services that we used to associate: Martinez, M., and M. J. Rathbone, “Linking Human and Veterinary Health: Trends, Directions and Initiatives,” AAPS PharmSci 4, no. 4 (2002).
Every day across America: National Council on Pet Population Study and Policy, “The Shelter Statistics Survey, 1994–97,” 1997, http://www.petpopulation.org/statsurvey.html.
Local animal shelters opened their doors: Unti, Quality of Mercy, 468–469.
roughly thirty-five hundred brick-and-mortar facilities: Rowan, Andrew, “Counting the Contributions,” Animal Sheltering Magazine, November/December 2006, p. 36.
Upwards of $1 billion a year: Becker, Debbie, “Las Vegas Bets on Life,” USA Today, June 23, 1998, http://www.adoptapet-wa.org/LasVegasLife.htm; Rowan, “Counting the Contributions.”
American shelters killed thirteen to fifteen million: Rowan, “Counting the Contributions,” 35.
Today, shelters euthanize: Humane Society of the U.S., “Common Questions about Animal Shelters,” October 26, 2009, http://www.humanesociety.org/animal_community/resources/
qa/common_questions_on_shelters.html.
intellectual spark for the no-kill movement: Crawford, Lynda, “No Kill, the New Goal in Animal Control,” Gotham Gazette, February 2, 2009, http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/iotw/20040202/200/856.
“Whether strays or surrenders…”: Duvin, Edward, “In the Name of Mercy,” Animalines, 1989, www.bestfriends.org/nomorehomelesspets/pdf/mercy.pdf.
1989 essay entitled “In the Name of Mercy”: Ibid.
He added later: Duvin, Edward, “Specieism: Alive and Well,” Animal’s Voice, 1990, www.bestfriends.org/nomorehomelesspets/pdf/speciesism.pdf.
“adoption guarantee”: Best Friends Animal Society, “Richard Avanzino,” 2010, http://www.bestfriends.org/nomorehomelesspets/
weeklyforum/bioravanzino.cfm.
Rich Avanzino now runs: Ibid.
slightly less than 25 percent: Humane Society of the U.S., “Common Questions about Animal Shelters.”
Pine Bluff Kennels—was an Internet seller: Fisher, Victoria, “Websites Masks Cruel Reality of Puppy Mills,” July 14, 2008, http://www.hsus.org/pets/pets_related_news_and_events/
pine_bluff_kennels_website_071408.html.
hellhole we raided in Pennsylvania: Humane Society of the U.S., “More Than 200 Dogs Rescued from Penn. Puppy Mill,” June 25, 2009, http://www.hsus.org/pets/pets_related_news_and_events/
nearly_300_dogs_rescued_from.html
At one particularly sickening mill: Humane Society of the U.S., “Third Major Quebec Puppy Mill Bust,” December 12, 2008, http://www.humanesociety.org/news/press_releases/2008/12/
third_major_quebec_puppy_mill_121208.html.
We estimate that: Humane Society of the U.S., “Taking a Bite out of Puppy Mills: Animal Planet Investigates: Petland,” May 18, 2010, http://www.humanesociety.org/news/news/2010/
animal_planet_investigates_petland_050610.html.
we found nearly a thousand: Humane Society of the U.S., “Virginia: The Next Puppy Mill State?,” November 1, 2007, http://www.hsus.org/pets/pets_related_news_and_events/
virginia_the_next_puppy_mill.html.
two to four million puppies: Humane Society of the U.S., “Puppy Mills: Frequently Asked Questions,” July 8, 2010, http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/puppy_mills/
qa/puppy_mill_FAQs.html.
In 2009, on the morning: Humane Society of the U.S., “The HSUS Rescues More Than 100 Animals from Arkansas Puppy Mill,” October 6, 2009, http://www.humanesociety.org/news/press_releases/2009/10/
arkansas_puppy_mill_rescue_100609.html.
he was given a name: Gentle Ben: Pacelle, Wayne, “Gentle Ben: Before and After,” July 11, 2009, http://hsus.typepad.com/wayne/2009/06/gentle-ben.html.
bill before the Oregon Legislature: Balzar, John, “A Brave Voice Against Puppy Mills,” All Animals, November 12, 2009, http://www.humanesociety.org/news/magazines/2009/07–08/brave_voice_against_puppy_270x224.html.
The Dog Press and other websites: Bates, Doug, “Breeders Howling at Oregon AKC judge,” The Oregonian, April 2, 2009, http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2009/04/
breeders_howling_at_oregon_akc.html; and Ted Paul, interview by author, Los Angeles, May 30, 2010.
Founded in 1884…the AKC pledged: The American Kennel Club, Rules Applying to Registration and Discipline, amended to April 1, 2010, foreword.
The group recognizes 167 breeds: The American Kennel Club.
AKC Canine Health Foundation: AKC Canine Health Foundation, 2010, http://www.akcchf.org/.
That proposed amendment: HCS HJR 86—Right to Raise Animals Sponsor: Loehner Committee, www.house.mo.gov/billtracking/bills101/sumpdf/HJR0086c.pdf.
The registration fees that AKC gets: American Kennel Club, “Dog Registration Fee Increase Questions,” 2010, http://www.akc.org/contact/answer_center/
faq_dogreg_fee_increase.cfm.
“The best use of pedigree papers…”: Lemonick, Michael, “A Terrible Beauty,” Time 144, no. 24, December 12, 1994.
The inspector general of the USDA: APHIS Animal Care Program Inspections of Problematic Dealers, Audit Report 33002–4-SF, Washington, DC, May 2010.
“The investigators visited…”: Associated Press, “Dogs Suffer Over Lax Kennel Violation Follow-up,” Boston.com; May 26, 2010, http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/05/
26/dogs_suffering_because_of_lax_kennel_violation_
enforcement_report_says/..
The report describes one case: APHIS Animal Care Program Inspections of Problematic Dealers, Audit Report 33002–4-SF, Washington, DC, May 2010, pp. 10–12.
inherited disorders and congenital health problems: Rooney, Nicola, and David Sargan, Pedigree Dog Breeding in the UK: A Major Welfare Concern?, Independent Scientific Report Commissioned by the RSPCA.
A study in the American Naturalist: Careau, Vincent, et al., “The Pace of Life Under Artificial Selection: Personality, Energy Expenditure, and Longevity Are Correlated in Domestic Dogs,” The American Naturalist 175 (June 2010): 753–758.
“We have allowed some breeds”: BBC, Pedigree Dogs Exposed, Documentary, August 19, 2008.
skull malformation called syringomyelia: Cavalier Health.org, “Syringomyelia (SM) and the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel,” http://www.cavalierhealth.org/syringomyelia.htm, 2010; and Rooney and Sargan, Pedigree Dog
Breeding.
English bulldogs: The Bulldog Club of America, The Bulldog: An Illustrated Guide to the Standard, http://thebca.org/BulldogGuide.pdf.
They are susceptible: Rooney and Sargan, Pedigree Dog Breeding.
The BBC ceased broadcasting: Margolis, Jonathan, and Fiona Macrae, “BBC Could Drop Crufts Over Unhealthy ‘Freak Show’ Breeds,” August 19, 2009, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article–1046614/BBC-drop-Crufts-unhealthy-freak-breeds.html.
“When I watch Crufts,…”: BBC, Pedigree Dogs Exposed, Documentary, August 19, 2008.
distinctive ridge on their back: Ibid.
Breeder Ann Woodrow told the BBC: Ibid.
The Kennel Club and the Dog’s Trust: Bateson, Patrick, Independent Inquiry into Dog Breeding (Halesworth, Suffolk: University of Cambridge, Micropress, Ltd., 2010).
King Charles Cavaliers, for instance: Rooney and Sargan, Pedigree Dog Breeding.
Chapter Six—The Cull of the Wild
I hiked almost all: DuFresne, Jim, Isle Royale National Park: Foot Trails and Water Routes (Seattle: The Mountaineer Books, 2002).
The park was established: Ibid., 16.
“Is it any wonder then…”: Oversight Hearing Before Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests and Public Lands, 110th Congress, Serial No. 110–7, March 20, 2007, p. 3.
Bruce Babbitt, an ardent environmentalist: McNamee, Thomas, The Return of the Wolf to Yellowstone (New York: Henry Holt, 1997), passim.
Interior Secretary Dirk Kempthorne: Miller, John, “Rule Delisting Wolves in Idaho, Montana Imminent?,” Casper Star Tribune, September 3, 2006.
In 2009, President Barack Obama’s: Delisting, 74 Fed. Reg. 15121 (April 2, 2009); and Lang, Brent, “Salazar Approves Removing Gray Wolves from Endangered Species List,” CBS News, March 6, 2009.
In 2009, Idaho sold: Russell, Betsy Z., “Thousands Buy Idaho Wolf Hunting Tags,” Spokesman Review, August 24, 2009.
Idaho governor Butch Otter: Ritter, John, “Idahoans Eager to Thin Resurgent Gray Wolf Packs,” USA Today, March 14, 2007.
Montana followed suit: Murphy, Kim, “Montana Wolf Hunt Is Stalked by Controversy,” Los Angeles Times, October 25, 2009.
Fortunately, the same federal judge: Court decision: Defenders of Wildlife v. Salazar, No. 09–0077 (D. Mont., Aug. 5, 2010).
Just before the Smithsonian requested: Golden, Tim, “Big Game Hunter’s Gift Roils the Smithsonian,” New York Times, March 17, 1999; and Balzar, John, “Smithsonian Museum in Cross-Hairs of Debate,” Los Angeles Times, March 21, 1999.
Using a helicopter, Behring: “Hunters Red-Faced Over Elephant Shoot,” Johannesburg Mail and Guardian, April 23, 1999, http://www.mg.co.za/article/1999-04-23-hunters-red-faced-over-elephant-shoot.
Behring had tried: Scully, 69–71.
the government concluded: Declaration by the Mozambique Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries National Directorate for Forestry and Wildlife, issued January 11, 1999, by National Director Arlito Cuco.
Congress…closed this loophole: Goldfarb, Zachary, “Pension Bill Add-on Would Gun Down Safari Tax Write-off,” Seattle Times, August 6, 2005.
“It takes dedication to the animal,”: Santa Cruz, Nicole, “Taxidermist Unable to Make an Escape from the Wildlife,” Los Angeles Times, February 14, 2010.
Taxidermy and Longing, stuffed with: Ibid.
on his storied African safari: Unti, Quality of Mercy, 534.
an ennobling pursuit that embodied: Nash, Roderick F., Wilderness and the American Mind, 3rd ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), 149–153.
“Mr. Roosevelt, when are you…”: Johnson, Robert Underwood, Remembered Yesterdays (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1923), 388.
He created 150 national forests: Brinkley, Douglas, The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America (New York: HarperCollins, 2009), passim.
elk and bison roamed the forests: Matthiessen, Peter, Wildlife in America, rev. ed. (New York: Penguin, 1978), passim.
the settlement of the West quickened: Cronon, William, Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1992), passim.
“A thing is right when it tends to preserve…”: Leopold, Aldo, A Sand County Almanac (New York: Oxford University Press, 1949), 224–225.
Leopold opposed this idea: Leopold, A., “Deer Irruptions,” Wisconsin Conservation Bulletin 8 (1949): 3–11.
This idea influenced the 1937 Pittman-Robertson Act: Dunlap, Thomas R. Saving America’s Wildlife: Ecology and the American Mind, 1850–1990 (Prince ton, NJ: Prince ton University Press, 1988), 78–79.
“You just can’t let nature run wild”: Hevesi, Dennis, “Walter Hickel, Nixon Interior Secretary, Dies at 90,” New York Times, May 8, 2010.
“I will not be a part of Alaska…”: Waterman, Jonathan, “Sheep’s Clothing—Alaskan Wolf Control: Is It Wildlife Biology? Or Plain Old Politics?,” Outside, May 1993, p. 52.
Hickel took the press: Williams, Ted, “Alaska’s War on Wolves,” Audubon Magazine, May/June 1993.
“We don’t manage your cattle,…”: Ibid.
But the most destructive thing: Regelin, Wayne L., “Wolf Management in Alaska with an Historic Perspective,” Alaska Department of Fish and Game website, http://www.wc.adfg.state.ak.us/index.cfm?adfg=wolf.wolf_mgt.
They launched aerial-gunning programs: Medred, Craig, “Aerial Hunting Program Kills 124 Wolves,” Anchorage Daily News, May 19, 2008.
“Wolves don’t pay for hunting licenses”: Williams, Ted, “Who’s Managing the Wildlife Managers?” Orion Nature Quarterly, 5, no. 4 (1986): 20.
Only California bans trophy hunting: Pacelle, Wayne, “Bullets, Ballots, and Predatory Instincts,” in Shadow Cat, ed. by Susan Ewing and Elizabeth Grossman (Seattle: Sasquatch Books, 1999), 199–208.
Montana trophy hunters kill: Curtis, Sam, and Tom Dickson, “A Close Look at Mountain Lions,” Montana Outdoors, July–August 2008 at http://wildfelid.com/Montana%20Mountain%20Lions%20DeSimone.pdf; Toweill, Dale, Steve Nadeau, David Smith, eds., Proceedings of the Ninth Mountain Lion Workshop, Sun Valley, Idaho, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, May 5–8, 2008.
Ted Williams calls it “garbaging for bears”: Williams, Ted, “Hunters Close Ranks, and Minds,” High Country News, March 3, 1997.
“never feed bears”: U.S. Forest Service, “Be Bear Aware,” n.d.
hunters shoot four thousand bears: Schweitzer, Sarah, “The Bear Necessities Hit Maine: Referendum on Certain Hunting Practices Fuels Debate,” Boston Globe, October 31, 2004.
Add in the 89,710 coyotes: U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Animals Taken by Component/Method Type and Fate by the Wildlife Services Program—FY 2008,” http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/prog_data/
2008_pdr/PDR_G/TableG_long/
Table_G_FY2008_by_Species_Alphabetically_AllStates.pdf.
more than one thousand captive bird-shooting facilities: Wingshooting USA, http://wingshootingusa.org/index.cfm.
only 12.5 million Americans went hunting in the United States in 2006: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Survey of Hunting, Fishing and Wildlife Associated Recreation, 2006. http://wsfrprograms.fws.gov/Subpages/NationalSurvey/
reports2006.html.
six million seals migrate: International Union for Conservation of Nature, Red List of Threatened Species—Pagophilus groenlandicus. April 2010. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/41671/0.
the annual toll taken by the sealers: Mowat, Farley, Sea of Slaughter (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1984).
“A very colorful page”: Canadian Scene, “A Dying Industry,” Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, March 14, 1958. Archives.
the sealers tinkers with their calendar: Aldworth, Rebecca, and Stephen Harris, “Canada’s Commercial Seal Hunt” in The State of the Animals 2007, eds. Andrew N. Rowan and Deborah J. Salem, 93–109.
the cod had finally reached: Kurlansky, Mark, Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World (New York: Penguin Book, 1998).
Harp seals do eat cod: Ibid.
“Mr. Speaker, I would like to see”: John Efford, Minister of Newfoundland Fisheries and Aquaculture; from Newfoundland House of Assembly Proceedings, Vol. XLIII, No. 18, May 4, 1998; Kaimet, Kate, “Minister Flaunts Sealskin Coat,” Ottawa Citizen, December 14, 2003.
“It is not study that we want”: Lawrence O’Brien, from the House of Commons Debates, Vol. 138, No. 091, 2nd Session, 37th Parliament, April 29, 2003.
the national government ramped up: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, “Thibault announces multi-year Atlantic seal hunt management measures,” News release. February 3, 2003. http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/media/newsrel/2003/hq-ac01_e.htm.
a team of veterinarians: Burdon, R. L., J. Gripper, J. A. Longair, I. Robinson, and D. Ruehlmann, Veterinary report, “Canadian commercial seal hunt,” Prince Edward Island, March 2001. http://www.scandinavianantisealingcoalition.org/Reports/Vet%20report%20march%202001.pdf.
Their report noted: Ibid.
In 2009, HSUS helped convince: Philip Sherwell, “Canada’s Annual Seal Hunt Draws Sealers and Sceptics,” The Telegraph, April 10, 2010.
described by Vladamir Putin: Halpin, Tony, “Slaughter of the Seals in Russia Is Stopped by Vladmir Putin,” The Sunday Times, March 20, 2009.
In 2010, the allowable kill: Fisheries and Oceans Canada, “Minister Shea increases quota for Atlantic Seal Harvest.” Press Release, March 15, 2010. http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/media/npress-communique/2010/hq-ac11-eng.htm.
there are only about fourteen thousand licensed sealers: Report of the Seal Seminar, “Seals in the Marine EcoSystem,” March 20–21, 2001, Nuuk, Greenland, 57; Fisheries and Oceans Canada, “Frequently Asked Questions about Canada’s Seal Harvest.” http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/seal-phoque/faq-eng.htm#_13.
the industry generated about $1.2 million: Fisheries and Oceans Canada, “Landings and Landed Value by Species,” Newfoundland and Labrador region, 2010.
There are direct subsidies for seal products: Gallon, G., The Economics of the Canadian Sealing Industry. Canadian Institute for Business and Environment. 2001. Available at http://www.ifaw.org/Publications/Program_Publications/
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