77 Ralph of Diceto, i. pp.395-98; Howden, Gesta, i. pp.134-35; Howden, Chronica, ii. p.118; T. Rymer, A. Clarke & F. Holbrook, eds, Foedera, conventiones litterae, Part One (1816), i. p.30.
78 Howden, Gesta, i. pp.92, 127, 160-61.
79 Ibid., pp.81-83.
80 Ibid., p.101.
81 Ibid., pp.115, 121.
82 Ralph of Diceto, i. p.407; Howden, Gesta, i. p.120.
83 Gillingham, Richard I, p.255.
84 Ralph of Diceto, i. p.414; Howden, Gesta, i. pp.120-21.
85 Johnson, Dialogus de Scaccario, op. cit. p.2.
86 Gervase of Canterbury, i. pp.260-61; Ralph of Diceto, i. pp.408, 415-16, 418-20; Howden, Gesta, i. pp.115-17, 128-30, 139-43; Howden, Chronica, ii. pp.94-95, 102-04; Howlett, Chronicles, iv. p.278.
87 Gerald of Wales, v. p.303.
88 Gerald of Wales, viii. p.247.
CHAPTER 3
1 Warren, Henry II, pp.560-61.
2 Howden, Gesta, i. pp.131-32.
3 Duplès-Agier, ed., Chroniques de Saint-Martial de Limoges, op. cit. p.189.
4 Ralph of Diceto, i. p.425; Howden, Gesta, i. pp.127, 132, 168-69; Howlett, Chronicles, iv. p.274.
5 Howden, Gesta, i. pp.180-81.
6 Ibid., pp.190-94.
7 Ibid., pp.194-96.
8 Ibid., pp.196-97; Ralph of Diceto, i. p.450; Howlett, Chronicles, iv. pp.274-76.
9 T.N. Bisson, The Medieval Crown of Aragon (Oxford, 1986), pp.35-37.
10 Howden, Gesta, pp.212-13.
11 P. Boissonade, ‘Les comtes de l’Angoulême - les lignes féodales contre Richard Coeur de Lion et les poésies de Bertran de Born’, Annales de Midi 7 (1895), pp.275-95.
12 Ralph of Diceto, i. p.431; Howden, Gesta, i. p.213.
13 Ralph of Diceto, i. pp.431-32; Howden, Gesta, i. p.213; Howlett, Chronicles, iv. pp.281-82.
14 Ralph of Diceto, i. p.401.
15 S. Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century (Oxford, 1992); Strickland, War and Chivalry, op. cit.
16 Gillingham, Richard I, p.64.
17 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.303; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.19.
18 Geoffrey of Vigeois in P. Labbe, ed., Novae Bibliothecae, op. cit. ii. p.326,
19 Ibid., ii. pp.330-31; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.19; Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.303; Howden, Gesta, i. pp.288-92.
20 L. Clédat, Du rôle historique de Bertran de Born 1178-1200 (Paris, 1879); A. Stimming, ed., Bertran de Born (Halle, 1913); A. Thomas, ed., Poésies complètes de Bertran de Born (Toulouse, 1888).
21 M. Bloch, Feudal Society (1961), pp.293, 296.
22 Moore, Young King Henry Plantagenet, p.47.
23 Warren, Henry II, pp.578-79.
24 Dunbabin, France in the Making, op. cit. p.371.
25 Jim Bradbury, Philip Augustus, King of France 1180-1223 (1998), p.43.
26 Gerald of Wales, vi. pp.293-94.
27 W.D. Paden, T. Sankovitch & P.H. Stablein, The Poems of the Troubadour Bertran de Born (Berkeley, 1986), pp.176-83.
28 D. Crouch, William Marshal, p.20.
29 Ibid., p.38.
30 Juliet Barker, The Tournament in England 1100-1400 (Woodbridge, 1986); Juliet Barker & Richard Barber, Jousts, Chivalry and Pageants in the Middle Ages (Woodbridge, 1989).
31 WM, i. pp.361-69.
32 Ibid.
33 H. J. Schroeder, Disciplinary Decrees of the General Council: Text, Translation and Commentary (St Louis, 1937), pp.195-213.
34 Crouch, William Marshal, pp.48-50.
35 WM, i. pp.173-75.
36 Ralph of Diceto, i. p.428.
37 Howden, Gesta, i. p.207; Howden, Chronica, ii. pp.166-67.
38 WM, i. p.183.
39 Gerald of Wales, v. p.194.
40 Howden, Gesta, i. p.289; Crouch, William Marshal, pp.45-46.
41 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.19; Howden, Gesta, i. p.291.
42 Raynouard, ed., Bertran de Born, op. cit p.47; Stimming, Bertran de Born, p.114.
43 Gerald of Wales, viii. pp.177-79; Howden, Gesta, i. p.29.
44 B.A. Pocquet du Haut-Jussé, ‘Les Plantagenêts et la Bretagne’, Annales de Bretagne 53 (1946), pp.1-27.
45 Ralph of Diceto, i. p.406; Howden, Gesta, i. p.239; Howden, Chronica, ii. p.192; Howlett, Chronicles, iv. p.275; Boussard, Le gouvernment d’Henri II, op. cit. p.548.
46 Pocquet du Haut-Jussé, ‘Les Plantagenêts’, loc. cit. pp.15-26.
47 Gerald of Wales, v. p.200.
48 S. Painter, ‘The houses of Lusignan and Chatellerault 1150-1250, Speculum 30 (1955), pp.374-84; Painter, Feudalism and Liberty, ed. F.A. Cazel (Baltimore, 1961), pp.73-89; Gillingham, Richard I, p.69.
49 Howden, Gesta, i. pp.18, 294; Kate Norgate, Richard the Lionheart, op. cit. p.46.
50 Warren, Henry II, p.587.
51 WM, i. pp.315, 335.
52 Paden, Sankovitch & Stablein, eds, Bertran de Born, op.cit. pp.182-83.
53 Ibid., pp.160-73.
54 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.304; Ralph of Diceto, i. pp.18-19; Howden, Gesta, i. p.292; Howlett, Chronicles, iv. p.240.
55 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.304; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.19; Howden, Gesta, i. pp.292, 296.
56 Howden, Gesta, i. pp.295; Kate Norgate, Richard the Lionheart, p.50.
57 Ralph of Diceto, ii. pp.18-19; Howden, Gesta, i. pp.291-96; Howden, Chronica, ii. p.274.
58 Geoffrey of Vigeois in Labbe, ed., Novae Bibliothecae, ii. p.331; Howden, Gesta, pp.296-97; Norgate, Richard the Lionheart, pp.50-56.
59 Vigeois, op. cit. ii. pp.332-38; Howden, Gesta, i. pp.297-300.
60 WM, i. pp.323-25.
61 Howden, Gesta, i. pp.302-04; Howlett, Chronicles, iv. pp.305-06.
62 Paden, Sankovitch & Stablein, Bertran de Born, pp.184-89.
63 Ibid., pp.280-81.
64 Ibid., pp.278-79.
65 Howden, Gesta, i. pp.302-04.
66 Paden, Sankovitch & Stablein, Bertran de Born, pp.204-13.
67. Op. cit. pp.286-87.
CHAPTER 4
1 Ralph of Diceto, i. p.415; Howden, Gesta, i. pp.124-25; ii. p.73.
2 Howlett, Chronicles, iv. p.268; Howden, Gesta, i. pp.77-79.
3 Gerald of Wales, viii. pp.177-79. On John’s height see V. Green, An Account of the Discovery of the Body of King John in the Cathedral Church of Winchester, July 17, 1797 (1797).
4 Howden, Gesta, i. pp.335-36.
5 Gerald of Wales, viii. pp.177-79.
6 J.T. Appleby, ed., Chronicon Richardi Divisensis de tempore Regis Richardi Primi - hereinafter Richard of Devizes - (1963), p.60; Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ed. H.R. Luard, 7 vols (RS 1883), ii. pp.560-63.
7 J.P. Appleby, England without Richard 1189-99 (1965), p.8.
8 Warren, Henry II, pp.78, 119, 134, 559, 625.
9 Paden et al., Bertran de Born, op. cit. pp.186-87.
10 N. Vincent, ‘King Henry II and the Poitevins’, in M. Aurell, ed., Actes du Colloque (Poitiers, 2001), pp.103-35.
11 Howden, Gesta, i. pp.304-08.
12 Ibid., p.311; F.M. Powicke, The Loss of Normandy (1961), p.232.
13 Ralph of Diceto, ii. pp.28-29; Howden, Gesta, i. pp.311, 319-20.
14 Howden, Gesta, i. pp.313, 319-21; U. Kessler, Richard I. Löwenherz, König, Kreuzritter, Abenteurer (Graz, 1995), pp.34-35; Ferdinand, Opll, Friedrich Barbarossa (Darmstadt, 1990), pp.141, 144, 291.
15 Howden, Gesta, i. pp.334, 337.
16 Ibid., pp.337-38.
17 Ibid., pp.343-44, 350; Gerald of Wales, viii. pp.175-76.
18 Ralph of Diceto, ii. pp.33-34; Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.32; William of Newburgh, i. p.247; Gerald of Wales, viii. pp.208-09.
19 Howlett, Chronicles, iv. p.186.
20 Warren, Henry II, pp.197-98; M.T. Flanagan, Irish Society, Anglo-Norman Settlers, Angevin Kingship (Oxford, 1989), pp.7-55; Warren, ‘The Interpretation of Twelfth Century Irish History’, in J.C. Beckett, ed., Historical Studies 7 (1969), pp.1-19.
21 William of Newburgh, i. p.167.
22 Gerald of Wales, v. p.227; Flanagan
, Irish Society, op. cit. pp.56-78.
23 Gerald of Wales, v. pp.228-30, 246-47.
24 Flanagan, Irish Society, pp.79-136.
25 Gervase of Canterbury, i. pp.234-35; G.H. Orpen, Ireland under the Normans 1169-1333, 4 vols (Oxford, 1920), i. pp.81-84; M.T. Flanagan, ‘Strongbow, Henry II and Anglo-Norman Intervention in Ireland’, in J. Gillingham & J.C. Holt, eds, War and Government in the Middle Ages: Essays in Honour of J.O. Prestwich (Woodbridge, 1984), pp.74-77.
26 Gerald of Wales, v. pp.227-28, 259; William of Newburgh, i. p.168.
27 William of Newburgh, i. pp.167-68; Flanagan, Irish Society, pp.167-228.
28 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.235; Gerald of Wales, v. p.273.
29 Gerald of Wales, v. pp.277-79; Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.235.
30 Gerald of Wales, v. pp.355-56; Howden, Gesta, i. p.270.
31 Howden, Gesta, i. pp.102-03; Howden, Chronica, ii. pp.84-85.
32 A.B. Scott & F.X. Martin, The Conquest of Ireland by Gerald of Wales (Dublin, 1978), p.169; Howden, Gesta, i. pp.161-65; Howden, Chronica, ii. pp.100, 133; Flanagan, Irish Society, pp.229-272.
33 Howden, Gesta, i. p.336.
34 Ibid., p.339; Howden, Chronica, ii. pp.306-07; Flanagan, Irish Society, pp.273-304.
35 Scott & Martin, eds, Conquest, op. cit. pp.205, 229; Lewis Warren, ‘King John in Ireland, 1185’, in J. Bosy & P. Jupp, eds, Essays Presented to Michael Roberts (Belfast, 1976), pp.11-23.
36 Conquest, op. cit. pp.237-39.
37 Sean Duffy, ‘John and Ireland: the Origin of England’s Irish Problem’, in S.D. Church, ed., King John: New Interpretations (Woodbridge, 1999), pp.221-45 (at p.230).
38 Conquest, pp.235-39.
39 W.M. Hennessy, ed., The Annals of Loch Cé, 2 vols (RS 1871), i. pp.171-73.
40 W.L. Warren, ‘The Historian as “Private Eye” ’, in J.G. Barry, ed. Historical Studies (Belfast, 1974), pp.1-18.
41 Conquest, p.235; Howden, Gesta, i. p.339.
42 William of Newburgh, i. p.237; J. T. Gilbert, ed., Chartularies of St Mary’s Abbey, Dublin, 2 vols (RS 1886), ii. p.305; Gilbert, ed., Historic and Municipal Documents of Ireland (RS 1870), p.49; J. O’Donovan, ed., Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters, 7 vols (Dublin, 1851), iii. pp.68-69.
43 W.L. Warren, ‘John in Ireland 1185’, loc. cit., convincingly rebutted by Sean Duffy, ‘John in Ireland’, in Church, ed., King John. New Interpretations, pp.221-245.
44 Gerald of Wales, v. pp.395-97.
45 Howden, Gesta, i. p.339, ii. pp.3-4; Howden, Chronica, ii. pp.306-07. Some historians claim there never was such a crown (Duffy, ‘John in Ireland’, p.229).
46 R.C. Christie, ed., Annales Cestrienses: or the Chronicle of the Abbey of S. Werburg at Chester (LCRS 14, 1886), pp.34-35.
47 Gerald of Wales, viii. p.176.
48 R. Benjamin, ‘A Forty Year War. Toulouse and the Plantagenets, 1156-1196’, Historical Research 61 (1988), pp.276-84.
49 Howden, Gesta, i. pp.345-47.
50 Ralph of Diceto, ii. pp.43-44; Howden, Gesta, i. pp.350-55.
51 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.77; Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.346; Jim Bradbury, Philip Augustus. King of France 1180-1223 (1998), pp.64-65.
52 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.77-78; Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.346.
53 R. Anstruther, ed., Radulphi Nigri Chronica (1852), p.168; Robertson, ed., Materials, iii. p.43; vi. p.456.
54 Rigord, Oeuvres, ii. pp.89, 101; Gerald of Wales, viii. p.232; Richard of Devizes, p.26; Andreas of Marchiennes, Historia Regum Francorum in Monumenta Historica Germaniae. Scriptores 26, p.211; U. Kessler, Richard I Löwenherz, op. cit. pp.38-44. For the son borne by Alice to Henry see E.A. Bond, ed., Chronica monasterii de Melsa - hereinafter Chronicle of Meaux - 3 vols (RS 1868), i. p.256.
55 Gervase of Canterbury, i. pp.370-72.
56 Ibid., pp.371-73; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.7.
57 J. Gillingham, ‘Some legends of Richard the Lionheart: their development and their influence’, in Janet L. Nelson, Richard Coeur de Lion in History and Myth (1992), pp.51-70 (at pp.60-64); C. Morris, The Discovery of the Individual 1050-1200 (1972), pp.96-97.
58 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.78-79; Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae, ed. A. Griscom (1928), pp.456-57; James Brundage, Richard the Lionheart (N.Y. 1974), pp.255-58; Gillingham, ‘Some legends’, loc. cit. p.63.
59 Supporters include the historians W. Stubbs, Memorials of Richard I (RS 1864), i. pp.xx-xxi; also W.L. Warren, Steven Runciman and G.W.S. Barrow. Cf. also Emma Mason, ‘William Rufus. Myth and Reality’, Journal of Medieval History 3 (1977), pp.1-20; Richard, Histoire des comtes de Poitou, op. cit. ii. p.330.
60 Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.288-90; Gillingham, ‘Some legends’, pp.61-62.
61 R.F. Burton, Arabian Nights (1885); Laurence Echard, The History of England (1707), pp.211, 226; Paul de Papin-Thoyras, The History of England (1732), pp.241, 257; J.H. Harvey, The Plantagenets (1948), pp.33-34.
62 Richard, Histoire des comtes de Poitou op. cit. ii. p.272; P. Rassow, Der Prinzgemahl. Ein Pactum matrimoniale aus dem Jahre 1188 (Weimar, 1950), p.79; H.G. Richardson, ‘The Letters and Charters of Eleanor of Aquitaine’, EHR 24 (1959), pp.191-213; E.R. Labande, ‘Pour une image véridique d’Aliénor d’Aquitaine’, loc. cit. pp.218-19; E.A.R. Brown, ‘Eleanor of Aquitaine: parent, queen and duchess’, in Kibler, ed., Eleanor of Aquitaine, op. cit. pp.20-21; Gillingham, Richard I, p.264.
63 Howden, Gesta, ii. p.292.
64 Howden, Chronica, iv. p.97; Olivier de Laborderie, ‘L’image de Richard Coeur de Lion dans La Vie et Mort du Roi Jean de William Shakespeare’, in Nelson, ed., Richard Coeur de Lion, pp.141-65.
65 A. Lecoy de la Marche, ed., Anecdotes historiques . . . d’Etienne de Bourbon (Paris 1877), pp.211, 431; Broughton, The Legends of King Richard I, op. cit. pp.132-36.
66 Adam of Eynsham, Magna Vita Sancti Hugonis, ed. D.L. Douie & H. Farmer, 2 vols (Edinburgh, 1962), ii. p.136.
67 Chronicle of Meaux, op. cit. i. p.403.
68 William of Newburgh, i. p.521.
69 R. V. Turner, King John (1994), p.216.
70 H.R. Luard, ed., Annales Monastici, 5 vols (RS 1869), i. p.101; C.T. Flower, ed., Curia Regis Rolls, 7 vols (1935), iii. p.321; T.D. Harvey, ed., Rotuli Litterarum Patentium (1835), i. p.117; Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, op. cit. iii. p.41; S. Painter, The Reign of King John, op. cit. pp.232-35.
71 Charles Petit-Dutaillis, L’essor des états d’Occident (Paris, 1944), p.137.
72 F.S. Haydon, ed., Eulogium historiarum (RS 1863), iii. p.82.
73 Gerald of Wales, viii. pp.295-96.
74 Howden, Gesta, ii. p.9.
75 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.50; Conquest, op. cit. pp.206-09; Richard of Devizes, p.5; Gerald of Wales, viii. pp.239-40; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.29; Anstruther, ed., Radulphi Nigri Chronica, op. cit. p.95; Andreas of Marchiennes, Historia Regum Francorum, op. cit., in MGH, Scriptores 26, p.211.
76 Paden et al., eds, Bertran de Born, op. cit. pp.386-87.
77 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.389.
CHAPTER 5
1 J. Richard, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 2 vols (Amsterdam, 1979); J. Prawer, Histoire du royaume latin de Jérusalem, 2 vols (Paris, 1970); J. Prawer, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. European Colonialism in the Middle Ages (1972).
2 J.H. Pryor, Geography, Technology and War (Cambridge, 1988), pp.112-116; J. Prawer, ‘Crusader Security and the Red Sea’, in Prawer, Crusader Institutions (Oxford, 1980), pp.472-73.
3 Introduction to N. Elisee, Nur-al-Din (Damascus, 1967).
4 T.E. Lawrence, Crusader Castles (1986).
5 Hugh Kennedy, Crusader Castles (1994); R.D. Pringle, The Red Tower (1986).
6 P. Deschamps, Le Crac des Chevaliers (Paris, 1934).
7 Malcolm C. Lyons & D.E.P. Jackson, Saladin. The Politics of the Holy War (Cambridge, 1982), p.286.
8 A.J. Forey, The Military Orders from the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Centuries (1992); M. Barber, The New Knighthood. A History of the Order of the Temple (Cambridge,
1993); Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Knights of St John in Jerusalem and Cyprus c.1050-1310 (1967).
9 H.E. Mayer, ‘Latins, Muslims and Greeks in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem’, History 63 (1978), pp.175-92.
10 Lyons & Jackson, Saladin, op. cit. p.2.
11 Hamilton A.R. Gibb, ‘The Career of Nur-al-din’, in Marshal W. Baldwin, ed., A History of the Crusades (Philadelphia, 1958), i. pp.513-27.
12 Lyons & Jackson, op. cit. pp.7-27.
13 Andrew Ehrenkreuz, Saladin (N.Y., 1972), p.59.
14 H.A.R. Gibb, ‘The Rise of Saladin’, in Baldwin, History of the Crusades, op. cit. i. pp.563-89 (at pp.565-66).
15 Ehrenkreuz, Saladin, op. cit. pp.72-116.
16 Lyons & Jackson, Saladin, pp.68-69.
17 B. Hamilton, The Leper King and his Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (Cambridge, 2000).
18 Ehrenkreuz, Saladin, pp.128-32, 135-38, 143-47, 149-51, 169-81, 184-93; Lyons & Jackson, Saladin, op. cit. pp.196-200, 220-41.
19 Lyons & Jackson, op. cit. p.239.
20 Ehrenkreuz, op. cit. pp.185-88.
21 Ibid., p.171.
22 Bernard Lewis, ‘Saladin and the Assassins’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 15 (1953), pp.239-45; cf. also Bernard Lewis, The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam (N.Y., 1968), p.115.
23 Ehrenkreuz, p.161.
24 H.A.R. Gibb, ‘The Achievements of Saladin’, in Gibb, Studies on the Civilisation of Islam (Boston, 1962), pp.91-107 (at pp.99-100).
25 Ehrenkreuz, pp.158, 162-63, 182-83.
26 J. Phillipps, Defenders of the Holy Land: Relations between the Latin East and West to 1187 (Oxford, 1996); R.C. Smail, ‘The Predicaments of Guy of Lusignan’, in B.Z. Kedar, K.E. Mayer & R.C. Smail, eds. Outremer. Studies in the History of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem Presented to Joshua Prawer (Jerusalem, 1982), pp.159-76; P.W. Edbury, ‘Propaganda and Faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem: the background to Hattin’, in M. Shatzmuller, ed., Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth Century Syria (Leiden, 1993), pp.173-89.
27 J.O. Prestwich, ‘Richard Coeur de Lion: rex bellicosus’, in Nelson, ed., Richard Coeur de Lion in History and Myth, op. cit. pp.6-7.
28 M.W. Baldwin, Raymond III of Tripoli and the Fall of Jerusalem 1140-1187 (Princeton, 1936 ).
29 Lyons & Jackson, Saladin, op. cit. pp.157-58, 185-87, 218-19, 248.
Richard & John: Kings at War Page 68