by Max Hastings
Monnet, Jean, 184
Monte Cassino, Italy, 442, 479
Montgomery, Gen. Sir Bernard Law (later Field
Marshal 1st Viscount): capabilities, 14; reputation and public image, 307, 341–3; appointed to command Eighth Army, 320; WSC visits in North Africa, 332; offensive in North Africa, 335; trains troops and prepares for battle, 336; Alamein victory, 337, 339–40; employs Williams as intelligence officer, 337; character and conceit, 343; advance, 344–5; confidence over Sicily landings, 381; campaign in Italy, 392, 394; appointed British commander for D-Day, 438; postpones D-Day to June, 439; WSC dislikes, 479, 596; poor relations with Americans, 481; army strength in north-west Europe, 484; WSC visits in Normandy, 489; criticised for slowness, 497, 507; US attitudes to, 542–3; behaviour towards Eisenhower, 547, 558; instructed to stockpile German weapons for possible use against Russia, 572; WSC’s opinion of, 596
Montmouchet, France, 459
Moore, Sir Thomas, 208
Moore-Brabazon, Col. John (later 1st Baron Brabazon), 154
Moorehead, Alan, 262, 270, 317–18, 491
Moran, Charles Wilson, 1st Baron: records, xxii; on WSC’s indifference to women, 90; on WSC’s wit and conversation, 92; publishes diaries, 147; and WSC’s speech to US Congress, 223; on WSC’s visit to Washington, 228, 234; at Casablanca conference, 356; on Brooke’s manner, 356; on Roosevelt’s disability, 361; on WSC’s self-containment, 374; and Roosevelt’s health decline, 377; on Mackenzie King, 387; on WSC at Malta, 427; on US scepticism of WSC, 431; and WSC’s pneumonia in Tunisia, 437; opposes further long flights for WSC, 450; writes account of WSC, 498; with WSC at second Quebec conference, 510, 513; and WSC’s acceptance of Russian triumph over Poland, 517; on WSC’s declining relations with Roosevelt, 568; on WSC’s 1945 election defeat, 590; on WSC’s view of war, 596
Morgan, Lt.Gen. Sir Frederick, 379, 385–6, 389–90, 478, 482, 500
Morgenthau, Henry, 31, 173, 194, 203, 229, 321, 512
Morocco, 220
Morris-Jones, Henry, 8
Morrison, Herbert (later Baron), 140, 275, 490
Morton, Major Desmond, 104, 147, 248
Morton, H.V., 196
Moscow: WSC visits, 315, 320–9, 514–18
Moulin, Jean, 458
Mountbatten, Admiral Lord Louis (later Earl): as
chief adviser to Combined Operations, 207; WSC favours, 319; Soviet knowledge of activities, 321–2; reports on Dieppe raid, 332–3; demands excessive forces for Burma, 436, 511; WSC praises for Burma campaign, 514
Moyne, Walter Edward Guinness, 1st Baron, 162, 524
Murmansk, 331
Murrow, Ed, 181
Mussolini, Benito: rejects call for Italian neutrality, 19; and proposed British peace overtures, 26, 28, 32; declares war, 45, 117; and African campaigns, 117–18, 121; military ambitions, 124; resigns, 386; rescued by Skorzeny, 407; compared with WSC, 594
Naples, 395
Narvik (Norway), 13, 21
Nazis: death camps and persecution of Jews, 307–8, 501–2, 560; see also Germany; Hitler, Adolf
Nellie (Downing Street parlourmaid), 204
New Guinea, 369
New Statesman, 249, 252–3, 286, 311
New York Herald Tribune, 32
New York Times, 32, 248
New Zealand: forces in Crete, 134, 136; WSC values staunchness, 235
News Chronicle, 237
newspapers: WSC scrutinises, 91, 120, 334; reporting of events and people, 307
Nicholson, Brig. Claude, 25
Nicolson, (Sir) Harold: on WSC’s qualities, 4; joins government, 16; on upper class mistrust of WSC, 27; pessimism at fall of France, 57; Vita writes to on effect of WSC’s speeches, 76; on WSC’s isolation, 88; and Lothian’s hopes for negotiated peace, 105; on national morale, 112, 132; on US entry into war, 214; on US dismissal of British resolve, 258; and WSC’s delight at Alamein victory, 339; on Katyn massacre, 373; on WSC’s Commons welcome on return from Tehran, 439–40; on post-war political prospects, 520; on WSC in later years, 520; on anti-WSC sentiments, 521; on Commons’ perplexity over WSC, 529; meets WSC after Yalta, 555
Norman, Montagu (later Baron), 105, 173
Normandy landings see D-Day; Overlord, Operation
North Africa: campaign in, 117–18, 189; Wavell’s offensive in, 120–3; German intervention in, 124–5; Auchinleck’s offensive in, 209–10, 215; Allied landings (1942), 232, 296–7, 312, 324, 330, 335, 337, 339–40; aims to expel Germans from, 345, 352; Allied campaign falters, 351; Allied strength in, 368; delayed victory, 370; campaign ends, 376; see also Libya
Northern Ireland: proposed union with south, 70–3
Norway: campaign and debate (1940), 1–3, 8, 13, 21, 41; German forces intercept convoys to Russia, 166; refuses to sell gold for sterling, 173; WSC proposes attack on, 207, 295, 383; Stalin suggests British attack on, 327; Resistance in, 455
Nover, Barnet, 530
Nye, Gen. Sir Archibald, 266, 333
O’Connor, Gen. Sir Richard, 121–4
Olivier, Laurence (later Baron), 499
Omaha beach, Normandy, 487–8
Other Club, The, 202
Ottawa: WSC visits, 223
Overlord, Operation: planning, 383, 385, 388, 390–1, 393, 426–7, 435, 443, 447; see also D-Day; second front
Owen, Frank, 287
Pacific: Japanese advance in, 217, 219; US commitment in, 354, 358; campaign in, 368–9; WSC promises major fleet for, 512
Page, Sir Earle, 235
Paget, Gen. Sir Bernard, 67, 454
Pantellaria (island), 116
Panter-Downes, Mollie, 4, 63–4, 76
Papandreou, Georgios, 473, 514, 525, 526, 532, 534, 535, 538
Paris: German advance on, 44, 46; Germans occupy, 51
Park, Air Vice-Marshal (Sir) Keith, 97
partisans see Resistance movements
Patton, Gen. George S., 294 Pauli, Kurt, 136 Peake, Charles, 200
Pearl Harbor, xviii, 212, 214, 370
Pearson, Drew, 530, 540
Peck, John, 585
Pedestal (convoy), 326
Persia, 162
Pétain, Marshal Philippe, 26, 41, 46–7, 55, 69, 505
Peter, King of Yugoslavia, 469, 543
Philadelphia Inquirer, 13
Philby, Kim, 321
Philippines, 232
Phillips, Admiral Tom, 205
Picture Post (magazine), 254, 265
Pile, Gen. Sir Frederick, 102
Pim, Capt. Richard, RN, 239, 546, 580, 589
Pittman, Key, 64
Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, 191–9, 201, 208
Plastiras, Gen. Nikolaus, 538–9
Pogue, Forrest, 385, 388, 491
Poland: falls to Germans, 1; Soviet advance in, 152; Soviet claims in, 244, 256, 289, 373; officers massacred by Russians, 373, 433, 444; hostility to Russia, 396, 445; boundaries discussed at Tehran, 434–5, 444; exile government in London, 435, 444–5, 480; WSC’s pessimism over post-war settlement, 445; Resistance, 456, 480; Home Army and Warsaw rising, 472, 503, 509, 513, 516; US deals with Russia over, 493, 503; WSC fails to protect from Soviet domination, 516–18, 545; post-liberation provisional government, 524; future decided at Yalta, 552–7; debated in Commons (1945), 556; under Soviet occupation, 557, 567; WSC proposes anti-Russian action to liberate, 571–6; discussed at Potsdam conference, 588
Political Warfare Executive (PWE), 473
Popov, Grigory, 538, 540
Porch, Douglas, 297–8, 337
Portal, Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles: qualities, 142; and proposed dismissal of Tedder, 208; liked by Americans, 229, 482; at Washington joint chiefs of staff meeting (May 1943), 378; supports bombing campaign, 379; and results of bombing campaign, 425; on Tehran conference as waste of time, 435; and WSC’s belief in local Resistance movements, 452; opposes using non-uniformed SOE officers, 456, 474; dispute with WSC over Far East strategy, 477; and bombing of Dresden and Potsdam, 558–9, 562–3; advocates heavy bombing of Rome, 5
61; WSC toasts on VE-Day, 568
Porter, Cole, 255
Portes, comtesse de, 47, 50
Potsdam: bombed, 559; conference (July 1945), 584–9
Pound, Admiral Sir Dudley: advocates sinking of French fleet, 45; pessimism, 48; attitude to WSC, 141; qualities, 141–4; at Placentia Bay meeting, 194–6; US view of, 229; and Fleet Air Arm’s few casualties, 246; death, 319; poor use of intelligence, 337; advocates submarine warfare, 379
Powell, Anthony, 371
Pownall, Lt.Gen. Henry: diary, xx; complains of lack of instructions, 22; and withdrawal from continent, 36; returns to London, 39; on WSC’s address on prosecution of war, 113; and Wavell’s view of war, 139; on WSC’s cabinet, 140; on Eden’s weak approach to Russians, 154; pessimism over Russian resistance to Germany, 156; hopes for mutual German-Soviet annihilation, 168; on Roosevelt’s intention to enter war, 198; on army attitudes, 263
Prague: popular revolt (May 1945), 472; British barred from, 581
Pravda (Soviet newspaper), 293, 305–6, 397, 424, 556, 570
Priestley, J.B., 280
Punch (magazine), 308
Purvis, Arthur, 366
Quadrant conference, 355, 376, 386, 402
Quebec: conference (August 1943), 355, 386–91; second conference (September 1944), 503, 510–13
Queen Mary, RMS, 375, 387, 510, 513
Raiding Forces’ Levant Schooner Flotilla, 406
Raleigh News & Observer (North Carolina), 528
Ramsay, Vice-Admiral Sir Bertram, 30, 366
Rangoon: Japanese capture, 244; see also Burma
Rayner, Lt.Col. Ralph Herbert, 280
Regulation 18B, 209
Reid, Whitelaw, 108
Reinhardt, Gen. Georg-Hans, 5
Renewal Bill (USA, 1941), 191
Resistance movements (and partisans): activities, 451–8, 472–3; and political dissensions, 469, 473; British influence on, 470; effects, 473–5
Reynaud, Paul, 14–16, 24–6, 37–8, 42–4, 46–50, 54–5
Reynolds, David, 2, 349, 475, 508; In Command of History, xv
Rhine, river, 550, 564
Rhodes, 386, 401–3, 406, 411, 418, 420–1
Rhodes-James, Robert, 9
Ritchie, Gen. Sir Neil, 210, 267
Robbins, Lionel (later Baron), 275
Roberts, Andrew, xvi, 37
Robinson, Edward G., 83
Rochester University, New York: awards honorary doctorate to WSC, 190
Roma (Italian battleship): sunk, 391
Romania: Russian disputes with British over, 480, 493, 515, 545
Rome: captured, 442, 481–2; Portal advocates bombing, 561
Rommel, Gen. Erwin: posted to Africa, 124; successes in Libya, 130; logistics problems, 149; withstands Auchinleck’s offensive, 209–10, 226, 242; abilities, 262; WSC praises, 271; attacks Alam Halfa, 335, 337; Alamein defeat, 338, 339; retreats before Eighth Army, 353
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 203, 224, 338
Roosevelt, Elliott, 433
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano: and Anglo-American relations, xviii, 483; WSC cables on 1940 land battle in France, 15; Chamberlain snubs, 18; WSC requests destroyers from, 21; desire to help Britain, 32, 171; WSC urges Reynaud to appeal to, 49–50; and British bombardment of French fleet, 69; and Irish neutrality, 72; delays entry into war, 112, 187, 198, 200; and Western aid to Russia, 150, 161, 226, 332; on Russian involvement in war, 160–1; and British payment for aid, 172–3; WSC cultivates relations with, 177, 183, 190, 193, 196, 229–31, 329, 435–6, 597; dependence on US public opinion, 183–4; meets WSC at Placentia Bay, 191–9; offers interim support to Britain, 191; personal qualities and character, 194, 199, 224; issues ‘shoot first’ order to US ships in Atlantic, 204; and Pearl Harbor, 213–14; WSC visits in Washington (December 1941), 216–17, 219–22, 227, 229; working methods, 224–6; ambitions to reorganise post-war world, 230–1, 292; attitude to Britain and Empire, 230; advocates Indian independence, 255–6; urges opening of second front, 283, 292, 312; Molotov meets, 290–1; WSC visits (June 1942), 296–7; supports North African landings, 314, 335; misjudges relations with Russia, 330; contempt for France, 347–9; WSC urges to build up US forces in Europe, 350; attends Casablanca conference (1943), 352–4, 356, 358–9; relations with chiefs of staff, 354; Dill criticises, 359; insists on unconditional surrender, 360; visits Marrakesh with WSC, 361; disability, 361; relationship with WSC declines, 361; health decline, 377, 450, 547; seeks bilateral meeting with Stalin, 377–8; WSC visits in USA (May 1943), 377, 380; WSC stays with Clementine and Mary, 387; and Churchill’s Aegean operation, 410; proposed meeting with WSC and Stalin, 426; WSC meets in Cairo before Tehran conference, 428–31; requests transfer of Hong Kong to Chiang Kai-shek, 429; first meets and negotiates with Stalin at Tehran conference, 431–4; needles WSC, 433; praises Stalin, 433; Stalin trusts, 435; disappoints WSC’s expectations, 436; hatred of de Gaulle, 447; and WSC’s apprehensions over D-Day, 447; proposes Donovan to head all Allied special operations in Balkans, 461; WSC bombards with telegraphic messages on Overlord, 480; and election (1944), 484; rebukes WSC over concessions to Russia over Romania, 493; rejects WSC’s appeal for offensive in northern Italy, 494–5; disregards WSC’s pleas for Warsaw Home Army, 509; at second Quebec conference (September 1944), 511–13; rejects WSC’s plea for reinforcements in Italy, 514; and WSC’s bilateral talks with Stalin, 515–16; world vision, 519; agrees to Yalta conference, 543, 547; attends Yalta conference, 548–54; preserves Allied unity, 549; leaves Yalta, 554; rejects WSC’s protests to Russia about oppression in Poland, 557; death, 567; and British participation in development of atom bomb, 587; compared with WSC, 594
Roskill, Capt. Stephen, 143, 415
Rostock: bombed, 247
Roundup, Operation, 314, 345, 350, 355
Rowan, Leslie, 144, 589–90
Rowlands, Sir Archibald, 83, 187, 243
Royal Air Force: fails to stem German advance in France, 15–16; retained to support prospective evacuation from continent, 20; at Dunkirk, 31, 42–4; role in opposing invasion, 31, 68, 95–6; striking force destroyed in Europe, 40; fighter squadrons in France, 44; planned bombing attack on Italy frustrated by French, 47; aircraft losses in France, 58; and defence of British Isles, 68; Fighter Command losses in Battle of Britain, 80, 99; fighter supplies, 81–2; fighter airfields attacked, 87; bombing offensive, 97, 113, 162, 207, 246–51, 334, 370, 424–6, 559–63; exaggerates enemy losses, 99; aricraft supply and replacement, 100; and air power, 101; excellent Fighter Command organisation, 101; public image, 101–2; Fighter Command lacks night resources, 103; weakness in Greece, 129; aircraft losses in sweeps over France, 157; aircraft withheld from Middle East and Mediterranean, 157; Bomber Command, 162, 251; bomber losses, 162; in North Africa, 246; Coastal Command, 249; WSC’s view of, 250, 260; gives poor support to Eighth Army, 269; uses older aircraft, 269; attacks Afrika Korps’ Italian supply ships, 336; bombing offensive against Berlin, 424–61; performance assessed, 425; bombs French railways before D-Day, 480, 560; personnel surrender to ELAS in Greek battle, 533; qualities and achievements, 595
Royal Navy: as defence against invasion threat, 24, 30; at Dunkirk, 38–9; apprehensions about future of French fleet, 45; aversion to publicity, 101–2; counters U-boat campaign, 113, 215, 368; losses, 113; lacks air cover in Mediterranean, 129; in action at Crete, 134; defensive role, 150; lacks carriers, 157; in defence of Malta, 162; qualities and professionalism, 206, 267, 595; escorts Russian convoys, 207, 323, 325, 330; cancels summer Arctic convoys, 323; in North African landings, 330; attacks Afrika Korps’ Italian supply ships, 336; in Dodecanese operation, 408, 410, 412-l5, 417–18, 420
VESSELS: Ajax (light cruiser), 535, 538; Aurora (cruiser), 413; Carlisle (cruiser), 413; Duke of York (battleship), 217–19; Eclipse (destroyer), 413; Hermes (aircraft-carrier), 251; Hood (battlecruiser), 138, 192; Indomitable (aircraft-carrier), 206, 215; King George V (battleship), 439; Panther (destroyer), 413; Penelope (cruiser), 412–13; Prince of Wales (battleship), 191–2,
197–8, 206, 215, 246, 250; Queen Elizabeth (battleship), 220; Renown (battlecruiser), 392, 426; Repulse (battlecruiser), 206, 215, 246, 250; Sirius (cruiser), 412–13; Southampton (cruiser), 182; Trooper (submarine), 413; Unruly (submarine), 412; Valiant (battleship), 220
Rucker, Arthur, 26
Ruhr: bombing campaign against, 388, 424–5
Rundstedt, Gen. Gerd von, 40
Russia see Soviet Union
Sackville-West, Vita, 76
Saint-Nazaire, 38, 43, 245
Saint-Pierre (island), 228
Salerno: landings, 391–2
Salter, Sir Arthur (later Baron), 258
Sandys, Duncan (later Baron Duncan-Sandys), 144
Sardinia, 345, 352
Sawyers, Frank (WSC’s valet), 204
Schumann, Maurice, 453
Schuster, Sir George, 241
Scobie, Lt.Gen. Ronald, 530–1
Seal, Eric, 26, 54, 109, 182
Sealion, Operation, 94–7
Sebastian, Mikhail, 136
second front: Russians demand, 158, 290–3, 397; Eden and Moyne rule out, 162; Beaverbrook advocates, 165, 288; chiefs of staff oppose in 1943, 219; US enthusiasm to open, 283–6, 292, 312; popular demands for, 286–7, 295, 300, 305–6; Dill supports, 312; Soviet knowledge of Britain’s view of, 322; delayed beyond 1943, 369, 375; see also Overlord, Operation
Secret Intelligence Service, 85
Selborne, William Waldegrave Palmer, 2nd Earl of, 453
Service de Travail Obligatoire (STO), 457
Sextant conference, 428, 431
Seymour, Charles, 65
Sforza, Count Carlo, 507, 527
Sherwood, Robert, 65, 196
Shingle, Operation, 438–9, 442
Shinwell, Emanuel (later Baron), 529
Shirer, William, 527
Sicily: as Allied target for invasion, 345, 352, 354, 356, 358; Allied landings, 368–9, 382–4; Eisenhower proposes delaying landings, 375; strategic importance, 376; Germans expelled, 389
Sikorski, Gen. Wladyslaw, 108, 124, 366, 373, 397, 592
Silsby, Eleanor, 76
Silvermaster, Nathan, 321
Simmons, Roscoe Conkling, 178