The Grand Inquisitor’s Manual

by Jonathan Kirsch

  Inquisition (medieval), 5, 6, 54, 56, 102, 159, 189, 191, 215; process, from opening sermon to execution, 68–86; as “proto-Stalinist” phenomenon, 230. See also Inquisition

  inquisitors: absolution of, 83–84, 112–13; access to records, 77–78; Bernard Gui as, 8, 9, 65–66, 69, 146; Brother Mascar of Padua as, 122; command of church dogma, 65; Conrad of Marburg as, 58–59, 67; database, 72; early resistance, 56, 59, 87–90; embezzlement by, 122; Eymerich as, 79–80; 176; financing, 118–22; as first “Thought Police,” 9; formal address of, 70; former heretics as, 67; Fra Grimaldo as, 120; friars as, 3, 4, 29, 52, 60, 63, 64–68, 88; future popes as, 66, 79; God as first, 53; Grand Inquisitor, 98; Hammer of Heretics, 67; Hitler and Stalin as, 238; Inquisitor into Heretical Depravity, title, 69, 209; interrogation as art, 74–78; James Fournier (Pope Benedict XII) as, 79; job description, 66; justification of, 60, 258; licensing of weapons, 91–92, 122; lies told by, 84, 111; motivations, 11, 66, 135; new generation of, 214; overseer in Rome, 67; parts in the drama of, 21–22; patron saint of, 89; Pedro Arbuésas as, 179–80; perverse imaginations, 12; Robert Cardinal Bellarmine as, 68, 146; Robert le Bougre as, 67, 210; sadists as, 16, 58, 66, 95, 107–8, 109, 110; Salazar y Frias as, 146, 188; secret police for, 70; as self-appointed moral guardians, 188; Spanish Inquisition, titles, 189; SOP, 68–86; Torquemada as, 64, 67, 173, 176, 179, 181–82; uniform of, 1, 3, 64, 67, 94, 104; working quarters, 69–70; zeal, 64, 67–68

  interrogation, 65, 71, 74–78; accused denied legal counsel, 79, 191; accused not told charges against them, 79, 81, 96–97; accused unable to confront accusers, 78–81, 80n; accused unable to refute secret evidence, 81; goal of, 81; Gui’s handbook, 75–76; “mortal enmity” of accuser and, 80, 81; records of, 77, 157; Spanish Inquisition, 167; of spirituali, 135–36; testimony accepted during, 80; torture during, 76; trial of Paolo Veronese, 160–61

  In the Penal Colony (Kafka), 16

  Inventing the Middle Ages (Cantor), 213–14

  Isabella II, Queen of Spain, 205

  Italy, 5, 173, 210; escape from Inquisition in, 91, 134; forfeited property of heretics, 121. See also Roman Catholic Church; specific cities

  Jackson, Donald L., 249

  Jerome, St., 30

  Jesuits, 162

  Jewish State, The (Herzl), 215

  Jews, 182–83; apocalyptic writings, 35; badges, 171, 225; “blood libel,” 170, 171, 179, 223; burning, 168, 171, 177–78, 180, 186, 198, 202, 241–42; charges against the dead, 178; confiscation of property, 179–80; converts persecuted, 5, 10, 14, 174–84, 176n, 186, 192, 193–96, 202, 210, 221; Crusades and, 172–73; defamation of, 170–71, 181; dehumanizing of, 13, 170, 220; discriminatory laws, Spain, 175; distinctive garments, 61, 171, 175; English persecution, 241–42; expulsion from Spain, 14, 181, 182; external signs of, 178; first to reach North America, 14; fleeing Iberian Peninsula, 177–78, 180; food taboo, 194; Golden Age of Spain, 169, 173; heresy of Judaizing, 177; Kabbalism, 46; in Languedoc, 46; legend of the Wandering Jew, 169–70, 223; as Marranos, 174–75, 176n, 180, 192n, 193–94, 203; McCarthyism and, 250; Nazis persecution, 6, 170, 173, 194, 215–28; as New Christians, 175, 176n, 192, 195–96, 198; Pale of Settlement, 237; persecutions, Stalinist Russia, 236–38; pogroms, 172; “purity of blood” and, 194–96, 210; seizure of books, 168; Sephardim, 180n; Spanish Inquisition and, 14, 55, 166, 167–84, 192–96; Talmud as heretical, 168; trickery of inquisitors and, 168; Venetian Ghetto and, 173

  Joan of Arc, 6, 10, 25, 154–59, 207–8

  John, Gospel of, 35

  John Paul II, Pope, 208

  Johnson, Eric A., 217, 221

  Johnson, Haynes, 254

  John XII, Pope, 112

  John XXII, Pope, 91–92, 137, 145

  Justin Martyr, 41

  Kafka, Franz, 16–17, 82, 92, 204

  Kamen, Henry, 183, 195, 203, 211

  Kamenev, Lev, 229, 231–32

  Kelly, Henry Ansgar, 15–16, 74, 82–83

  Knights Templar, 10, 168, 233; accusations against, 12, 141–42 143n; in England, 241; persecution, 54, 139–44, 143n, 158

  Koestler, Arthur, 92, 231–32

  Kramer, Heinrich, 146, 148, 153

  Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy, 47

  la Franca, Jerónima, 17

  Lambert, Malcolm, 29, 41, 48, 60, 67, 75, 77–78, 136, 137, 138, 158

  Languedoc, France, 43, 46, 169; Albigensian Crusade, 45, 50, 60–61; atrocities, 49–50, 56; Conrad of Marburg in, 58–59; Jews in, 46; massacre in, 48–49; resistance to Inquisition, 87–88

  Lardner, Ring, Jr., 250

  Lauragais, France, 76

  Lavaur, France, 49–50, 76

  lawyers, 79–80

  Lea, Henry Charles, 1, 7, 8, 10, 16, 17, 55, 57, 66, 69, 71, 74, 75, 82, 83, 84, 100, 107, 118–19, 121, 151, 159, 209, 210, 211

  legatine inquisition, 58–60, 63

  Le Mans, France, 27

  Leo IX, Pope, 22–23

  Leo X, Pope, 186

  Leutard, 27

  Louis XIV, King of France, 202

  Lucerne, Switzerland, 153

  Luther, Martin, 159, 160, 211

  Machiavelli, 160

  machinery of persecution, 138; in culture war, 159; difficulty of stopping, 239; of Inquisition, 61, 82, 89–90, 135, 236; Inquisition as blueprint for, 213; king of France and, 143; as lawful, 61; McCarthyism and, 248, 253–54; of Nazi Germany, 15, 209, 236; secular government’s use of, Spain, 55; of Stalinist Russia, 209, 236; of U. S. war on terror, 257–58

  Madrid, Spain, 56, 196; auto-da-fé, 196, 198–201; Napoleon abolishes Inquisition, 203–4; Palace of the Inquisition, 197, 203, 216

  Maimonides, 168

  Manichaeans, 33, 35

  manuals and handbooks, 6, 11, 16, 41, 56, 92, 100–101, 113–14, 126, 144; “devices and deceits” for inquisitors, 84; on escapees, 14; Eymerich’s, 79–80, 103, 111, 151, 176, 190; Gui’s, 8, 9, 65–66, 75–76, 138, 151; Hammer of Witches, 146–47; interrogation records used as, 77; Practica officii inquisitionis heretice pravitatis, 66; Spanish, instrucciónes, 178–79, 201

  Manuel, King of Portugal, 180

  Map, Walter, 30

  Marie Louise of Spain, 196, 199, 201

  Marseilles, France, 135

  Martin, Sean, 49–50

  Mascar of Padua, Brother, 122

  Massey, John, 184

  Mather, Increase, 245

  Matthew, Gospel of, 37

  McCarthy, Joseph R., 248, 253, 254

  McCarthy era and Communist “witch hunt,” 248–54

  Merchant of Venice (Shakespeare), 171

  Mexico: Spanish Inquisition and, 55, 204

  Michelangelo, 13

  Miller, Arthur, 241, 244, 252, 253

  Minerve, France, 49–50

  Mirror of Simple Souls, The (Porete), 137, 138

  Montesquieu, Charles-Louis, 187, 187n

  Moore, R. I., 15, 212–13

  Morel, George, 134

  Murrow, Edward R., 253

  Muslims: burning of books, 183; converts, 5, 10, 13, 14; Crusades and, 45, 61, 172; expulsion from Spain, 14, 181; as “filth,” 45; Moriscos, 176n, 182–83; prosecution in U.S. after 9/11, 255; purity of blood and, 195; as Saracens, 61, 115; in Spain, 173–74, 182–83; Spanish Inquisition and, 14, 255

  Napoleon Bonaparte, 203–4

  Narbonne, Archbishop of, 24

  Navarre, Spain, 152

  Navasky, Victor, 249

  Netanyahu, Benzion, 193

  Netherlands, 17

  New World: auto-da-fés in, 180, 184; Inquisition ends in, 204; Inquisition in, 14, 55, 179, 180, 199, 204

  Nicetas (Papa Nicetas), 39

  Nicholas V, Pope, 168

  1984 (Orwell), 8, 9

  notaries, 77, 78, 79, 103–4, 212

  Olivi, Peter John, 160

  ordeal, 101–5; by fire, 105, 107, 216; by water, 104–5, 107, 216, 239, 256

  Origins of the Spanish Inquisition, The (Netanyahu), 193–94

  Orléans, France: cult of, 19–22, 41, 43, 57; Joan o
f Arc and, 155

  Orwell, George, 8, 9, 209

  paganism and folkways, 25–26, 150–51

  Paris, 66, 91, 141; burning of Knights Templar, 140, 144; burning of Marguerite Porete, 137, 141

  Paul, St., 4

  Paul III, Pope, 159

  Paul IV, Pope, 66

  Penal Colony, The (Kafka), 204

  Peter Martyr of Verona, St., 89, 114

  Peter of Aragón, 50

  Peter of Castelnau, 47–48, 59, 114

  Peters, Edward, 134, 213

  Petrarch, 30

  Philip Augustus, King of France, 47

  Philip IV, King of France (Philip the Fair), 139–41, 158, 168, 171

  Philip V, King of Spain, 186, 202–3

  Phillip II, King of Spain, 184

  Pius V, Pope, 66

  Pius XII, Pope (Eugenio Pacelli), 221–22

  Poe, Edgar Allan, 203

  Polignac, Jacque de, 122

  Polo, Marco, 31

  Pons, Bernard, 80–81

  Porete, Marguerite, 137, 141

  Portugal, 174, 180; Goa, 55, 180, 204; Inquisition, 55, 180, 202

  Power and the Glory, The (Greene), 13

  Priscillian of Ávila, 214

  prisons and dungeons, 69; agent provocateur and, 100; bread and water, 99, 100, 124; bribery of guards, 123; conditions, 99, 122–24; confinement and confession, 99; confinement prior to proceedings, 99; cost, 124; escapees, 125; incarceration as common punishment, 7, 85, 86, 96, 122–25, 131; incarceration as death sentence, 124; incarceration lengths, 72–73, 96, 122; murus largus, strictus, strictissimus, 123–24; “perpetual imprisonment in chains,” 78, 86, 122; Spanish, 190, 203; torture in, 92, 104

  Proctor, John, 244, 254

  Protestant Reformation, 5, 134, 159, 183–84, 189, 241

  psychological torture, 73, 99–100, 103–4

  punishments, 6; “abandonment,” 63, 64, 85, 86, 102, 114, 125–26; “acts of contrition,” 115; badges, 85, 86, 115–17, 125, 171; bargaining for lighter, 115; burning, 2, 7, 9, 10, 15, 21, 63, 85–86, 89, 125–32, 136, 137, 141, 144, 155, 168, 171, 177–78, 180, 184, 189, 196–202, 212 (see also auto-da-fé); compulsory pilgrimages, 85, 86, 90, 115, 131; confession and, 127; confiscation of property, 10–11, 63, 72, 85, 99, 117–22, 124, 135; of dead bodies, 10, 87; debita animadversione puniendum, 15; destruction of houses, 85, 118; distinctive garments, 171; euphemisms, 85; excommunication, 63; expulsion from office, 63, 85; for fautorship, 69; of Galileo, 165; by Gui, 86, 131; heirs dispossessed, 87; imprisonment, 7, 85, 86, 96, 122–25, 131; ingenuity of, 116; to inspire terror, 126; of Joan of Arc, 158; of Knights Templar, 144; as lawful, 122; mercy and, 124–25; miscellaneous, 131; “penances,” 7, 64, 85, 113; “perpetual imprisonment in chains,” 78, 86, 122; precise formulas for judgments, 7–8; as public spectacle, 84–86; purpose of, 14; questions asked, 7; relapse into heresy and, 78; for reluctance to cooperate, 69; severity, factors in, 114; Spanish Inquisition and, 199; threats to secular officials (“defenders of heretics”), 126. See also torture/torture methods

  purgatorio canonica, 80

  Putnam, Ann, 246, 247

  Quakers (Society of Friends), 243

  Radulovich, Milo, 253

  Rankin, John, 250

  Raymond IV, Count, 45–46, 49, 51, 59

  Recordi, PIerre, 145

  Redeschi, John and Anne, 211–12

  resistance to the Inquisition, 77, 87–90, 99, 114

  Revelation, 31, 170

  Rigaud, Saurine, 71

  Ripoll, Cayetano, 204–5

  Robert le Bougre, 67, 131–32, 146, 210

  Robert the Pious, King of France, 20, 21

  Roman and Universal Inquisition, 2, 5, 6, 54, 55, 159–66; Congregation of the Holy Office, 161; culture wars and, 160–66; establishment, 1542, 159; headquartered in the Vatican, 216; prohibited books, 160, 161, 163; in today’s church, 5. See also Inquisition

  Roman Catholic Church, 5n; absolution for inquisitors, 83–84, 112–13; acknowledges errors in burning Joan of Arc, 207–8; baptism in water, 62; Bible and, 28, 30; burning at the stake mandated, 89; Canon episcopi, 145, 146; Congregation of the Holy Office, 67, 161; corruption in, 24; Council of Vienne (1312), 136; cult of the Virgin Mary, 26, 162, 194; Great Schism, 23; Gregorian Reform, 28–29; Holocaust and, 221–22; ignorance and sinfulness of priests, 24–25; lawyer-popes, 53, 56, 61; as monopoly of faith, 62, 138, 159; official dogma, as unclear, 9–10, 22–30; papal bull, Excommunicamus (1229), 79; papal bull, Vox in rama, 60; papal bull of 1206, 44; papal bull of 1260, 65; papal decree, Ad extirpanda, 89, 94; papal decree, Excommunicamus, 63; popes, former inquisitors as, 66, 79; popes and inquisitors, intimacy of, 65; prohibited books, 160, 161, 163; prohibition against incest, 29; reformation and heresy, 27–29; rivalry with kings and emperors, 23; Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, 5, 54, 208; sexual fantasies of priests, 33, 41; thought control, 74, 146, 191–92, 205, 208, 209; torture sanctioned, 17, 89, 94, 112; transubstantiation, 44, 62, 162; Tribunal of the Holy Office, 177; triune God, 62; witch-bull, 145–46, 147; wizardry/sorcery banned, 144

  Rome (Imperial): black magic criminalized, 144; core idea of Inquisition and, 56; defamation of early Christians, 12, 41; inquisitio of, 73; legal procedures, 52–53, 60; torture and, 94, 101

  Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 247

  Roth, Cecil, 6–7, 173, 175, 179, 201, 210, 227, 229

  Rouen, France, 156

  Russia, Stalinist: anti-Semitism in, 227, 236–38; confessions, 229–30, 231; cult of personality and, 230–31; death toll, 214, 235; dehumanizing of victims, 230, 233; euphemisms, 9, 233; Great Terror, 6, 228, 230, 233–35, 237; Gulag of, 3, 214, 233, 235; Inquisition and, 209; looting of victim’s property, 119; persecutions as lawful, 235, 238–39; persecutions, non-Jewish, 237–38; recanting by victims, 231; show trials, 8, 227, 229, 230, 232; thought-crimes, 238; torture, 230, 236; trumped up charges, 230

  Ruthven, Malise, 96, 102

  sadism, 16, 58, 66, 95, 107–8, 109, 110, 153–54

  Saint-Félix-de-Caraman, France, 39

  Salavert, Guillem, 96

  Salazar y Frias, Alonzo, 146, 188

  sanbenito, 197–98, 199, 200, 201–2

  Santayana, George, 236

  Savonarola, 130, 160

  Schrecker, Ellen, 252–53

  Scoundrel Time (Hellman), 249

  Secrecy and Deceit (Gitlitz), 194

  secret accusations, 73, 78–81, 80n, 96–97, 191; U. S., of terror suspects, 256–57

  secret courts, 3, 8, 73

  secret interrogations, 77

  secret investigations, 73

  secret police, 3, 70, 89, 91–92; comparison of, 236; Nazi Germany, 216, 236; Soviet, 228, 229, 230, 234, 235, 236

  secret trials: Inquisition, 81–82; U. S., of terror suspects, 256–57

  sentencing, 82, 116; of Galileo, 165; by Gui, 131; as public spectacle, 84–85; review of, 83. See also punishments

  Seville, Spain, 177, 184–85, 189, 204

  Sewall, Samuel, 246

  Shakespeare, William, 171

  shrine of St. James of Compostela, 115

  Shteppa, Konstantin, 234

  simony, 28, 73

  Sixtus IV, Pope, 177

  sorcery and alchemy, 54, 57, 60

  Soviet Union. See Russia

  Spain: anti-Semitism, 173–76, 176n, 177–78, 180, 181, 182, 194–96; bishop of Segovia, 179; chilling effect of Inquisition, 210; Columbus’s voyage, 165–66; convivencia, 169, 173, 181, 183; Muslims in, 173–74, 182–83; “purity of blood,” 15, 194–96, 218; War of Spanish Succession, 185–86; witches/witchcraft in, 188

  Spanish Inquisition, 5, 6, 80n, 166, 167–205; accused and legal counsel, 191; book banning, 183, 184, 187; burning of victims, 56, 85–86, 132, 180, 184, 186, 189, 196–202; charges against the dead, 178; confession and torture, 96–97; consulta de fé, 191; dates of, 55, 169, 177; death toll, 202; Edict of Grace, 189, 189n; ending, 202–5; Englishman burned alive, 184, 241; evidence against Jews and Muslims, 1
83; exotic heresies, 184–85; “first sketch of the Inquisition” and, 61; Freemasonry, 185, 208; as instrument of state terror, 185; interrogation, 167; Jewish persecution, 14, 55, 166, 174–84, 192–96; last victim, 204–5; La Suprema, 178, 188, 191, 210, 216; machinery of persecution, 55; manuals, 178–79, 201; mission of, 201; in the New World, 55; ordeal of Elvira del Campo, 210; persecution of sexual deviancy, 188; proceedings, 189–91; Protestants targeted, 183–84, 189; punishments, lesser, 199; “purity of blood” and conversos, 5, 55, 174–84, 176n, 186, 192, 193–96, 202, 210, 221, 247; quemadero, 197, 199; secrecy, 191; secular government’s use of, 55, 185–89; tierras de herejes, 187; Torquemada, 64, 67, 173, 176, 179, 181–82; torture, 104, 190, 210; tribunals, 178; witches, 152, 188; women victimized, 202; as zenith and beginning of decline of Inquisition, 15

  Spanish Inquisition, The (Roth), 6–7, 227, 229

  Spengler, Johann, 146, 148, 153

  Spinoza, Baruch, 180, 213

  spirituali (Spirituals), 135–36, 137

  Sprenger, Johann, 146

  Stalin, Joseph, 6, 228, 230–33, 236, 237

  Starkey, Marion L., 244, 245