confirmed by Richard as Count of Mortain
habitually lenient treatment of, by Richard
accompanies Richard to England
marries Isabella of Gloucester
Richard’s attempts to marginalise
Accompanies Richard to Normandy (1190)
devious dealings with Welsh chiefs
plots in Richard’s absence
returns to England despite promise to Richard
rebels against Richard (1193-94)
relations and intrigues with Philip of France
intrigues against Richard
visits Philip in France
abandons Philip
pardoned by Richard
defeated by Philip at Vaudreuil
disputes succession with Arthur
recognised as heir by Richard
inspects Richard’s tomb
invested as duke of Normandy
crowned king of England
inherits Richard’s army
signs treaty of Le Goulet
tours Continental dominions
accused of surrendering to Philip (1200)
meets William of Scotland
casts off the Lusignans
marries Isabella of Angouleme
visits Paris
wins victory at Mirebeau
throws away fruits of Mirebeau
murders Arthur
loses Normandy
and failed attempt to relieve Chateau-Gaillard
campaigns in Britanny
flees to England
and initial troubles with the barons
plans expedition to Poitou
and his troubled relations with the barons
relations of, with William Marshal
organises defence of England
tours northern England
arrives at La Rochelle (1206)
takes Montauban
avoids pitched battle with Philip
makes peace with Philip (1206)
Scots policy of
Welsh policy of,
Irish policy of
visits Ireland (1210)
founds new towns
and the struggle with Innocent III
seizes Church property
becomes Pope’s vassal
and ambition to reconquer Normandy
builds European coalition
and suspicion of Otto IV of Germany
enlists Otto as ally against Philip
restores William Marshal to favour
prepares army for French campaign
embarks and disembarks
departs to harry the North
campaigns in Poitou
tries to catch Philip between two fires
and the devastating defeat at Bouvines
strategic incompetence of
signs truce with Philip
and the Unknown Charter of Liberties
and the final struggle with the barons (1215-16)
and the 1215 campaign
at Runnymede
seizes Dover Castle
seizes Rochester
makes overtures to Philip (1215-16)
leaves Rochester on march west
ducks a siege of London
harries the North
and the 1216 campaign
marches from North to East Anglia
winning war against the barons
thwarted by French intervention
retreats to the West Country
tries to prevent French from landing
ducks battle with Louis
comforted by Papal legate
tide turning against
retreats before French
takes heart from French failures
skulks in the West Country ( June-July 1216)
worried by junction of Louis and Alexander of Scotland
tide turning in favour of once more
marches east to East Anglia
fails to overhaul Alexander of Scotland
reaches King’s Lynn
cast down by death of Innocent III
acquiesces in surrender of Dover
loses baggage and jewels in the Wash
dies
Kerak
Kipling, Rudyard
Krak des Chevaliers
Langton, Stephen
Leopold of Austria
Lisbon
London
Longchamp, William
Louis VI, king of France
Louis VII, king of France
Louis the Dauphin, son of Philip Augustus (later Louis VIII)
Lusignan family
Magna Carta
Marshal, William
character and personality of
early life of,
knightly prowess of
as the Young King’s mentor
quarrel of, with the Young King
reconciled with the Young King
relations of, with Henry II
joins Henry on campaign against Philip Augustus (1188)
urges Henry II to conciliate Richard
attacks Richard but does not kill him (1189)
pardoned by Richard
as Richard’s envoy to release Eleanor of Aquitaine
showered with largesse by Richard
as lord of the Welsh marches
meets Richard in Normandy
at the battle of Fretal
praises Richard at Dangu
angry at papal legate
as Richard’s trusted counsellor
discusses succession with Hubert Walter
backs John as Richard’s successor
hatred of, for Lusignans
criticises John
at siege of Chateau-Gaillard
defeatism of, in Normandy
holds lands in both kingdoms
relations of, with John
feudal arrangements of, with Philip of France
Irish holdings of
in exile in Ireland
restored to favour
loyal friend of the Angevins
refuses to accompany John to Poitou
backs John against the barons
and his son
as peacemaker
embassy of, to Philip
advises John not to fight the French
supports John against the French
appointed Regent by John
as Regent
compels Louis to return to France
Matthew Paris (see also Notes passim)
Matilda, queen
mercenaries
Mercadier
monasticism
Napoleon Bonaparte
Nequam, Alexander
Normandy reasons for loss of plans for reconquest of by John
Nottingham
Otto IV, German emperor
Outremer (see also Richard I on the Third Crusade), crusader kingdom of Palestine
papacy (see also Innocent III)
Patrick of Salisbury, earl
Pembroke, Richardt earl of, aka ‘Strongbow’
Peter of Blois
Philip Augustus, king of France
character and personality of
political shrewdness of
avarice of
revenues of
timidity of, as commander
relations of, with John
wives of
mindless rages of
treachery of
LIFE AND CAREER:
birth
relations with Henry, the Young King
plots against Henry II
begins 30-year war against the Angevins
meets Henry II at Gisors in 1183 and 1186
friendship of, with Geoffrey
intrigues in Britanny
cunning manipulation of Alice issue by
invades Berry (1187 and 1188)
sets Richard against John
early friendship of, with Richard
loans to Richard
attitude of, to crusades
> prepares for crusade
plays Richard off against Henry II and vice versa
and final conference at Gisors (1188)
campaigns against Henry II (1188-89)
poisons Richard’s mind against John
achieves final defeat of Henry II
and cooperation with Richard on Third Crusade
and misunderstanding with Richard over crusading oath
increasing tensions of, with Richard
remains neutral in Sicilian conflict
grudgingly cooperates with Richard
manipulates Tancred of Sicily against Richard
and rift with Richard
holds conference with Richard at Messina
leaves Sicily for Acre
arrives at Acre
recognises Conrad as king of Jerusalem
failure of, at Acre
disputes with Richard at Acre
quits the crusade
returns to France
meets emperor Henry VI
doublecrosses Richard
propaganda campaign of, against Richard
and overt hostility to Richard
intrigues with Henry VI
intrigues with John
military campaign against Richard (1193)
defeated outside Rouen
makes peace with Richard 236-37
and his disastrous marriage with Ingeborg
breaks the truce
wars against Richard (1194-99)
conquers eastern Normandy in Richard’s absensce
campaigns in Normandy
digs in in Seine valley
defeats John at Vaudreuil
gets favourable truce (1194)
ducks tournament of champions
doublecrosses Richard at Vaudreuil
switches theatre of war to the south
defeated by Richard at Issoundoun
intervenes in affairs of Britanny
gives asylum to Arthur
recaptures Nonancourt
marriage of, to Agnes
defeated by Baldwin of Flanders
dabbles in German politics
defies papal interdict
hit by war on two fronts
defeated at Dangu
agrees another truce after Dangu
under extreme pressure in Normandy
attacks Le Mans
attacks John in Normandy
backs Arthur for the succession
invades Maine
destroys Richard’s Flanders alliance
under papal interdict
signs treaty of Le Goulet (1200)
entertains John in Paris
attitude of, to John’s second message
appealed to by Lusignans
tries to charm John
loses patience with John
champions Arthur
conquers Normandy
besieges Chateau-Gaillard
takes Chateau-Gaillard
responsible for rise of France
attitude of, to feudal lands
makes triumphal tour of Normandy
suborns English barons
threatens England
invades Poitou,
and new truce with John
intrigues in Scotland
backs duke of Swabia
and German politics
intrigues in Flanders,
invades Flanders
prepares invasion of England
baulked by John’s submission to Innocent III
signs treaty with Frederick
fleet of, destroyed by English
faces war on two fronts
confronts Otto’s army
wins battle of Bouvines
signs truce with John
rejects John’s overtures (1215-16)
sends his son Louis to England
and decisive intervention on side of barons
rejects mediation of papal legate
and machiavellian collaboration with Louis
rebukes Louis for military ineptitude
Pisa and Pisans
Poitou and Poitevins
Puiset, Hugh du
Ralph de Faye, seneschal of Poitou
Ralph of Diceto
Raymond of Tripoli
Reginald of Chatillon
Renaud of Dammartin
Rhodes
Richard I, king of England, the Lionheart
personality and character of
physical appearance of
as Eleanor of Aquitaine’s favourite child
musical talent of
influence on, of troubadours
Angevin legacy of
influence on, of Aquitaine and its ethos and culture
impetuousness of
restlessness of
military genius of
talent of, at siegecraft
as master of strategy and logistics
reputation of
legends of
cinematic portrayals of
as hunter
talent of, as politician
as diplomat
attitude of, to England
as ‘bad king’ of England
grasp of Norman realities of
and seapower
love of war of
anger of
as talent-spotter
sexuality of
French as native language of
financial irresponsibility of
counterfactual estimate of
relations of, with Henry II
relations of, with Henry, the Young King
relations of, with his brother Geoffrey
relations of, with his half-brother Geoffrey
habitually lenient treatment of John of
as compared with John
favouritism of, for Otto IV
and Hugh of Lincoln
LIFE AND CAREER:
birth
early life
early betrothal of, to Alice of France (see also Alice)
becomes duke of Aquitaine
as lord of Aquitaine
in the rebellion of 1173-74
pardoned by Henry II
appointed the king’s agent in Aquitaine
campaigns in Gascony and the south (1176)
shows early military prowess
and struggle for mastery in Aquitaine
takes ‘impregnable’ Taillebourg castle
campaigns in Angouleme (1182)
fights the rest of his family for Aquitaine
campaigns against Raymond of Toulouse (1185)
and Berry campaign of 1187
suspicious of his father’s intentions for John
makes peace with Henry II (1187)
takes the Cross
and early friendship with Philip of France
makes preparations for crusade
campaigns against rebels in Aquitaine (1188)
final breach with Henry II
attacked by William Marshal
succeeds Henry II as king of England
early actions of, as king
and dealings with Philip of France when king
showers William Marshal with largesse
visits England (1189)
crowned king of England
and the arrangements for England before going on crusade
tries to neutralise John while on crusade
raises money for crusade
Welsh policy of
Scots policy of
travels through France on way to crusade
signs non-aggression pact with Philip Augustus
marries Berengaria
and the draconian order to his troops ,
journeys through Italy
arrives in Sicily
leaves Sicily and reaches Cyprus
campaigns in Cyprus
and the Third Crusade
at the siege of Acre
ill at Acre
negotiates surrender of Acre
alienates Leo
pold of Austria
negotiates terms with Saladin
slaughters Muslim prisoners
marches south from Acre
wounded
negotiates with Safadin
wins battle of Arsuf
reaches Jaffa
narrowly escapes capture
thinking of, concerning Jerusalem
marches on from Jaffa
moves his headquarters to Latrun
ponders military options at New Year, 1192
negotiates with Conrad and Guy of Lusignan
gets bad news from England
opts for Conrad as king of Outremer
sells Cyprus to Lusignans
blamed for murder of Conrad
summer campaign (1192) of
attacks Darum
glimpses Jerusalem
makes devastating attack on Saladin’s supply lines
wins battles of Jaffa
defeats Saladin’s commando attack
illness of
impact of, on Third Crusade
departs for Acre
lands at Corfu
intentions of, when leaving Acre
charters privateer galleys
lands at Ragusa
lands in estuary of Tagliamento
travels in disguise to Vienna
recurrence of illness of
arrested
imprisoned at Durnstein
ransom of
as prisoner of the German emperor
trial of, at Speyer
peacemaking role of, in German politics
at conference of Worms
at conference at Mainz
regains freedom
vows vengeance on Philip
German policy of
celebrates freedom in Cologne
lands in England
recoronation of
dealings of, with William of Scotland
makes war on Philip (1194)
arrives in Normandy
at Verneuil
forgives John
takes Loches
wins victory at Angouleme
reconciled with Berengaria
intrigues with emperor Henry VI
defeats raiders of Dieppe
defeats Philip at Issoundoun
agrees truce at Louviers
invades Britanny (1196)
checked at Aumale
wounded
builds Chateau-Gaillard
abandons 40-year war against Toulouse
constructs alliance against Flanders
revival of military fortunes of (1197)
begins two-pronged offensive against Philip
agrees new truce with Philip
recognises John as his heir
intervenes in German politics
winning the battle against Philip
defeats Philip at Dangu
loses patience with papal legate
and his suspicions of John
campaigns around Limoges
hatred of, for Philip
and the Lusignans
death of
Richard of Devizes (see also Notes passim)
Robin Hood
Roger of Howden (see also Notes passim)
Richard & John: Kings at War Page 79