by Paul J Croce
29. [Notebook 2], 20; [Diary 1], April 30, 1870, [82]; “Sentiment of Rationality,” WB, 79; and Kuklick, The Rise of American Philosophy, 162.
30. [Notebook 2], 21; Buber, I and Thou; Horwitz, Buber’s Way to “I and Thou,”
30–34, 155–60; Buber, “History of the Dialogic Princi ple” Friedman, Martin Buber on
God and Man in Relation; James, introduction to Literary Remains (1884), ERM, 3–63;
Murphey, The Development of Peirce’s Philosophy, 49; Freeman, Categories of Peirce;
and Esposito, Evolutionary Metaphysics, 46–121.
31. [Notebook 2], 21; PRG, 83; “Habit” and “Necessary Truths and the Effects of
Experience,” PPS, 109–31, 1215–80.
32. James, [Notebook 2], 1862, 22; “The Hidden Self” (1890), EPS, 248–49; and
Schor, Reading in Detail. Also see my introduction, note 17, and chapter 4, notes
34–36.
33. William James to his family, [November 10, 1861]; and to Katharine James
Prince, September 12, 1863, CWJ, 4:52, 81; and Eclipse, 139–43, 112–24.
34. William James to Katharine James Prince, September 12, 1863, CWJ, 4:81;
Robert Richardson, William James, 57.
35. William James to Mary Robertson Walsh James, [November 2, 1863], CWJ,
4:86; Crashaw, “Wishes. To his (supposed) Mistresse” (1646), The Complete Poems,
479, 481.
36. William James to Katharine James Prince, September 12, [1863], CWJ, 4:81;
Habegger, The Father, 361; and Lewis, The Jameses, 170.
37. William to Mary James, [November 2, 1863]; and to Katharine James Prince,
December 13, [1863]; September 12, 1863, CWJ, 4:86, 87, 81–82, 81; and Winslow, On
Obscure Diseases of the Brain, 39, 143, 144, 276–77.
38. William to Mary Walsh James, [November 2, 1863]; and to Jeannette Barber
Gourlay, February 21, 1864, CWJ, 4:86, 90; Whorton, Nature Cures, 7; and Warner,
“ ‘The Nature- Trusting Heresy.’ ”
39. William James to his mother, [November 2, 1863], CWJ, 4:85; Kelley, The Early Development of Henry James, 21; Edel, Henry James, 1:203; and Eclipse, 112, 144.
40. William James to his mother, [November 2, 1863]; to his parents, October 21,
1865; and to his mother, August 23–25, [1865], CWJ, 4:86, 127, 111. Among descriptions
of the trip, there has been relatively little attention to its importance for James’s
scientific education; see Carleton Smith, “William James in Brazil”; Allen, William
James, 102–16; Barzun, A Stroll with William James, 13–16; Feinstein, Becoming
William James, 169–81; Cotkin, William James, 29–39; Simon, Genuine Real ity, 92–96; Irmscher, The Poetics of Natu ral History, 236–81; Menand, The Metaphysical Club,
117–48; Machado, Brazil through the Eyes of William James; and Robert Richardson,
William James, 64–74.
41. William James to his mother, August 23, [1865]; and to his father, Septem-
ber 12[–17], 1865, CWJ, 4:111, 122; “Louis Agassiz” (1896), ECR, 49, 50; “A Month on
the Solimoens,” MEN, 355; “The Sentiment of Rationality” (1879), EPH, 55; WB; and
Eclipse, 119.
288 Notes to Pages 55–62
42. Agassiz and Agassiz, A Journey to Brazil, vi– viii; Eclipse, 116; Burdett, “Notes in Philosophy 5,” 117; Wallace, Narrative of Travels on the Amazon; Smith, Explorers
of the Amazon; and Carrie R. Barratt, “Mapping the Venues,” and Kevin J. Avery,
“Selling the Sublime,” both in Voorsanger and Howatt, Art and the Empire City, 47–81,
130–33.
43. William James, “A Month on the Solimoens,” 1865, MEN, 354. Agassiz had
made earlier unsuccessful attempts to persuade the U.S. Navy to fund an Amazon
exploring expedition; see Manthorne, Tropical Re nais sance, 7, 67, 115, 60. He had
first made his scientific reputation with evaluation of the fish of Brazil collected by
the exploring party of Johann Baptist Von Spix and Karl Friedrich Philipp Von
Martius in 1819–20. James’s father and his Aunt Kate paid his expenses for the
trip; William sometimes felt guilty that the trip was “a pretty expensive one”;
William to Henry James, Se nior, June 3, [18]65, CWJ, 4:106. Also see Lewis, The
Jameses, 174.
44. Manthorne, Tropical Re nais sance, 119–21; Irmscher, The Poetics of Natu ral History, 252. Visiting the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition in 1876, Dom Pedro II
continued his interest in science and business enterprise; also see Carleton Smith,
“William James in Brazil,” 99–109; and Manthorne, Tropical Re nais sance, 39–60.
45. Agassiz and Agassiz, A Journey in Brazil, 340; William James to his parents, April 21 [1865]; to Henry James, Ju nior, May 3, 1865; and to Thomas Ward, CWJ,
4:101–3, 1:8, 4:404; Henry James, Se nior, [notes on evolution], James Family papers,
bMS Am 1094.8, item 77; Duban, “Charles Darwin”; Lurie, Louis Agassiz, 354; and
Marcou, Life, Letters, and Works of Louis Agassiz, 2:154.
46. James, [Diary 1], May 27, [1868], 56; “ Great Men and Their Environment,” WB,
170; Irmscher, The Poetics of Natu ral History, 280; and “Louis Agassiz,” ECR, 49.
47. James, “A Month on the Solimoens,” MEN, 357; Darwin, The Expression of
Emotions; Beard, quoted in Fullinwider, “James’s Spiritual Crisis,” 46; Jackson,
“ Factors of Insanity,” in Selected Writings, 412–21; Laycock, Mind and Brain; Spencer,
Princi ples of Biology; and Roger Smith, Inhibition, 40–49. James explored the
boundary between “Brute and Human Intellect” in 1878, EPS, 1–37.
48. James, [Notebook 4], [8], 11, 12–13; and ECR, 217 and 221. Portions of this
Brazilian diary quoted in Irmscher, The Poetics of Natu ral History, 261–80; full text
and more photos of Agassiz’s racial categorizing in Machado, Brazil through the Eyes
of James. For more on James and race relations, see my introduction, note 16, and
chapter 4, note 32.
49. James, [Notebook 4], 12–13, 20; “A Month on the Solimoens,” MEN, 355; and
Agassiz and Agassiz, A Journey in Brazil, 292–93, 224, 236. Louis and Elizabeth
Agassiz included James’s drawing of Alexandrina in A Journey to Brazil; Irmscher,
The Poetics of Natu ral History, 269–72; Menand, The Metaphysical Club, 101–16,
129–240; Machado, Brazil through the Eyes of William James, 45–48; and Pratt, Native
Pragmatism.
50. William to Henry James, Se nior, June 3, [18]65; July 8, [1865], CWJ, 4:107, 106, 105, 110, 106.
51. William to Henry James, Se nior, June 3, [18]65; William James to Edgar Van
Winkle, May 26, 1858; and William to Henry James, Ju nior, May 3, 1865, CWJ, 4:107,
16, 107, 108; and 1:8.
Notes to Pages 63–71 289
52. William to his father, June 3, 1865, CWJ, 4:107, 106; Manthorne, Tropical
Re nais sance, 118.
53. William James, [Notebook 4], 7; to his parents, [September 1865], CWJ, 4:124;
“A Month on the Solimoens,” MEN, 356, 354; and to his parents, October 21, [1865],
CWJ, 4:128.
54. William to Henry James, Ju nior, July 15, [1865]; and to his mother, July 6,
[1865], CWJ: 1:9, 10, and 4:109; [Notebook 4], 7; Manthorne, Tropical Re nais sance,
10–14, 67–89; Bedell, The Anatomy of Nature, 119–20; and Novak, Nature and Culture,
47–77.
55. [Notebook 4], 15; William to Henry James, Ju nior, Oct[ober 10, 18]72, CWJ,
1:173. D
aniel Bjork offers exuberant and thought- provoking suggestions about the
importance of Brazil’s natu ral beauty for James’s later psy chol ogy, in William James,
65–66, and The Compromised Scientist, 25. Also, David Leary’s “William James and
the Art of Human Understanding” and “The Influence of Lit er a ture in the Life and
Work of William James” expand on the artistic qualities of James’s thinking; and on
the aesthetic significance of James’s philosophy and artists’ use of his pragmatism,
see Novak, Voyages of the Self, 77–101. In a similar vein, Barbara Loerzer, in “James,
the French Tradition, and the Incomplete Transposition of the Spiritual into the
Aesthetic,” offers concrete explanations about the aesthetics of James’s style, namely
his “meta phorical use of language and his interest in vagueness,” and of his philosophy,
such as his claim in radical empiricism that “relations must be experienced,” which
are “only fully intelligible in terms of [his] aesthetical- spiritual framework”; her
focus is on his visits to museums in the 1860s; Halliwell and Rasmussen, James and
the Transatlantic Conversation, 70, 75. Also see chapter 3, on James’s museum
reflections.
56. William to Henry James, Ju nior, May 3, 1865; July 15, [1865], CWJ, 1:7, 9–10;
“On a Certain Blindness in Human Beings,” TT, 147; and PRG, 139–40.
57. William to his father, June 3, 1865; to Henry James, Ju nior, July 23, 1865; and to his mother, December 9, 1865, CWJ, 4:107, 1:11, 4:132.
58. William James to Tom Ward, March 27, [18]66, CWJ, 4:137.
59. William James to Tom Ward, March 27, [18]66; June 8, [18]66, CWJ, 4:138,
139.
60. William James to Charles Eliot Norton, Sept[ember] 3, 1864; Nov[ember] 17,
[1864], CWJ, 4:93, 94.
61. William James to Charles Eliot Norton, Sept[ember] 3, 1864, CWJ, 4:93; James,
review of Huxley (1865), ECR, 197; and on his ability to write in diff er ent writing
styles, see Robert Richardson, William James, 360, 511–12.
62. James, review of Huxley, ECR, 198, 199; PRG, 13.
63. James, review of Huxley, ECR, 197, 198, 205.
64. Ibid., 202, 197, 202, 203; Huxley, Methods and Results, 164.
65. William James to Charles Eliot Norton, November 14 [1864]; December 9
[1864], CWJ, 4:93–94, 95; also in ECR, 691. The editors of The Correspondence observe
that in the review “ there is much about developments in biological science not
obviously related to Huxley’s book,” adding tersely that “it is not clear whether he
pres ents a ‘Program’ ” despite his critiques of the contrasting materialist program
gaining influence at the time (CWJ, 4:94).
290 Notes to Pages 71–82
66. James, review of Wallace (1865), ECR, 206, 207; Horsman, Race and Manifest
Destiny, 60, 133; Irmscher, The Poetics of Natu ral History, 236–81; and Menand, The Metaphysical Club, 97–148.
67. James, review of Wallace, ECR, 206–8; “Brute and Human Intellect” (1878),
EPS, 1–37; and “Spencer’s Definition of Mind” (1878), EPH, 7–22.
68. James, “The Pro gress of Anthropology” (1868), ECR, 217, 218, 221, 220; to
Henry James, Ju nior, [January 1868], CWJ, 1:29.
69. James, review of Darwin (1868), ECR, 229, 235, 236, 233.
70. Ibid., 237, 239, 235; James to Henry James, Ju nior, March 9, [1868], CWJ, 1:39; and [Notebook 26], c. 1870, in the entry “Edwards, H. Milne,” arranged not by page
but alphabetically by entry title. On the role of probabilistic methods in James’s
philosophy, see Paul Croce, “From History of Science to Intellectual History”; and
Eclipse, 6–10.
71. Peirce to Daniel Coit Gilman, Sept[ember] 13, 1877; Cope, “James’s Correspondence with Gilman,” 615.
72. William James to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Ju nior, May 15, 1868, CWJ, 4:299.
Chapter 2 • Between Scientific and Sectarian Medicine
Epigraph. “The Energies of Men,” ERM, 131.
1. William James to Henry, Se nior, and Mary James, May 27, [18]67, CWJ, 4:163.
2. William James to Henry Pickering Bowditch, Jan[uar]y 27, 1868, CWJ, 4:259–61
(James recommended the work of physiologist Gabriel Valentin on the ner vous
system and that of the physician Ludwig Traube on respiratory illness); Legan,
“Hydropathy in Amer i ca”; Nissenbaum, Sex, Diet, and Debility; and Cayleff, Wash and
Be Healed; and Weisz, “Spas, Mineral Waters, and Hydrological Science.”
3. William James to Henry Bowditch, May 22, [1869]; Aug[ust] 12, [18]69, CWJ,
4:378, 383; Henry James III, Charles William Eliot, 1:275. Commentators have
generally followed the views of James’s son, Henry James III: TCJ, 1:289; Allen,
William James, 99; Feinstein, Becoming William James, 220; Bjork, William James, 86; Menand, The Metaphysical Club, 75. Recent biographers offer a few suggestions about
the significance of James’s medical education: Simon, Genuine Real ity, 111, observes
that he enlisted his background in medicine when teaching anatomy and physiology
in the next few years. Richardson, in William James, 103, states that “James had taken
[his medical education] more seriously” than the conventional wisdom suggests, but
does not elaborate. Sutton, in “Re- writing the Laws of Health,” provides much more
explanation, in presenting the interconnection of illness and philosophy for James,
with disease and health as significant meta phors for theoretical concepts, and she
shows his support of alternative medicine emerging in his maturity, shaping his turn
to similarly unorthodox philosophies; and see Paul Croce, “William James, Medicine,
and Natu ral Facts.”
4. William James to Henry Bowditch, Aug[ust] 12, [18]69, CWJ, 4:383.
5. Ackerknecht, Medicine at the Paris Hospital; Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic; Warner, Against the Spirit of System, 246; Krüger et al., The Probabilistic Revolution;
Paul Croce, “From History of Science to Intellectual History”; and Eclipse, 6–10.
6. Warner, The Therapeutic Perspective, 254, 62, 165, 206, 219, and “Ideals of Science”; James to Jeannette Barber Gourlay, February 21, 1864, CWJ, 4:90.
Notes to Pages 83–90 291
7. Ludmerer, Learning to Heal, 11–18.
8. Warner, The Therapeutic Perspective, 214; Frederick Shattuck and J. Lewis Bremer, “The Medical School,” in Morrison The Development of Harvard University,
556.
9. William to Alice James, Dec[ember] 12, [1866]; to Frederick George Bromberg,
Sept[ember] 30, [18]66; Francis Tucker Washburn to William James, June 5, 1867;
William James to Trustees of the Mas sa chu setts General Hospital, March 21, [18]66,
CWJ, 4:148, 143, 171, 154; and see the brief mention of his hospital work in Lewis, The
Jameses, 179.
10. William James to Katherine James Prince, Sept[ember] 12, [1863]; Dec[ember]
13, [1863], CWJ, 4:81, 87; Bowditch to James, Feb[ruary] 19, [18]71, CWJ, 4:413; and
Fye, The Development of American Physiology, 95–96, 110–12, 128.
11. Warner, The Therapeutic Perspective, 232–45; Richard Littman, “Social and Intellectual Origins of Experimental Psy chol ogy,” and Brendan A. Mahar and
Winifred B. Maher, “Psychopathology,” in Hearst, The First Century of Experimental
Psy chol ogy, 65, 562; Lesch, Science and Medicine in France, 2; Bynum, Science and
the Practice of Medicine in the Nineteenth Century, 92; and James, review of Bernard,
ECR, 222–28.
12. Aminoff, Brown- Séquard, 1–71; Tyler and Tyler, “Charles Édouard Brown-Séquard,” 1231–36.
13. Aminoff, Brown- Séquard, 138, 117–22, 145; Olmstead, Charles Edouard Brown-Séquard, 118; Anne Harrington, Medicine, Mind, and Double Brain, 118; George
Mandler, “Emotion,” in Hearst, The First Century of Experimental Psy chol ogy, 280–81;
and Taylor, William James on Consciousness, 14.
14. Aminoff, Brown- Séquard, 169; James to Thédore Flournoy, Sept[ember] 16, 1908, LeClair, The Letters of James and Flournoy, 200 (calendared, CWJ, 12:593);
Townsend, Manhood at Harvard, 45; James to Henry Bowditch, November 1, 1905,
CWJ, 11:576; and LeClair, The Letters of James and Flournoy, 216, 213, 206, 208, 210,
for Swiss psychologist Flournoy’s limited enthusiasm about the compound.
15. Aminoff, Brown- Séquard, 43, 61, 51, 4, 58; James, “Vivisection” (1875) and
“More on Vivisection” (1876), ECR, 10–13, 18–19. Also see Campbell, “Pragmatism and
Moral Growth: James and the Question of Vivisection.”
16. Tyler and Tyler, “Charles Édouard Brown- Séquard,” 1234–35; Brown-
Séquard, Advice to Students, 5, 31–32, 10, 12–13, 15, 20, 21, 27; Aminoff, Brown-
Séquard, 14, 182; James, “Microscopic Notebook,” [Notebook 5], 1866; Eugene Taylor,
William James on Consciousness, 14, 25–96; and Warner, Against the Spirit of System,
332–40.
17. Richard Littman, “Social and Intellectual Origins of Experimental Psy chol-
ogy,” in Hearst, The First Century of Experimental Psy chol ogy, 43; William Wood-
ward and Reinhardt Pester, “From Naturphilosophie to a Theory of Scientific
Method for the Medical Disciplines,” in Poggi and Bossi, Romanticism in Science,
161–73; Cunningham and Jardine, Romanticism and the Sciences, especially 7;
Matthews, Quantification and the Quest for Medical Certainty; and Ludmerer,
Learning to Heal.
18. William James to Thomas Ward, Nov[ember] 7, [18]67, CWJ, 4:226; and TCJ,
1:249.
292 Notes to Pages 91–98
19. Ralph Waldo Emerson to Herman Grimm, October 19, 1867, TCJ, 1:247; James
to Thomas Ward, Sept[ember 10], 1867, CWJ, 4:199; and Feinstein, Becoming William