by Paul J Croce
James, 209–10.
20. James to Thomas Ward, Sept[ember 10], 1867; to Henry Bowditch, Dec[ember]
12, [18]67; and to Ward, Nov[ember 7, [18]67, CWJ, 4:197, 233, 226; Boring, A History of
Experimental Psy chol ogy, 293; Heidelberger, Nature from Within, especially 9, 273–317, and his “Fechner’s Indeterminism”; and David Murray, “A Perspective for Viewing
the Integration of Probability Theory into Psy chol ogy,” in Krüger et al., The Probabi-
listic Revolution, 1:117–56, 2:73–100. Characteristically, James both studied the
methods of psychophysics and praised Fechner’s spiritual goals; Boring, 280; PPS,
457–518; and PU, 66–82.
21. Julian Hochberg, “Sensation and Perception,” in Hearst, The First Century of Experimental Psy chol ogy, 92, 98; du Bois- Reymond, On Animal Electricity, 109, 112, 2, 29, 180; Boring, A History of Experimental Psy chol ogy, 30; R. Steven Turner, “Helmholtz,
Sensory Physiology, and the Disciplinary Development of German Psy chol ogy,” in
Woodward and Ash, The Problematic Science, 147–66; Otis, “The Meta phoric Cir cuit,”
120; and Kalat, Biological Psy chol ogy, 45.
22. Boring, A History of Experimental Psy chol ogy, 707; Wertheimer, A Brief History of Psy chol ogy, 44; William to Alice James, Nov[ember 19, [18]67, CWJ, 4:227;
WB, 17–18, 29, 32; [Notebook 26], c. 1865, in the entry “Empiricism,” arranged not by
page but alphabetically by entry title; Dixon, “The Psy chol ogy of the Emotions,” 303.
23. Du Bois- Reymond, “Darwin and Copernicus,” 249, 250, and “Civilization and
Science,” 266, 272, 274, 266; I. Bernard Cohen, Puritanism and the Rise of Modern
Science; Finkelstein, Emil du Bois- Reymond; Roger Cooter, “Phrenology and British
Alienists,” in Scull, Madhouses, Mad- Doctors, and Madmen; and Gregory, Scientific
Materialism, 149, 105–14.
24. William James to Henry Bowditch, Dec[ember] 12, [18]67; and to Oliver
Wendell Holmes, Sept[ember] 17, [18]67, CWJ, 4:233, 201.
25. William to Henry James, Se nior; to Thomas Ward, Oct[ober] 9, [1868]; to Alice James, Aug[u]st 6, 1867; and to Thomas Ward, Nov[ember] 7, [18]67, CWJ, 4:255, 346,
188, 226; Eclipse, 108, 137, 138–43; R. Steven Turner, “Helmholtz, Sensory Physiology,
and the Disciplinary Development of German Psy chol ogy,” and William R. Wood-
ward, “Wundt’s Program for the New Psy chol ogy,” in Woodward and Ash, The
Problematic Science, 147–66, 167–97; and Araujo, Wundt and the Philosophical
Foundations of Psy chol ogy.
26. William to Henry James, Se nior, Dec[ember] 26, [18]67; and to Oliver Wendell
Holmes, Ju nior, May 15, 1868, CWJ, 4:243, 301–02, 299.
27. William James to Thomas Ward, Oct[tober] 9, [1868], CWJ, 4:346.
28. William James to Henry Bowditch, June 2, [18]69; to Charles Ritter, 21 janvier
[18]69 [translated in TCJ, 1:291]; to Thomas Ward, Dec[ember] 16, [18]68; to Catherine
Havens, December 25, [18]68; to Henry James, Ju nior, March 22, [18]69, June 1, [18]69;
and to Thomas Ward, Dec[ember] 10, [18]68, CWJ, 4: 382, 358, 353, 354; 1:61, 78; 4:352.
29. William James to Henry Bowditch, June 2, [18]69; Dec[ember] 12, [18]67, CWJ,
4:381, 235; Fye, The Development of American Physiology, 106.
30. William to Henry James, Se nior, Dec[ember] 26, [18]67; to Henry Bowditch,
Dec[ember] 12, [18]67; Jan[uar]y 24, [1869]; Nov[ember]30, [18]68; Dec[ember] 29,
Notes to Pages 99–109 293
[18]69, CWJ, 4:243, 235, 361, 350–51, 398; Whitehead, Modes of Thought, 3–4; du
Bois- Reymond, On Animal Electricity, 2, 29, 180; and Fin ger, The Origins of Neurosci-
ence, 432–35.
31. Holmes, Medical Essays, 204; Beecher and Altschule, Medicine at Harvard, 87–90; Warner, “ ‘The Nature- Trusting Heresy,’ ” 320–21, and The Therapeutic
Perspective, 273–77; Fye, The Development of American Physiology, 103–9; and Bigelow,
“Medical Education in Amer i ca.”
32. Henry Bowditch to William James, Feb[ruary] 10, [18]69, CWJ, 4:365; Henry
James III, Charles William Eliot, 1:275–76; and Von Kaltenborn, “William James at
Harvard,” 94. As with every previous commentator on James’s medical examination,
I had relied on James III’s account in Eclipse, 147.
33. William James to Henry Bowditch, Dec[ember] 12, [18]67; and to Thomas
Ward, March [18]69, CWJ, 4:235, 371.
34. Warner, The Therapeutic Perspective, 21–22, and Against the Spirit of System, 256, 284; Rothstein, American Physicians in the Nineteenth Century; Cassedy, Medicine
in Amer i ca; Gevitz, Other Healers; Naomi Rogers, An Alternative Path, especially 1–9; and Whorton, Nature Cures.
35. Warner, The Therapeutic Perspective, 83–161; Charles E. Rosenberg, “The Therapeutic Revolution: Medicine, Meaning, and Social Change in Nineteenth-Century Amer i ca,” in Vogel and Rosenberg, The Therapeutic Revolution, 3–25; and
Bates, “Why Not Call Modern Medicine ‘Alternative?’ ”
36. Cunningham and Jardine, Romanticism and the Sciences; Winston, The Faces of Homeopathy.
37. Warner, The Therapeutic Perspective, 41–45.
38. Hazen, The Village Enlightenment in Amer i ca, 113–46; Rennie Schoepflin,
“Christian Science Healing in Amer i ca,” Gevitz, Other Healers, 192–214; Gottschalk,
The Emergence of Christian Science; Haller, Swedenborg, Mesmer, and the Mind/Body
Connection, 1–66; and VRE, 83–92.
39. William Rothstein, “The Botanical Movements and Orthodox Medicine,” in
Gevitz, Other Healers, 29–51; Cassedy, Medicine in Amer i ca, 36–37; and Haller, Kindly Medicine.
40. Cayleff, Wash and Be Healed; James Whorton, “Patient, Heal Thyself: Popu lar Health Reform Movements as Unorthodox Medicine,” in Gevitz, Other Healers,
52–81; Cassedy, Medicine in Amer i ca, 37–44; and Abzug, Cosmos Crumbling, 163–82.
41. Whewell, History of the Inductive Sciences, 5; Eclipse, 87–99; Snyder, The Philosophical Breakfast Club, 1–7; and Alter, William Dwight Whitney, 96.
42. Hobhouse, “Quinine and the White Man’s Burden,” in Seeds of Change, 3–40; Kett, The Formation of the American Medical Profession, 162; Kaufman, Homeopathy
in Amer i ca; and Cassedy, Medicine in Amer i ca, 37–38.
43. Coulter, Divided Legacy, 57; Ann Jerome Croce, “Another Medical Paradigm.”
44. Haller, Medical Protestants; Cassedy, Medicine in Amer i ca, 38–39; Rothstein, American Physicians, 217–29; and Cayleff, Wash and Be Healed, 12.
45. Brendan Maher and Winifred Maher, “Psychopathology,” in Hearst, The First
Century of Experimental Psy chol ogy, 562; Bynum, Science and the Practice of Medicine, xiii; Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine, 99–102; Coulter, Divided
Legacy; Rothstein, American Physicians; Martin Kaufman, “Homeopathy in Amer i ca:
294 Notes to Pages 110–118
The Rise and Fall and Per sis tence of a Medical Heresy,” in Gevitz, Other Healers,
99–123; Eisenberg, “Unconventional Medicine in the United States,” 246–52; Hansen,
Picturing Medical Pro gress; Micozzi, Fundamentals of Complementary and Alternative
Medicine; National Institutes of Health, Alternative Medicine; Michael Cohen,
Complementary and Alternative Medicine; and Whorton, Nature Cures, 307.
46. Coulter, Divided Legacy, 104, 261; Rothstein, American Physicians, 245.
47. Wilkinson, Memoir, 246–47, 297, and The Human Body, vii; Bjork, William James, 212, 231, 23
5, 255–57; Simon, Genuine Real ity, 92, 356, 361-61; Robert Richardson, William James, 507–8; and Habegger, The Father, 176, 462.
48. Habegger, The Father, 362, 391; William to Henry James, Ju nior, Nov[ember]
24, [18]72; March 22, [1874], CWJ, 1:178, 228.
49. Henry, Ju nior, to William James, February 13, [18]70; William to Henry James, Ju nior, Nov[ember] 24, [18]72; and Henry, Ju nior, to William James, October 7, [1869],
CWJ, 1:142, 178, 106; Mary to Henry James, Se nior, September 21, 1869, quoted in
Feinstein, Becoming William James, 220; and Phatak, Materia Medica of Homeopathic
Medicines, 433–37, 503–7.
50. Nathaniel Shaler to William James, January 26, [18]68; William James to
Henry James, Se nior, Oct[ober] 5, [18]68; to Alice James, May 14, [18]68; and to Henry
James, Ju nior, May 7, [18]70, CWJ, 4: 257–58, 341, 297, and 1:159; Legan, “Hydropathy
in Amer i ca”; Nissenbaum, Sex, Diet, and Debility; Cayleff, Wash and Be Healed; and
Weisz, “Spas, Mineral Waters, and Hydrological Science.”
51. Nichols, An Introduction to the Water- Cure, 34; Rausse, The Water- Cure, 67; Hero, “Errors in Home Practice,” 102; Warner, The Therapeutic Perspective, 58, and
Against the Spirit of System, 254; Cayleff, Wash and Be Healed, 35, 96; and Jean
Silver- Isenstadt, “Passions and Perversions: The Radical Ambitions of Dr. Thomas
Low Nichols,” in Rosenberg, Right Living, 186–205.
52. Shew, Hydropathy, iv, ix, 68; William to Henry James, Ju nior, May 7, [18]70, CWJ, 1:160; and Rausse, The Water- Cure, 89, and Errors of Physicians, 89.
53. Rausse, The Water- Cure, 5, 108, 68, 111; Shew, Hydropathy, 125; Horsell, Hydropathy for the People, 231; Shew, Hydropathy, 118; and Rausse, Errors of Physicians, 38.
54. Rausse, The Water- Cure, 49, 43, 47, 255; Shew, Hydropathy, 173, 174; and Wilkinson, Memoir, 78.
55. William to Henry James, Ju nior, May 7, [18]70; and to Robertson James,
Ap[ri]l 28, [18]70, CWJ, 1:159–60, 4:406; Rausse, The Water- Cure, 49; and Hocking,
Class notes of James, Psy chol ogy of Religion, 11.
56. William to Henry James, Ju nior, June 27, 1867; to Alice James, Aug[u]st 6,
1867; and to Henry James, Se nior, Sept[ember] 5, [18]67, CWJ, 1:17, 4:189, 194. Teplitz,
also spelled Teplice and Teplička, is a town in the northwest region of what is now
the Czech Republic, 73 miles (116 kilo meters) southwest of Dresden, Germany.
57. William to Henry James, Se nior, Sept[ember] 5, [18]67; to Thomas Ward,
Nov[ember] 7, [18]67; to Henry Bowditch, Dec[ember 12, [18]67; to Thomas Ward,
Jan[uar]y [7], [18]68; and to Henry Bowditch, Jan[uar]y 27, 1868, CWJ, 4:194, 226, 233,
251, 259.
58. William to Alice James, March 16, [18]68; to his family, April 16, [1868]; to Thomas Ward, May 24, 1868; and to Alice James, May 14, [18]68, CWJ, 4: 265, 287,
Notes to Pages 119–124 295
305, 297. Lewis, The Jameses, offers a dramatic meta phor about James’s continual
return to Teplitz without reference to the benefits that James perceived: Lewis calls
his water- cure visits “weary circling, . . . the bleak repetitiveness traditionally
associated with the experience of hell” (194).
59. William to Henry James, Se nior, July 3, [18]67; and to Mary James, July 9,
[18]68, CWJ, 4:327, 328.
60. Henry Bowditch to William James, September 18, [1868]; and James to
Catherine Havens, Aug[ust] 29, [18]68; to Henry Bowditch, Sept[ember 20, 18]68; and
to Henry James, Se nior, Oct[ober] 5, [18]68, CWJ, 4:337, 333–34, 338, 339, 341.
61. William James to Tom Ward, May 24, 1868; to Henry James [Ju nior]; to Alice
James, June 4, [18]68; and to Mary James, July 9, [18]68, CWJ, 4:309, 315, 329; 1:83.
Lewis, The Jameses, 196, pres ents these early assertions of will as “William’s version
of what was becoming known as ‘Mind- cure.’ ”
62. William James to Tom Ward, Dec[ember] 10, [18]68; and to Henry Bowditch,
Nov[ember 30, [18]68; May 22, [1869], CWJ, 4:352, 350, 378; and see Paul Croce, “In
Search of William James’s Medical Thesis.”
63. Henry, Ju nior, to William James, May 10, [1867], CWJ, 1:14; Mary to William
James, May 27, [1867]; William James to Henry Bowditch, Jan[uar]y 27, 1868; to
Henry James, Se nior, Oct[ober] 5, [18]68; Aug[ust] 7, [18]68; and to Thomas Ward,
Oct[ober] 9, [1868], CWJ, 4:166, 260, 341, 331, 346; [Notebook 26], c. 1868–69, in the
entry “Similia similibus curantur [Like cures like],” arranged not by page but
alphabetically by entry title.
64. William James to Henry Pickering Bowditch, Jan[uar]y 27, 1868, CWJ,
4:260–61, 259–60. In these same years, James made notes on the “Heat, physiological
effects of”; [Notebook 26], c. 1869, arranged not by page but alphabetically by entry
title.
65. William James to Tom Ward, Oct[tober] 9, [1868]; to his father, Oct[ober] 5,
[18]68; to Henry Bowditch, May 22, [18]68; to Tom Ward, Dec[ember] 10, [18]68; and to
Henry Bowditch, Feb[ruary] 10, [18]69, CWJ, 4:346, 342, 378, 352, 364. Also see to
Henry Bowditch, Nov[ember] 30, [18]68, CWJ, 4:349–50.
66. William to Henry James, Se nior, Dec[ember] 26, [18]67; and to Henry Picker-
ing Bowditch, Aug[ust] 12, [18]69, CWJ, 4:243, 383; and VRE, 25.
67. Naomi Rogers, An Alternative Path, 9; William to Henry James, Se nior, Oct[ober] 5, [18]68, CWJ, 4:342.
68. William to Henry James, Oct[ober] 2, [18]69; Oct[ober] 25, [1869]; and to Henry Bowditch, Nov[ember] 30, [18]68, CWJ, 1:100, 113, and 4:350; Robert Richardson,
William James, 106, 420, 480; Feinstein, Becoming William James, 205; William to
Robertson James, Ap[ri]l 28, [18]70; and to Thomas Ward, May 24[,] 1868, CWJ, 4:406,
305; Shew, Hydropathy, 231.
69. Beard, “Neurasthenia, or Ner vous Exhaustion,” 217; A Practical Treatise, 17, 218–19; and American Ner vous ness, 11, 313, 54–55, 179, 182; Mitchell, Fat and Blood;
Lovering, S. Weir Mitchell, 23–25; Trall, Ner vous Debility, 25; Rod gers, The Work Ethic; Rabinbach, The Human Motor; Tone, The Age of Anxiety, 8–14; and Gilman, “The
Yellow Wall paper.” For more medical evaluation of neurasthenia, see Charles
Rosenberg, “The Place of George M. Beard”; Carlson, “George M. Beard and Neuras-
thenia”; Sicherman, “The Paradox of Prudence”; Scull, Madhouses, Mad- Doctors, and
296 Notes to Pages 125–133
Madmen, 218–40; and Gosling, Before Freud. And for more cultural contexts, see
Lears, No Place of Grace, 47–58; Lutz, American Ner vous ness; and Lane, To Herland and Beyond.
70. James to Thomas Ward, March 27, [18]66, CWJ, 4:137; PBC, 192; “The Gospel
of Relaxation,” TT, 117–31; “Vacations,” ECR, 3–7; VRE, 508, 134–35; to G. H. Howison,
July 17, 1895, CWJ, 8:57; PPS, 359–62, 1152–53; James Anderson, “ ‘The Worst Kind of
Melancholy,’ ” 384; and CWJ, 7:434, 11:42. Commentaries about neurasthenia in
James generally adopt a dismissive tone; see McQuade, introduction to CWJ, 9:xxxiii;
Bjork, William James, 93; and Robert Richardson, William James, 119, 419, 38.
71. W. F. Robinson, Electro- Therapeutics, 13, 39–59; Beard, A Practical Treatise, 116, 210–12; [Notebook 26], c. 1868–69, in the entry “Vital Force,” arranged not by
page but alphabetically by entry title; and VRE, 20.
72. Bjork, William James, 255; James, review of Hinton, and “Medical Registration Act
” (1894), ECR, 285, 148; Trufant, “William James and the Mind- Cure
Controversy,” 38; and Paul Croce, “Calming the Screaming Ea gle.” Sutton, in
“Re- writing the Laws of Health,” argues that James’s public stands in support of
sectarian healers were a culmination of a personal and philosophical transformation,
during the 1880s, in reaction against the overreliance of the medical profession on
scientific “laws of health.”
73. William James, “On a Certain Blindness in Human Beings,” TT, 132–49; to
Charles Eliot Norton, Nov[ember] 17, [1864], CWJ, 4:94; “Address on the Medical
Registration Bill” (1898), ECR, 60–61; and “Philosophical Conceptions and Practical
Results” (1898), PRG, 258. Also see Coulter, Divided Legacy, 466–69; Gottschalk, The
Emergence of Christian Science, 91; Trufant, “William James and the Mind- Cure
Controversy,” 35; and Matteson, “ ‘Their Facts Are Patent and Startling,’ ” part 1,
5–8.
74. “Address on the Medical Registration Bill,” ECR, 60–61; James to John Jay
Chapman, April 5, 1897; and to Henry Rankin, Feb[ruary] 27, 1903, CWJ, 8:254,
10:208.
75. “Moral Medi cation” (1968), ECR, 245 (my translation); Whorton, Nature
Cures, 307; EPH, 32–64; PRG, 62; PU, 145; William to Henry James, Se nior, Oct[ober]
5, [18]68, CWJ, 4:341; Dods, The Philosophy of Mesmerism and Electrical Psy chol ogy,
173; and Coon, “Courtship with Anarchy,” 360–76.
76. William to Henry James, Ju nior, Jan[uary] 24, [18]09; March 6, [18]09;
Oct[ober] 6, 19[09]; CWJ, 3:376, 386; and Bjork, William James, 257.
77. William to Henry James, Ju nior, March 6, [18]09, CWJ, 3:386–87; Moskowitz,
Resonance: The Homeopathic Point of View; and Grimes, “Resonance and Pain.”
78. William to Henry James, Ju nior, March 6, [18]09, CWJ, 3:386–87.
79. William to Robertson James, Oct[ober] 30, [18]09; to Margaret James,
July 5, 1906; and to Alice Runnells James, CWJ, 12:356, 11:247, 12:387; WB, 6; and
PRG, 258.
80. James, review of Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud, 1894, ECR, 474–75; Freud,
“Autobiographical Study” (1925), in Rosenzweig, Freud, Jung, and Hall, 171. Also see
Sutton, “Interpreting ‘Mind Cure,’ ” 124–28.