30 Ibid., pp.247-48.
31 Ibid., pp.249-51; R.C. Smail, Crusading Warfare 1097-1193, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 1995), pp.196-97.
32 Smail, Crusading Warfare, p.192.
33 ‘L’estoire de Eracles empereur et la conquête de la terre d’outremer. La continuation de l’histoire . . .’, in Recueil des Historiens des croisades. Historiens occidentaux (Paris, 1859), ii. p.52.
34 There is a huge literature on Hattin. There are good insights in Baldwin, Raymond III, op. cit. pp.96-135; R. Grousset, Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem (Paris, 1936), ii. pp.788-799; Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 3 vols (Cambridge, 1954), ii. pp.455-60, 486-91; Stanley Lane-Poole, Saladin (1906), pp.204-14. The most recent research is in B.Z. Kedar, ‘The Battle of Hattin Revisited’, in B.Z. Kedar, The Horns of Hattin (1992), pp.190-207.
35 Ehrenkreuz, Saladin, p.202.
36 Lyons & Jackson, Saladin, pp.266-72.
37 Ibid., pp.273-77.
38 P.W. Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade. Sources in Translation (Aldershot, 1996), p.73.
39 C. Tyerman, England and the Crusades 1095-1588, cf. Jonathan Phillips, Defenders of the Holy Land (Oxford, 1996).
40 H.E. Mayer, ‘Henry II of England and the Holy Land’, EHR 97 (1982), pp.721-739.
41 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.30-32.
42 Ibid., p.34; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.54; Gerald of Wales, viii. p.245.
43 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.90; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.55; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.34-36.
44 Gerald of Wales, viii. pp.244-45; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.55; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.36.
45 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.90-92; Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.432; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.55.
46 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.453; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.39-40.
47 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.434.
48 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.92; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.45-49.
49 WM, i. pp.375-81.
50 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.188-89; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.47; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.55.
51 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.46.
52 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.435; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.46, 49.
53 WM, i. pp.411-15; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.56; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.48-49.
54 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.92-93; Gervase of Canterbury, i. pp.435-36; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.58; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.50.
55 Gerald of Wales, viii. p.283
56 WM, i. pp.417-21.
57 Ibid., p.325; Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.436.
58 Warren, Henry II, pp.622-23.
59 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.436; Howden, Chronica, ii. p.435; Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.93; Kessler, Richard Löwenherz, pp.22, 45.
60 Anstruther, Radulphi Nigri Chronica, op. cit. p.95; Gerald of Wales, viii. p.232; Kate Norgate, John Lackland, p.70.
61 Warren, Henry II, pp.622-23.
62 Gerald of Wales, iv. pp.369-72; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.67-71; Howden, Chronica, ii. pp.63-67.
63 Gervase of Canterbury, i. pp.438-39; William of Newburgh, i. p.277-78.
64 Gervase of Canterbury, i. pp.446-47; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.66-67; Howden, Chronica, ii. p.363.
65 Gerald of Wales, viii. pp.282-83.
66 WM, i. p.449; Gerald of Wales, viii. pp.286-87.
67 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.68-70.
68 Gerald of Wales, viii. pp.294-99.
69 Howden, Chronica, ii. p.366; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.72.
70 WM, i. p.473.
71 Gerald of Wales, viii. p.305; Howden, Chronica, ii. p.367; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.71.
72 WM, i. pp.473-75.
CHAPTER 6
1 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.73-76.
2 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.97.
3 Gillingham, Richard I, pp.104-05.
4 Jane Martindale, ‘Eleanor of Aquitaine: the Last Years’, in Church, King John, op. cit. pp.137-64.
5 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.451.
6 WM, i. p.483.
7 Ibid., p.477.
8 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.67; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.74-75; Howden, Chronica, ii. pp.4-5.
9 For Stephen of Tours, see J. Boussard, Le comte d’Anjou sous Henri Plantagenêt et ses fils 1151-1204 (Paris, 1938), pp.114-17.
10 Coggleshall, p.91; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.75-76.
11 Richard of Devizes, p.384.
12 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.78-83.
13 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.69; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.83-84.
14 N. Golb, The Jews in Medieval Normandy (Cambridge, 1998), pp.356-59; H.G. Richardson, The English Jewry under the Angevin Kings (1960), pp.164-65; R.B. Dobson, The Jews of Medieval York and the Massacre of March 1190 (York, 1974); H. Thomas, ‘Portrait of a Medieval Anti-Semite: Richard Malebisse’, Haskins Society Journal 5 (1993), pp.1-15.
15 Richard of Devizes, p.7; Coggleshall, p.97; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.85.
16 Gerald of Wales, iv. pp.373-79; D.L. Douie, Geoffrey Plantagenet and the Chapter of York (York, 1960).
17 Gervase of Canterbury, i. pp.372-439; Gillingham, Richard I, pp.110-12.
18 Warren, Henry II, pp.306-07.
19 H.G. Richardson, ‘The Marriage and Coronation of Isabelle of Angoulême’, EHR 61 (1946), pp.289-314 (at p.289).
20 Appleby, England without Richard, op. cit. pp.38-39.
21 Richard of Devizes, pp.382, 392; Gerald of Wales, i. p.186; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.206, iii. pp.217, 321; Lionel Landor, Itinerary of Richard I (RS 1935), p.198.
22 Warren, Henry II, pp.153-69.
23 Ralph of Diceto, ii. pp.8, 34.
24 Gerald of Wales, i. pp.80-84; vi. p.80; Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.457; J. Gillingham, ‘Henry II, Richard I and the Lord Rhys’, Peritia 10 (1996), pp.225-236.
25 Richard of Devizes, p.7.
26 Howden, Gesta, ii. p.97; J. Williams ap Ithel, ed., Annales Cambriae (RS 1860), p.57; Kate Norgate, Richard the Lionheart, pp.25-26.
27 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.81, 97-98; Gerald of Wales, viii. p.156; Foedera, op. cit. i. p.50.
28 Howden, Gesta, ii. p.99.
29 Ibid., i. p.292.
30 Ibid., ii. p.77; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.8.
31 Gerald of Wales, viii. p.316.
32 Richard of Devizes, pp.7-9; Ralph of Diceto, ii. pp.12, 68.
33 Howden, Gesta, ii. p.91.
34 Richard Heiser, ‘The Sheriffs of Richard I: Trends of Management as seen in the Shrieval Appointments from 1189 to 1194’, Haskins Society Journal 4 (1992), pp.109-22; Heiser, ‘Richard I and his Appointments to English Shrievalties’, EHR 112 (1997), pp.1-19.
35 Jonathan Riley-Smith, ed., The Crusades, Idea and Reality (1981), pp.63-67; James A. Brundage, ‘The Crusade of Richard I: Two Canonical Quaestiones’, Speculum 38 (1963), pp.443-52.
36 Howden, Gesta, ii. p.90.
37 Howlett, Chronicles, iii. p.388.
38 William of Newburgh, i. pp.301-02, 408; A.L. Poole, Domesday Book to Magna Carta (Oxford, 1955), p.349.
39 Richard of Devizes, p.6.
40 Gillingham, Richard I, p.120.
41 Gerald of Wales, iv. p.380; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.101; Chronica, iii. p.28.
42 Paden, Sankovitch & Stablein, Bertran de Born, pp.380-81.
43 Bradbury, Philip Augustus, p.78; Kessler, Richard Löwenherz, pp.62-65.
44 Boussard, Le comté d’Anjou, op. cit. pp.114-17; Landon, Itinerary, op. cit. pp.25-26. On teste me ipso, see J.C. Holt, ‘Ricardus rex Anglorum et dux Normannorum’, in Holt, Magna Carta and Medieval Government (1985), pp.29-30.
45 W. Stubbs, ed., Itinerarium in Chronicles and Memorials of the reign of Richard I (RS 1864), i. p.146; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.77; Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.97-98.
46 Howden, Chronica, iii. p.35.
47 J. Gillingham, ‘Richard I and Berengaria of Navarre’, BIHR 53 (1980), pp.157-72.
48 Gillingham, Richard Coeur de Lion (1994), pp.119-39.
49 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.110-11; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.36.
50 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.115-22.
51 Ibid., p.111; Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.36-37.
52 D. Matthew, The Norman Kingdom of Sicily (Cambridge, 1992), pp.74-75.
53 Marianne Ailes, ed. & trans., The History of the Holy War or Ambroise’s Estoire de la Guerre sainte - hereinafter Ambroise - (Woodbridge, 2003), ii. p.35; Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.97-98.
54 For other implications of the Vézelay agreement, see C.R. Cheney & W.H. Semple, eds, Selected Letters of Pope Innocent III Concerning England (1953), p.6; M. Keen, ‘Brotherhood in Arms’, History 47 (1962), pp.1-17; M.J. Ailes, ‘The Medieval Male Couple and the Language of Homosociality’, in D.M. Hadley, ed., Masculinity in Medieval Europe (1999), pp.214-37 (at p.221).
55 Ambroise, p.36; Itinerarium, p.151.
56 Itinerarium, p.153.
57 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.73; Coggleshall, p.26.
58 William of Newburgh, i. pp.303-305.
59 Coggleshall, pp.28-29.
60 Gerald of Wales, iv. pp.418-20; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.216; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.142.
61 Pipe Roll 2 Richard I, p.116; Pipe Roll 9 Richard I, p.xxvi.
62 Landon, Itinerary, pp.215-18.
63 William of Newburgh, i. p.333.
64 Pipe Roll 2 Richard I, p.21.
65 Howden, Gesta, ii. p.110.
66 Thomas, ‘Portrait of a Medieval Antisemite’, loc. cit. pp.1-15.
67 William of Newburgh, i. pp.337-38; Howlett, Chronicles, iii. p.406.
68 Howden, Chronica, iii., p.64.
69 Landon, Itinerary, p.196.
70 William of Newburgh, i. p.335.
71 Richard of Devizes, iii. p.392; Gerald of Wales, i. p.86.
72 Recueil des Actes de Henri II, op. cit. p.108.
73 Gerald of Wales, iv. p.200; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.90.
74 Itinerarium, p.176; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.100; Landon, Itinerary, pp.192-94.
75 Richard of Devizes, pp.402-06; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.207; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.141; Appleby, England without Richard, pp.61-62; F.J. West, The Justiciarship in England 1066-1232 (Cambridge, 1966), pp.69-77.
76 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.497; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.135.
77 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.96; Gerald of Wales, iv. p.389; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.106; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.135.
78 Pipe Roll 3 Richard I, p.141; Richard of Devizes, iii. p.392; Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.505; Ralph of Diceto, ii. pp.97-101; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.211; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.250.
79 Howden, Chronica, lxx-lxxxii.
80 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.215-20.
81 Richard of Devizes, iii. pp.415-16; Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.99; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.140; J.H. Round, The Commune of London (1899), p.207.
82 Gerald of Wales, iv. p.213; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.207, 221, 242; Landor, Itinerary, pp.215-18; H. Tillmann, Die Päpstlichen Legaten in England (1954), p.87.
83 Richard of Devizes, p.406.
84 Howden, Gesta, ii. p.236; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.204.
85 Richard of Devizes, pp.433-35; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.239.
86 Lyons & Jackson, Saladin, pp.280-81; Ehrenkreuz, Saladin, pp.209-10.
87 Ehrenkreuz, p.195.
88 Lyons & Jackson, p.290.
89 D. Jacoby, ‘Conrad, Marquis of Montferrat and the kingdom of Jerusalem 1187-92’, in Atti del Congresso Internazionale ‘Dai Feudi Monterrini e dai Piemonte Nuovi Mondi Oltre gli Oceani, Alessandria 2-6 Aprile 1990 (Alessandria, 1993), pp.187-238; Bourrienne, Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte (Paris, 1831), p.158.
90 Lyons & Jackson, pp.279-83.
91 S. Lane-Poole, Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1906), p.243.
92 Ehrenkreuz, p.211.
93 Charles N. Brand, ‘The Byzantines and Saladin, 1185-1192: Opponents of the Third Crusade’, Speculum 37 (1962), pp.167-81; cf. also C.N. Brand, Byzantium Confronts the West, 1180-1204 (Cambridge, Mass, 1968).
94 Lyons & Jackson, pp.292-95.
95 Ibid., pp.297-98.
96 Ibid., pp.301-04.
97 Edgar N. Johnson, ‘The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI’, in R.L. Wolf & Harry W. Hazard, The Later Crusades 1189-1311 (Madison, 1989), pp.87-122; R. Hiestand, ‘precipua tocius christianismi columna: Babarossa und der Kreuzzug’, in A. Haverkamp, ed., Friedrich Barbarossa: Handlungsspielräume und Wirkungsweisen des staufischen Kaisers (Sigmaringen 1992), pp.51-108; Historia de expeditione Friderici imperatoris in A. Chroust, ed., Quellen zur Geschichte des Kreuzzuges Kaiser Friedrichs I (Berlin, 1928).
98 Lyons & Jackson, pp.313-16.
CHAPTER 7
1 W. Stubbs, ed., Chronicles and Memorials of the Reign of Richard I (R 1865), ii. pp.328-29; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.42; P.W. Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade (Aldershot, 1996), p.171.
2 C. Imperiale si Sant’Angelo, Codice diplomatico della Repubblica di Genova, 3 vols (Genoa, 1942), ii. pp.366-68.
3 Richard of Devizes, p.15; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, op. cit. p.81.
4 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.112-13; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.39.
5 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.84; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.114-15; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.41.
6 Howden, Gesta, ii. p.124.
7 Ibid., pp.124-25; Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.41, 54.
8 R.H.F. Lindemann, ‘The English Esnecca in Northern European Sources’, Mariner’s Mirror 74 (1988), pp.75-82; Pryor, Geography, Technology and War, op. cit. pp.57-60; J.H. Pryor, ‘Transportation of Horses by Sea during the Era of the Crusades: 8th century to 1285’, Mariner’s Mirror 68 (1982), pp.9-27, 103-25; N.A.A. Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Great Britain (1997), i. pp.46-47.
9 Ambroise, p.38; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.125-26.
10 D.J.A. Matthew, The Norman Kingdom of Sicily (Cambridge, 1992), pp.286-91; John Julius Norwich, The Kingdom in the Sun (1970), pp.356-61.
11 E. Jamison, Admiral Eugenius of Sicily (1957), pp.80-85.
12 Roger of Devizes, p.17; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.132-33.
13 Roger of Devizes, p.17.
14 Howden, Gesta, ii. p.126.
15 Ambroise, pp.39-40.
16 Ibid., p.40; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.127-28, 138; cf. also H. Mohring, Saladin und der dritte Kreuzzug (Wiesbaden, 1980), pp.149-52.
17 Roger of Devizes, pp.19-22.
18 Itinerarium, p.162; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.128-29.
19 Ambroise, p.41.
20 Ibid., p.42.
21 Howden, Chronica, iii. p.58.
22 Ambroise, pp.42-43; Nicolson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade, op. cit. p.164.
23 Ambroise, p.44; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.138.
24 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.133-35; Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.61-64; Mohring, Saladin, op. cit. pp.190-207.
25 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.106; William of Newburgh, i. p.335; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.101, 140.
26 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.106; Cheney & Semple, eds, Selected Letters, op. cit. p.6.
27 Richard of Devizes, pp.16-17; Ambroise, p.46.
28 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.129-32; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.58.
29 Landon, Itinerary, p.44.
30 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.142-43, 151-55; Howden, Chronica, iii. pp.71, 80-86; iv. pp.161-62; Marcus Bull & Norman Housley, The Experience of Crusading, 2 vols (Cambridge, 2003), i. p.128.
31 Gervase of Canterbury, i. p.488; Ambroise, p.46.
32 Boyd, Eleanor, April Queen, op. cit. p.269.
33 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.155-57; Chronica, iii. p.95.
34 Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.157-60; M. Warren, ‘Roger of Howden strikes back: investing Arthur of Britanny with the Anglo-Norman Future’, ANS 21 (1998), pp.261-72.
35 Rigord, Oeuvres, iv. p.129; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.160; Kessler, Richard I Löwenherz, p.40.
36 Landon, Itinerary, pp.228-32; Kessler, Richard I Löwenherz, pp.72-73.
37 Itinerarium, p.175; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.161.
38 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.107-08; Kessler, Richard I Löwenherz, p.75.
39 Itinerarium, p.176.
40 Ibid., p.175.
41 William of Newburgh, i. p.346; Richard of Devizes, p.25; Ambroise, p.
47.
42 Itinerarium, p.179.
43 Richard of Devizes, pp.28, 35; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p.66.
44 Howden, Chronica, ii. p.51; Pryor, Geography, Technology and War, pp.69-71.
45 Itinerarium, pp.179-84.
46 Ambroise, p.51; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.162-63.
47 R.H. Rudt de Collenberg, ‘L’empereur Isaac de Chypre et sa fille (1155-1207)’, Byzantion 38 (1968), pp.123-53; P.W. Edbury, The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades 1191-1374 (Cambridge, 1991), pp.3-4.
48 Imad al-Din, Conquête de la Syrie et de la Palestine par Saladin, trans. H. Masse (Paris, 1972), p.291; Ambroise, p.50; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.163-65; J.A. Brundage, ‘Richard the Lionheart and Byzantium’, Studies in Medieval Culture 6-7 (1976); Brundage, Richard Lionheart (N.Y., 1974), p.100; Prestwich, ‘Rex bellicosus’, loc. cit. pp.8-9; Kessler, Richard I Löwenherz, pp.127-50.
49 M.R. Morgan, ed., La continuation de Guillaume de Tyr 1184-1197 (Paris, 1982), pp.115-19; Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, op. cit. pp.100-104, 176-78.
50 Ambroise, p.50; Mohring, Saladin, pp.186-87.
51 Ambroise, pp.51-52; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.163-64; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.107.
52 Chronicle of Meaux, i. pp.257-58.
53 Ambroise, p.53; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.164.
54 Itinerarium, p.196; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.166-67; Howden, Chronica, iii. p.110; iv. p.164.
55 B. Hamilton, The Leper King and His Heirs. Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (Cambridge, 2000), pp.150-58; M.W. Baldwin, Raymond III of Tripoli and the Fall of Jerusalem, op. cit. pp.35-40, 76-78; P.W. Edbury, ‘Propaganda and Faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Background to Hattin’, in M. Shatzmiller, ed., Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth Century Syria (Leiden, 1993), pp.173-89.
56 Ambroise, p.55; Howden, Gesta, ii. pp.163-65.
57 Ambroise, p.58; Edbury, Conquest, op. cit. p.96; J.W. Baldwin, The Government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages (Berkeley, 1986), pp.104-06.
58 Ambroise, p.58.
59 Ibid., pp.56-57; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.165.
60 Ambroise, pp.58-59.
61 Ibid., p.59; Edbury, Kingdom of Cyprus, op. cit. p.13.
62 Chronicle of Meaux, i. pp.258-59.
63 Itinerarium, pp.196-203; Howden, Gesta, ii. p.167; Morgan, La continuation, op. cit. pp.119-20.
64 Stubbs, ed., Chronicles, RS 38 (1864), i. pp.182-205; Edbury, Conquest, p.179.
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