Young William James Thinking
Page 65
Putnam, James Jackson, 267
polygenesis, 70–73
polytheism, 95, 150–56, 165
quackery. See sectarian medicine
Pomfret, Conn., 218, 306n46
Quatrefages, Armand de, 73
Portuguese, 199
quinine, 106
positivism, 37–38; WJ’s references to, 134, 175; WJ’s use of, 265; and medical materialism,
racism, scientific, 71–73
175; and scientific naturalism, 182; revolt
Radical Club, 248
against, 259–60; and uncertainty, 268; views Ramsey, Bennett, 271
of immaterial dimensions in, 181. See also
Raphael, 150, 157
Comte, Auguste; scientific materialism
rationalism, 69, 89
Potter, Alonzo, 57
reaction time experiments, 92
Pratt, Scott, 60
religion and science. See science and religion
preventive medicine, 101, 146
remedies: in homeopathy, 106–10, 112, 121, 131;
primates. See spider monkeys
in mainstream medicine, 17, 52, 52, 88–89,
Prince, Katherine James, 49
101, 130; in sectarian medicine, 101–4, 114,
Prince, William Henry. See psychiatry
120, 123, 127–29, 133
private writings, 11, 14, 23, 39–40, 251; “animal Renouvier, Charles, 4, 46, 159, 227–31,
heat” of, 145, 251, 274
240, 259
probabilistic thinking, 7, 81, 290n70; in
republicanism, American, 139–40
Darwinism, 34, 74–75; WJ’s use of, 160, 240,
rest cure, 124. See also neurasthenia
259; in Metaphysical Club, 270–71; in
Richardson, Robert, 306n46, 308n61; on
psy chol ogy, 92; in science and religion, 45
Emerson, 280n13, 304n7; on WJ’s heart
professionalism, 81, 104, 113–14, 238. See also disease, 314n16; on WJ’s medical education,
licensing laws; scientific materialism;
290n3; on WJ’s reading of Hindu texts,
scientific medicine
307n57; on WJ’s writing styles, 289n61
Protestant Reformation, 21
Rietschel, Ernst, 148–49, 157
psychiatry, 51, 58
Rio de Janeiro, 56–57
psy chol ogy: in biography, 22, 190; and
Roberts- Hawley lymph compound. See
Darwinism, 59; WJ’s early work in, 4, 27, 43, hormone replacement therapies
58, 75, 77–79, 218; WJ’s hope for work in, Rome, ancient, 139–40, 142, 155–56, 162, 165,
160; WJ’s influence on, 20; WJ’s mature
168, 171
work in, 80, 98, 122, 125–28, 240–41; WJ’s Rorty, Richard, 182–83, 272
religious uses of, 171, 174–77, 184, 235, 250, Rousseau, Jean- Jacques, 190
264; WJ’s scientific studies of, 84, 90–91, 96;
Ruskin, John, 148
366 Index
Sandemanianism, 42
scientific research programs, 74–75
Sandys, George, 139
sectarian medicine, 100–122; in contrast with
Sanitary Commission, 105
mainstream medicine, 41; in James family,
Santayana, George, 12
80, 105, 107, 110–12, 122–23; WJ’s interest in, Saturday Club, 53
24, 128–29, 132–33; WJ’s public support for, Schiller, Friedrich, 135–36, 141, 171, 179, 193,
127–28; WJ’s use of, 76–80, 96, 126, 129–31;
201–3
slow healing of, 114, 117, 123, 130–31
Schmidt, Dennis, 142
secularism, 7, 34–35, 81
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 307n57, 311n95
Sedgwick, Catherine Maria, 142
science: as breadth of knowledge, 105; dangers
selective attention, 20, 45–46, 58–59, 230, 242, of, 40; as specialized research, 105
270
science and religion, 75; in ancient culture,
self- limiting diseases, 99
134–37, 145, 150–51; in art, 55; history of, Sequarine. See hormone replacement
34–39; impacting other domains, 23–24; therapies
WJ’s approach to, 18–20, 173, 207, 259–60, Seth, James, 12
278; in medicine, 80, 105, 107; and Shakespeare. See Hamlet
Metaphysical Club, 286n27; and mystery,
Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate, 113
268; philosophical approaches to, 45–46;
shanty, 267, 269, 275–76
relation of, 179–86; and Charles Renouvier’s
Shaw, Robert Gould, 29
influence, 228–29; shared heritage of,
“sick soul,” 251–59
175–79; typologies of, 185n11
side effects, medical, 114
science of religions, 173–74, 183, 266
Simon, Linda, 290n3, 304n19, 307n51, 311n95,
scientific enthusiasm, 39, 69–71, 94–95.
312n97
See also scientific pro gress
skepticism, 179, 230
scientificism. See positivism; scientific
smallpox, 60–63, 107
materialism
Snow, C. P. , 177
scientific materialism (scientific naturalism),
somaesthetics. See embodied mind
33–34, 136; in ancient culture, 150–51; on Sönderqvist, Thomas, 22
free will, 309n74, 310n81; in Thomas
specificity, princi ple of, 82, 113, 132. See also Huxley, 68–71; WJ burdened by, 214,
uniformity of disease states
241–44, 254; WJ’s critique of, 238, 244–46, Spencer, Herbert, 4, 189; WJ’s critique of, 94,
259, 268, 271; in WJ’s medical education,
192, 194, 237–38, 244, 265; and scientific
97–100; in mainstream medicine, 80, 82, materialism, 37–38, 243, 309n74
109; in religion, 175, 180, 195; in psy chol ogy, spermatorrhoea, 213
91–96
spider monkeys, 58, 182
scientific medicine (regular medicine), 80–90,
Spinoza, Baruch, 19
99; allopathy as name for, 107; in WJ’s
spirituality: in ancient culture, 151–55; in
medical studies, 24, 76; WJ’s skepticism
contrast with mono the ism, 155–57; and
about, 41, 52, 62, 126; re sis tance to, 103, 108.
depth psy chol ogy, 20, 174–75; WJ’s support See also bacteriology; scientific materialism;
of, 16, 43, 172–74, 283–84n21; in liberal side effects
religion, 302n83; for mediation of science
scientific pro gress, hope for, 82, 84, 94, 95,
and religion, 70–71, 175–79; and nature,
97, 102
179–81; and nondualist thinking, 181–85; scientific reductionism: in Emil du Bois-and reduction of material to immaterial
Reymond, 93; against free will, 237–38;
dimensions, 36–37; in relation to science, 19,
WJ’s critique of, 100–101, 242, 247, 258, 260,
38, 292n20; in romanticism, 135–36; in
271; scientific critiques of, 191. See also
sectarian medicine, 131. See also embodied
scientific enthusiasm
mind; James, Henry, Sr.: spiritual views of
Index 367
spontaneity, 60, 206–7, 248; in ancient culture, Thayer, Nathaniel, 54, 56
147; in human evolution, 244, 264–65; Henry therapeutic hopes, 86, 89–91. See also
James, Sr.’s support of, 8; in WJ, 24; and
scientific pro gress
WJ’s crises, 258–59; in natu ral settings, 275;
therapeutic routinism, 82. See also probabilis-
in romantic thought, 135–36. See also grace
tic thinking
Steffens, Lincoln, 242–43
therapeutic skepticism, 82, 99, 101
Stephen, James Fitzjames, 40
Thomsonianism, 104, 108, 110
stethoscopes, 80
thought as an action, 231–33
Stevenson, Louise, 140
Tolstoy, Leo, 251
Stoicism, 162–70; in contrast with mono the-
transcendence, theologies of, 137, 156–57, 165, ism, 25; on fate, 245; on free will, 198–99,
171–73, 176, 180, 184
203, 207, 214–15, 241, 259; on the inner transcendentalism, 38
citadel, 214, 224; WJ’s criticism of, 170–71, Turner, James, 184
248; WJ’s use of, 172, 180, 184–85, 194, 196,
233; as lived philosophy, 13, 180, 209, 219,
uncertainty and certainty. See certainty and
238; and modern science, 242; philosophical
uncertainty
aspects of, 165–67, 300n56; and Charles
uniformity of disease states, 82, 89, 90
Renouvier’s philosophy, 229–31; Mary
utilitarianism, 216, 223
Temple’s interest in, 171–72, 196, 224; on wishful expectations, 167, 215, 233
vaccines, 107
Story, William Wetmore, 147
vanishing point, 147
Strang, L. G., 131
Vedas. See Hindusim
Stuart, Isaac, 141
Venus, repre sen ta tions of, 143, 147, 150, 209–10
subconscious (subliminal) mental states, 18,
Viney, Wayne, 308n60
174, 225, 235, 266
Virgil, 139
suppression of diseases, 115
vital force, 102, 110–11, 126, 191; energetic basis susceptibility to illness, 107. See also
of, 108
preventive medicine; sectarian medicine
vitalism, 102. See also embodied mind;
Sutton, Emma, 290n3, 296n72
nondualism; spirituality
Swedenborg, Emanuel, 4, 189, 191; and
vitality, 66, 114, 102–3, 155, 191, 203, 213, 275
conatus, 19, 191; and Henry James, Sr. , 8, 42, vivisection, 88
191, 251, 311n93; and sectarian medicine,
104, 111
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 55, 71–73
Ward, Thomas, 67, 119, 159, 164, 208–9
Tanagra figures, 141
water cure (hydropathy), 105, 112–17, 152; on Taylor, Charles, 26, 302n83
congestion, 78, 113–15, 121; crises in, 115–17,
Taylor, Eugene, 271
123, 202, 216, 249, 304n18; WJ’s experi-Taylor, James, 130. See also homeopathy/
ences, 2–4, 77, 95, 117–21, 127, 255; James homeopaths
family use of, 110, 112; for renewing WJ’s
Taylor, John Madison, 130. See also
energy, 91, 95, 125, 197–98, 262; temperature homeopathy/homeopaths
evaluations in, 77–78, 113, 115, 120–22, 145; teleology, 22, 161, 195, 215, 235, 240
therapeutics of, 78
temperance crusade. See body reforms
Weber, Ernst, 91
Temple, Katherine, 195
Weber, Max, 155
Temple, Mary (Minny), 67, 171–72, 196, West, Cornel, 281n16
224–26, 229, 233, 236
Wheatley, Phillis, 139
Teplitz (Teplice, Teplička), Bohemia (Czech
Whewell, William, 105
Republic), 3, 77, 117–18, 198
White, James Clark, 99
368 Index
Whitehead, Alfred North, 98
Words worth, William, 135
Whitman, Sarah, 212, 277–78
Works of William James, 284n23
Whorton, James, 109
Wright, Chauncey, 10, 67, 197, 234–35, 266, Wild, John, 271
309n69
Wilkinson, John James Garth, 111–12, 116
Wundt, Wilhelm, 77, 96, 118, 242–43
Winckelmann, Johann, 141
Wyman, Jeffries, 43, 49, 52, 58, 70, 72, 81
Winslow, Forbes, 51–52, 195, 241, 243; and insanity defense, 309n81
Zeno of Citium, 164. See also Stoicism
Winterer, Caroline, 140
Zwinger Museum, 138, 145–51
Document Outline
Contents
Chronology
Acknowledgments
An Invitation
INTRODUCTION. Almost a Philosopher
1. First Embrace of Science
2. Between Scientific and Sectarian Medicine
3. The Ancient Art of Natural Grace
4. Crises and Construction
CONCLUSION. An Earnestly Inquiring State
Notes
Bibliography
Index A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Z