Finest Years

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Finest Years Page 78

by Max Hastings


  Hoare, Sir Samuel (later Viscount Templewood), 17, 82, 145

  Hobart, Maj.-Gen. Percy, 83

  Hodgson, Vere: on effect of WSC’s broadcasts, 76, 124; on Crete campaign, 134; view of Russia, 155; on WSC’s American characteristics, 178; on Hopkins’s broadcast, 183; on announcement of Atlantic Charter, 199; on Pearl Harbor, 214; on bombing offensive against Germany, 248; on fall of Tobruk, 303; on victories in North Africa, 343

  Hogg, Quintin McGarel (later Baron Hailsham), 3

  Holland: Germans overrun, 5, 7–8, 11; British financial support for, 50; refuses to sell gold for sterling, 173; Resistance movement, 453; SOE operations penetrated by Germans, 458

  Holland, Sgt Jeffrey, 415–16

  Hollis, Brig. Leslie, 142

  Holmes, Marion, 485, 489, 542–3, 548

  Hong Kong: Roosevelt proposes transfer to Chiang Kai-shek, 429

  Hopkins, Harry: and WSC’s intervention in Greece, 125; relationship with Roosevelt, 145, 179; unpopularity in USA, 145, 179–80; WSC’s relations with, 178–83; as Roosevelt’s personal emissary to Britain, 179–83; appearance and character, 180; favours support of Britain, 185; travels to WSC-Roosevelt meeting at Placentia Bay, 191–3; and British disappointment over Roosevelt’s lack of commitment, 200; and Roosevelt’s interest in authorship of WSC’s speeches, 229; letter from Clementine Churchill, 242; bolsters WSC in Commons address, 257–8; mission to WSC to open second front, 283; British lack connection with, 295–6; visits WSC with Marshall and King, 311–12; talks to NKVD agent, 321; cable from WSC on delayed Sicilian landings, 370; on WSC’s reactionary attitude to post-war situation, 393; and Roosevelt’s proposal to transfer Hong Kong to Chiang Kai-shek, 429; at Tehran conference, 431; takes son to Cairo conference, 433; on talking to WSC, 485; and WSC’s frustrated strategic proposals, 504; absence from second Quebec conference, 513; and WSC’s regret at rift in relations with USA, 530; WSC complains to of Yalta location, 547

  Horsfall, John, 38

  Howard, Leslie, 380

  Howard, Michael (historian), 184, 466, 499

  Howarth, Bertram, 578

  Howarth, Ellie, 579

  Hoxha, Enver, 462

  Hull, Cordell: advises Roosevelt, 50; on supply of US aid to Britain, 171; anger at Free French seizure of Newfoundland islands, 227–8; attends Quebec conference, 387; on French, 447; appalled at Morgenthau Plan, 512; and WSC’s bilateral talks with Stalin, 515; Stettinius replaces, 627

  Hungary: deportation of Jews, 501

  Husky, Operation, 370, 375, 384

  Ickes, Harold, 182–3, 223

  Imphal, 480

  India: British policy on, 151, 299; famine in Bengal, 236; Cripps visits to discuss post-war independence, 254–5

  Indian Army: deployment against Japanese, 369

  Indian National Congress, 254, 256

  Information, Ministry of, 16, 476

  Iononu, Ismet, 364

  Iran: oilfields, 117

  Iraq: Britain seizes after attack on RAF base, 137–8

  Irish Free State: denies support to Britain, 70–2; Britain proposes union with north, 71–3

  Ironside, Gen. Sir Edmund (later 1st Baron), 14, 19, 24–5, 73–4, 139

  Ismay, Maj.Gen. Hastings (later Baron; ‘Pug’): on French weakness, 15; visits France with WSC, 16, 45, 47; and WSC’s denying further RAF support for France, 20; meets Pétain, 41; advocates restraining British reinforcements in France, 50; and WSC’s reactions to visiting Fighter Command Operations Room, 86–7; and WSC’s delaying addressing ship’s company, 90; status and relations with WSC, 143, 568; on WSC as ‘child of nature’, 148; on delegation to Russia, 164; and WSC’s calling for army action, 201; and dispatch of material to Far East, 217; moves to White’s club, 260; admires WSC’s resisting second front demands, 306; on WSC’s arrival in Casablanca, 352; visits ailing WSC in Malta, 427; and Smuts’s concern for WSC’s health, 449; at Chequers, 450; and WSC’s support for French Resistance, 471; on WSC’s preference for big occasions, 508; on WSC’s proposal to drive back Russians in Europe, 575; and WSC’s respect for Commons, 592

  Istria, 493, 511

  Italy: rejects call for neutrality, 19; Halifax proposes seeking mediation from, 26, 28, 33, 37; enters war, 45; in North African campaign, 117–18; invades Greece, 118–19; troops captured in North Africa, 121; defeated in East Africa, 123; declares war on USA, 215–16; human torpedoes attack British fleet in Alexandria, 220; WSC proposes elimination from war, 376–7; Allied amphibious landings in, 383, 438; campaign in, 384, 389–95, 426–9, 431–2, 437, 440–3, 479, 481, 488, 494–5; Germans withdraw to from Sicily, 389; German defensive strategy, 390–2, 427, 442–3, 481, 494; readiness to surrender, 390; signs surrender, 391; campaign modified to accommodate D-Day invasion, 393; forces diverted to Overlord and Anvil, 395, 428, 478, 482, 494, 506–8; in Dodecanese, 401–2; Russian ambassador in, 445; Resistance movement and partisans, 461, 465–6; German line broken, 481; Anglo-US differences over, 494; WSC visits, 505–6; post-liberation government, 507; political settlement, 527–8

  Jackson, Julian, 456, 461

  Jackson, Thomas Jonathan (‘Stonewall’), 115

  Jacob, Col. Ian (later Brig.) on inadequate military thinking, 14; on Dunkirk evacuation, 39, 41; on WSC’s calm, 41; serves on staff, 143; on Cherwell, 146; on Beaverbrook’s ambitions, 165; at Placentia Bay meeting, 195, 197–8; on US reluctance to enter war, 195; on untidiness of Oval Office, 225; on performance of army in North Africa, 317; on WSC’s encounter with Stalin in Moscow, 328; on US wariness of Brooke, 355–6; on Americans at Casablanca, 357; on US distrust of Mediterranean strategy, 357; and report to Stalin of Casablanca decisions, 362; and WSC’s musings about own death, 365; on WSC’s working day, 374; on results of Quebec conference, 390; on Roosevelt’s shared vision with Stalin, 434

  Japan: surrenders without invasion, 68; as potential aggressor, 117; as threat, 189, 196, 204–5, 207, 212; US oil embargo on, 199; attacks USA at Pearl Harbor, 212; advance in Pacific and Far East, 217, 219, 226–7; bombs Ceylon, 251; and British occupation of Madagascar, 256, 294; and US Pacific campaign, 368; Stalin promises to enter war against, 432; WSC’s dispute with chiefs of staff over strategy against, 477; repulsed at Imphal and Kohima, 480; defeat and surrender, 577, 592; expelled from Burma, 580; and Potsdam Declaration, 586

  Jebb, Gladwyn (later 1st Baron Gladwyn), 456

  Jefferis, Major Millis, 83

  Jellicoe, Major George Patrick, 2nd Earl, 405–6, 417

  Jenkins, Roy, Baron, xv

  Jews: killed in death camps, 307–8, 501–2, 560

  Job, Book of, 87

  Jodl, Gen. Alfred, 569

  Jones, Herbert, 64

  Jones, Jack, 399

  Jones, R.V., 84

  Juin, Gen. Alphonse, 481

  Jupiter, Operation, 384

  Kaganovitch, Lazar, 516

  Karslake, Lt.Gen. Sir Henry, 53

  Kasserine pass, Tunisia, 370–1

  Katyn massacre (1939), 373, 433, 444

  Katyusha multiple rocket launcher, 327

  Kefallonia (island), 409

  Kennan, George, 434

  Kennedy, Maj.-Gen. John: diary, xx; on Gort, 14; on British army in France, 67; strategy paper on winning war, 113; opposes intervention in Greece, 125; and reverses in North Africa and Greece, 131; on rift between politicians and generals, 140; dislikes Ismay, 143; and Dill’s prediction of losing Middle East, 149; on Soviet role in war, 168; and WSC’s anxiety for action on continent, 168; on delayed US intervention, 171; and WSC’s view of Dill, 210; on inability to move reinforcements, 240–1; on lack of heavy aircraft for Atlantic defence, 249; on British apathy, 252–3; and Brooke’s relations with WSC, 252; on inadequacies of army, 261; on Soviet demands for second front, 284; and WSC’s criticism of army performance, 302; on popular enthusiasm for Russians, 304; on WSC’s behaviour at cabinet meeting, 336; on Americans at Casablanca, 357; on WSC’s dictating, 375; on commitment in Italy, 389; on diversion of forces from Italy to Overlord, 395; on A
egean operation, 402, 411, 413, 419; on British plans for negotiating with Americans at Cairo and Tehran, 427

  Kennedy, Joseph, 54, 178, 180–1

  Kent, Prince George, Duke of, 185

  Kesselring, Field Marshal Albert, 389, 392, 440, 442–3, 479, 481, 488

  Keyes, Admiral Sir Roger, 75, 83–4, 319

  Keynes, John Maynard (later Baron), 275, 300

  King, Major ‘Banger’, 487

  King, C.R., 253

  King, Admiral Ernest: at Placentia Bay meeting, 194–5; visits WSC in England, 311–12; preoccupied with Pacific campaign, 354, 379; differences with Brooke at Casablanca conference, 356; hostility to British, 482; WSC teases, 489; WSC criticises, 495; bans use of US shipping to supply British in Greece, 530

  King, George, 60–1, 155, 164, 303, 382, 396

  King, William Lyon Mackenzie,, 203, 235, 387, 452, 478

  Kinna, Patrick, 217–18

  Kirkpatrick, Sir Ivone, 473–4

  Klopper, Maj.Gen. Hendrik, 297

  Klugmann, James, 467

  Knight, Nigel, xviii

  Koenig, Gen. Pierre, 460

  Kohima, 480

  Korda, Sir Alexander, 590

  Koryzis, Alexander, 132

  Kos (island), 406, 408–9, 411–12, 418, 429

  Kursk, battle of (1943), 362, 403

  Kuznetsov, Admiral Nikolai, 589

  Kynaston, David, 105

  Labarthe, Georges, 455

  Labour Party (British): and end of coalition (1945), 577–8

  Lambert, George, 106

  Lampson, Jacqueline, Lady, 332, 363

  Lampson, Sir Miles Wedderburn (later 1st Baron Killearn), 120, 316

  Lancaster, (Sir) Osbert, 536

  Lancastria (liner): sunk, 53

  Landemore, Mrs (cook), 204

  Lascelles, Sir Alan (‘Tommy’), 89, 308, 450

  Lash, Joseph, 224, 230

  Laski, Harold, 252

  Last, Nella, 3, 132, 303

  Law, Richard, 301

  Layton, Elizabeth, 204, 237, 374, 535, 538

  Leahy, Admiral William D., 160, 505

  Leathers, Frederick James, 1st Viscount, 275

  Lee, Gen. Raymond, 64–5, 89, 105, 111–12, 148, 160, 182, 186, 189, 577

  Leeper, (Sir) Reginald (Rex), 530–1, 535

  Lees-Milne, James, xxii

  Lees-Smith, Dr Hastings, 60–2

  LeHand, Marguerite (‘Missy’), 193

  Leigh-Mallory, Air Marshal Sir Trafford, 366

  Leipzig: bombed, 561

  Lend-Lease, 161, 173–4, 181, 183–5, 189, 200, 216, 548, 553

  Leningrad, siege of, 155

  Leopold III, King of the Belgians, 36

  Leros (island), 410–18, 429

  Leslie, Anita, 564

  Lewin, Ronald, 139

  Libya: campaign in, 117–18; O’Connor advances into, 122–3; Montgomery advances across, 345; see also North Africa

  Lidice, Czechoslovakia, 455

  Life magazine, 542

  Lindbergh, Col. Charles, 32, 214

  Lindemann, Frederick see Cherwell, Viscount Linlithgow, Victor Alexander John Hope, 2nd Marquess of, 174

  Lippmann, Walter, 300, 531

  Lloyd, George Ambrose, 1st Baron, 119

  Lloyd George, David, 1st Earl, 27, 37, 90, 105, 202

  Lockhart, Sir Robert Bruce, 476

  Lofoten Islands, 116

  Loftus, P.C., 252

  London: bombed, 87, 97–8

  Lothian, Philip Henry Kerr, 11th Marquess of, 31, 78, 105, 172

  Lübeck: bombed, 247

  Lucas, Maj.Gen. John, 440–2

  Luce, Henry, 253, 382

  Luftwaffe: losses, 60, 99, 162; bombing campaign against Britain, 73, 78–81, 97–9, 107; navigation beams jammed, 84–5; blitz on London, 87, 97–8, 103; aircraft supply and replacement, 100; failure against Britain, 101; night attacks, 103; dominance in Mediterranean, 129; superiority in Aegean operation, 407–14; at Anzio, 441

  Luxembourg: Germans invade, 5

  Lyttelton, Oliver (later Viscount Chandos), 204, 264, 310, 457

  MacArthur, Gen. Douglas, 369, 404

  McIntosh, Jennifer, 579

  Maclean, Alastair: The Guns of Navarone, 401

  Maclean, Billy, 462

  Maclean, Donald, 163, 321

  Maclean, Brig. Fitzroy, 467

  Macmillan, Harold (later 1st Earl of Stockton): as

  party to revolt against old guard politicians, 48; on WSC’s persuasiveness with Americans, 221, 596–7; on sybaritic lifestyle in Cairo, 264; low opinion of senior army officers, 266; on unpredictable course of war, 308; as resident minister in Mediterranean, 348; on de Gaulle, 349; on Casablanca conference, 355, 356; on appearance of Americans, 371; on Eisenhower as Mediterranean supreme commander, 383; on Maitland-Wilson, 403; meets WSC on Renown, 427; on WSC’s powers as old man, 428; urges Alexander’s appointment to Overlord command, 438; on campaign in Italy, 442; on difficult relations with French, 446; on relations with WSC, 447; on deteriorating Anglo-American relations, 448; at Chequers with WSC, 450; on political complexities of aiding partisan groups, 469; told of declining British prestige in Balkans, 473; and WSC’s exhaustion, 490; WSC discusses Mditerranean policy with, 506; and post-liberation Greek politics, 526, 531–3; meets WSC in Commons after December 1944 vote of confidence, 529; and WSC’s 1944 visit to Athens, 535, 537

  Macmillan (publishers), 590

  McNarney, Lt.Gen. Joseph, 186

  McNaughton, Maj.Gen. Andrew, 53

  McNaughton, Frank, 222

  McVeagh, Lincoln, 527

  Madagascar: Britain occupies, 256, 294

  Maginot Line, 12, 16

  Maisky, Ivan: admiration for WSC, 104–5; given access to WSC after Soviet entry into war, 160; and British aid for Russia, 201; on qualities of British soldiers, 263; indiscretions, 324; recalled to Moscow, 398

  Maitland-Wilson, Gen. Sir Henry (‘Jumbo’): Macmillan criticises, 264, 438; and Dodecanese (Aegean) operation, 402–6, 411–12, 416, 419, 421; proposed as Eisenhower’s successor in Mediterranean, 437–8; briefs WSC on Anzio plan, 439; recommends cancelling Anvil, 448; proposes drive in northern Italy, 494; WSC visits in Italy, 505–6; Alexander replaces as Mediterranean C.in C., 530; on US fears of conflict with Russia, 577

  Majdalany, Fred, 427

  Malaya: Japanese overrun, 212, 218–19, 226–7, 234, 239–40; strategy for recapture, 477

  Malta, 134, 162, 251, 326, 427

  Manchester Guardian, 234

  Mandalay: falls to Japanese, 251

  maquis (French Resistance), 455, 474

  March, Juan, 137

  Margesson, David, 2, 10, 211

  Marlborough, Charles Churchill, 9th Duke of (‘Sunny’), 179

  Marrakesh, Morocco, 361, 438

  Marseilles: Resistance activities punished, 455; as Allied port, 482

  Marshall, Gen. George: objects to sending US arms to Allies, 31; caution over US entry into war, 186; staff divided in support for belligerents, 186; at Placentia Bay meeting, 194–5; and delay between military decisions and achievement, 226; avoids social involvements, 231; gives priority to engaging Germans, 232; good relations with Dill, 232–3; hostility to British imperial policies, 232; deplores WSC’s dismissal of ordinary soldiers, 270; mission to WSC to open second front, 283–6, 294, 321; mistrust of British intentions, 285–6; visits WSC with Hopkins and King, 311–12; opposes Mediterranean strategy, 313; reluctant acceptance of North African landings, 313–14; Soviet knowledge of activities, 321–2; supports aid to Russia, 332; WSC cables on success of North African landings, 340; underrates Brooke’s judgement, 350; attends Casablanca conference, 353–5, 360–1; argues for invasion of France, 354, 357, 362; attempts to counter American anti-British feelings, 361; resists British strategic proposals, 376; reservations over Italian campaign, 377, 381, 494; at joint chiefs of staff meetings in Washington (May 1943), 378; urges cross-Channel invasion, 379, 384; accompanies WSC and Brooke to Algiers, 380; favours adv
ance into Italy, 390; WSC sees in Washington (September 1943), 392; expected to command Ovelord operation, 393–4; and WSC’s enthusiasm for Dodecanese campaign, 421; on Roosevelt’s embarrassing WSC, 433; not appointed to command Overlord, 437; and WSC’s apprehensions over D-Day, 447; and WSC’s messages to Roosevelt on Overlord, 480; WSC criticises, 495; refuses to discuss strategy with Brooke, 547; preserves Allied unity, 549; Brooke envies prestige of, 569

  Marthe, Crown Princess of Norway, 194

  Martin, John, 30, 76, 80, 90, 93, 103, 144, 296, 534, 545, 551

  Martin, Kingsley, 63

  Marvell, Andrew, 51

  Mass-Observation, 238, 302

  Matin, Le, 56

  Mattison, Ethel, 305

  Maugham, William Somerset, 65

  Maxton, James, 62

  Mayhew, Christopher, 578

  Mayhew, Paul, 61

  Mazower, Mark, 472, 525

  Mediterranean: naval losses, 234; WSC proposes to close down activities in, 350; naval presence in, 352; US opposition to strategy in, 357, 597; WSC favours operations in, 360, 376, 389, 426, 443, 597; amphibious landings in, 377; special forces and operations in, 404

  Menzies, Sir Robert: and WSC’s making history, xxii, 137; offers assistance to Britain, 32–3; and British commitment to Greece, 129, 136; on Greek failure, 132; on WSC’s optimism, 136–7; on war casualties, 169; on WSC’s confidence of US help, 183; relations with WSC, 235

  Menzies, Sir Stewart, 85–6, 204, 349, 457, 459

  Mers-el-Kebir, Oran, 69–70

  Michel, Henri, 470

  Middle East: and victories in Syria and Iraq, 137–8; WSC visits (1942), 315; low British morale, 317–18; see also Libya; North Africa

  Middleton, Drew, 305

  Mihailovic, Draza, 363, 467–8

  Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw, 503, 517

  Millburn, Clara, 310

  Miller, Hope Ridings, 222–3

  Miquelon (island), 228

  Mission to Moscow (film), 378

  Molotov, Vyacheslav M.: negotiates with Nazis, 151; visits Britain and USA for talks (May 1942), 288–93; conceals intelligence from Stalin, 321; WSC confers with in Moscow, 325; WSC informs of Dieppe raid, 333; gratitude for Italian campaign, 398; negative responses, 432; on Stalin’s mocking Western allies, 487; Eden negotiates percentage agreements with, 515; WSC entertains at Moscow embassy, 515; on Russian view of Roosevelt, 550; on Polish settlement, 553; on WSC’s election defeat, 589

 

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