Richard & John: Kings at War

by McLynn, Frank

  confirmed by Richard as Count of Mortain

  habitually lenient treatment of, by Richard

  accompanies Richard to England

  marries Isabella of Gloucester

  Richard’s attempts to marginalise

  Accompanies Richard to Normandy (1190)

  devious dealings with Welsh chiefs

  plots in Richard’s absence

  returns to England despite promise to Richard

  rebels against Richard (1193-94)

  relations and intrigues with Philip of France

  intrigues against Richard

  visits Philip in France

  abandons Philip

  pardoned by Richard

  defeated by Philip at Vaudreuil

  disputes succession with Arthur

  recognised as heir by Richard

  inspects Richard’s tomb

  invested as duke of Normandy

  crowned king of England

  inherits Richard’s army

  signs treaty of Le Goulet

  tours Continental dominions

  accused of surrendering to Philip (1200)

  meets William of Scotland

  casts off the Lusignans

  marries Isabella of Angouleme

  visits Paris

  wins victory at Mirebeau

  throws away fruits of Mirebeau

  murders Arthur

  loses Normandy

  and failed attempt to relieve Chateau-Gaillard

  campaigns in Britanny

  flees to England

  and initial troubles with the barons

  plans expedition to Poitou

  and his troubled relations with the barons

  relations of, with William Marshal

  organises defence of England

  tours northern England

  arrives at La Rochelle (1206)

  takes Montauban

  avoids pitched battle with Philip

  makes peace with Philip (1206)

  Scots policy of

  Welsh policy of,

  Irish policy of

  visits Ireland (1210)

  founds new towns

  and the struggle with Innocent III

  seizes Church property

  becomes Pope’s vassal

  and ambition to reconquer Normandy

  builds European coalition

  and suspicion of Otto IV of Germany

  enlists Otto as ally against Philip

  restores William Marshal to favour

  prepares army for French campaign

  embarks and disembarks

  departs to harry the North

  campaigns in Poitou

  tries to catch Philip between two fires

  and the devastating defeat at Bouvines

  strategic incompetence of

  signs truce with Philip

  and the Unknown Charter of Liberties

  and the final struggle with the barons (1215-16)

  and the 1215 campaign

  at Runnymede

  seizes Dover Castle

  seizes Rochester

  makes overtures to Philip (1215-16)

  leaves Rochester on march west

  ducks a siege of London

  harries the North

  and the 1216 campaign

  marches from North to East Anglia

  winning war against the barons

  thwarted by French intervention

  retreats to the West Country

  tries to prevent French from landing

  ducks battle with Louis

  comforted by Papal legate

  tide turning against

  retreats before French

  takes heart from French failures

  skulks in the West Country ( June-July 1216)

  worried by junction of Louis and Alexander of Scotland

  tide turning in favour of once more

  marches east to East Anglia

  fails to overhaul Alexander of Scotland

  reaches King’s Lynn

  cast down by death of Innocent III

  acquiesces in surrender of Dover

  loses baggage and jewels in the Wash

  dies

  Kerak

  Kipling, Rudyard

  Krak des Chevaliers

  Langton, Stephen

  Leopold of Austria

  Lisbon

  London

  Longchamp, William

  Louis VI, king of France

  Louis VII, king of France

  Louis the Dauphin, son of Philip Augustus (later Louis VIII)

  Lusignan family

  Magna Carta

  Marshal, William

  character and personality of

  early life of,

  knightly prowess of

  as the Young King’s mentor

  quarrel of, with the Young King

  reconciled with the Young King

  relations of, with Henry II

  joins Henry on campaign against Philip Augustus (1188)

  urges Henry II to conciliate Richard

  attacks Richard but does not kill him (1189)

  pardoned by Richard

  as Richard’s envoy to release Eleanor of Aquitaine

  showered with largesse by Richard

  as lord of the Welsh marches

  meets Richard in Normandy

  at the battle of Fretal

  praises Richard at Dangu

  angry at papal legate

  as Richard’s trusted counsellor

  discusses succession with Hubert Walter

  backs John as Richard’s successor

  hatred of, for Lusignans

  criticises John

  at siege of Chateau-Gaillard

  defeatism of, in Normandy

  holds lands in both kingdoms

  relations of, with John

  feudal arrangements of, with Philip of France

  Irish holdings of

  in exile in Ireland

  restored to favour

  loyal friend of the Angevins

  refuses to accompany John to Poitou

  backs John against the barons

  and his son

  as peacemaker

  embassy of, to Philip

  advises John not to fight the French

  supports John against the French

  appointed Regent by John

  as Regent

  compels Louis to return to France

  Matthew Paris (see also Notes passim)

  Matilda, queen

  mercenaries

  Mercadier

  monasticism

  Napoleon Bonaparte

  Nequam, Alexander

  Normandy reasons for loss of plans for reconquest of by John

  Nottingham

  Otto IV, German emperor

  Outremer (see also Richard I on the Third Crusade), crusader kingdom of Palestine

  papacy (see also Innocent III)

  Patrick of Salisbury, earl

  Pembroke, Richardt earl of, aka ‘Strongbow’

  Peter of Blois

  Philip Augustus, king of France

  character and personality of

  political shrewdness of

  avarice of

  revenues of

  timidity of, as commander

  relations of, with John

  wives of

  mindless rages of

  treachery of

  LIFE AND CAREER:

  birth

  relations with Henry, the Young King

  plots against Henry II

  begins 30-year war against the Angevins

  meets Henry II at Gisors in 1183 and 1186

  friendship of, with Geoffrey

  intrigues in Britanny

  cunning manipulation of Alice issue by

  invades Berry (1187 and 1188)

  sets Richard against John

  early friendship of, with Richard

  loans to Richard

  attitude of, to crusades

>   prepares for crusade

  plays Richard off against Henry II and vice versa

  and final conference at Gisors (1188)

  campaigns against Henry II (1188-89)

  poisons Richard’s mind against John

  achieves final defeat of Henry II

  and cooperation with Richard on Third Crusade

  and misunderstanding with Richard over crusading oath

  increasing tensions of, with Richard

  remains neutral in Sicilian conflict

  grudgingly cooperates with Richard

  manipulates Tancred of Sicily against Richard

  and rift with Richard

  holds conference with Richard at Messina

  leaves Sicily for Acre

  arrives at Acre

  recognises Conrad as king of Jerusalem

  failure of, at Acre

  disputes with Richard at Acre

  quits the crusade

  returns to France

  meets emperor Henry VI

  doublecrosses Richard

  propaganda campaign of, against Richard

  and overt hostility to Richard

  intrigues with Henry VI

  intrigues with John

  military campaign against Richard (1193)

  defeated outside Rouen

  makes peace with Richard 236-37

  and his disastrous marriage with Ingeborg

  breaks the truce

  wars against Richard (1194-99)

  conquers eastern Normandy in Richard’s absensce

  campaigns in Normandy

  digs in in Seine valley

  defeats John at Vaudreuil

  gets favourable truce (1194)

  ducks tournament of champions

  doublecrosses Richard at Vaudreuil

  switches theatre of war to the south

  defeated by Richard at Issoundoun

  intervenes in affairs of Britanny

  gives asylum to Arthur

  recaptures Nonancourt

  marriage of, to Agnes

  defeated by Baldwin of Flanders

  dabbles in German politics

  defies papal interdict

  hit by war on two fronts

  defeated at Dangu

  agrees another truce after Dangu

  under extreme pressure in Normandy

  attacks Le Mans

  attacks John in Normandy

  backs Arthur for the succession

  invades Maine

  destroys Richard’s Flanders alliance

  under papal interdict

  signs treaty of Le Goulet (1200)

  entertains John in Paris

  attitude of, to John’s second message

  appealed to by Lusignans

  tries to charm John

  loses patience with John

  champions Arthur

  conquers Normandy

  besieges Chateau-Gaillard

  takes Chateau-Gaillard

  responsible for rise of France

  attitude of, to feudal lands

  makes triumphal tour of Normandy

  suborns English barons

  threatens England

  invades Poitou,

  and new truce with John

  intrigues in Scotland

  backs duke of Swabia

  and German politics

  intrigues in Flanders,

  invades Flanders

  prepares invasion of England

  baulked by John’s submission to Innocent III

  signs treaty with Frederick

  fleet of, destroyed by English

  faces war on two fronts

  confronts Otto’s army

  wins battle of Bouvines

  signs truce with John

  rejects John’s overtures (1215-16)

  sends his son Louis to England

  and decisive intervention on side of barons

  rejects mediation of papal legate

  and machiavellian collaboration with Louis

  rebukes Louis for military ineptitude

  Pisa and Pisans

  Poitou and Poitevins

  Puiset, Hugh du

  Ralph de Faye, seneschal of Poitou

  Ralph of Diceto

  Raymond of Tripoli

  Reginald of Chatillon

  Renaud of Dammartin

  Rhodes

  Richard I, king of England, the Lionheart

  personality and character of

  physical appearance of

  as Eleanor of Aquitaine’s favourite child

  musical talent of

  influence on, of troubadours

  Angevin legacy of

  influence on, of Aquitaine and its ethos and culture

  impetuousness of

  restlessness of

  military genius of

  talent of, at siegecraft

  as master of strategy and logistics

  reputation of

  legends of

  cinematic portrayals of

  as hunter

  talent of, as politician

  as diplomat

  attitude of, to England

  as ‘bad king’ of England

  grasp of Norman realities of

  and seapower

  love of war of

  anger of

  as talent-spotter

  sexuality of

  French as native language of

  financial irresponsibility of

  counterfactual estimate of

  relations of, with Henry II

  relations of, with Henry, the Young King

  relations of, with his brother Geoffrey

  relations of, with his half-brother Geoffrey

  habitually lenient treatment of John of

  as compared with John

  favouritism of, for Otto IV

  and Hugh of Lincoln

  LIFE AND CAREER:

  birth

  early life

  early betrothal of, to Alice of France (see also Alice)

  becomes duke of Aquitaine

  as lord of Aquitaine

  in the rebellion of 1173-74

  pardoned by Henry II

  appointed the king’s agent in Aquitaine

  campaigns in Gascony and the south (1176)

  shows early military prowess

  and struggle for mastery in Aquitaine

  takes ‘impregnable’ Taillebourg castle

  campaigns in Angouleme (1182)

  fights the rest of his family for Aquitaine

  campaigns against Raymond of Toulouse (1185)

  and Berry campaign of 1187

  suspicious of his father’s intentions for John

  makes peace with Henry II (1187)

  takes the Cross

  and early friendship with Philip of France

  makes preparations for crusade

  campaigns against rebels in Aquitaine (1188)

  final breach with Henry II

  attacked by William Marshal

  succeeds Henry II as king of England

  early actions of, as king

  and dealings with Philip of France when king

  showers William Marshal with largesse

  visits England (1189)

  crowned king of England

  and the arrangements for England before going on crusade

  tries to neutralise John while on crusade

  raises money for crusade

  Welsh policy of

  Scots policy of

  travels through France on way to crusade

  signs non-aggression pact with Philip Augustus

  marries Berengaria

  and the draconian order to his troops ,

  journeys through Italy

  arrives in Sicily

  leaves Sicily and reaches Cyprus

  campaigns in Cyprus

  and the Third Crusade

  at the siege of Acre

  ill at Acre

  negotiates surrender of Acre

  alienates Leo
pold of Austria

  negotiates terms with Saladin

  slaughters Muslim prisoners

  marches south from Acre

  wounded

  negotiates with Safadin

  wins battle of Arsuf

  reaches Jaffa

  narrowly escapes capture

  thinking of, concerning Jerusalem

  marches on from Jaffa

  moves his headquarters to Latrun

  ponders military options at New Year, 1192

  negotiates with Conrad and Guy of Lusignan

  gets bad news from England

  opts for Conrad as king of Outremer

  sells Cyprus to Lusignans

  blamed for murder of Conrad

  summer campaign (1192) of

  attacks Darum

  glimpses Jerusalem

  makes devastating attack on Saladin’s supply lines

  wins battles of Jaffa

  defeats Saladin’s commando attack

  illness of

  impact of, on Third Crusade

  departs for Acre

  lands at Corfu

  intentions of, when leaving Acre

  charters privateer galleys

  lands at Ragusa

  lands in estuary of Tagliamento

  travels in disguise to Vienna

  recurrence of illness of

  arrested

  imprisoned at Durnstein

  ransom of

  as prisoner of the German emperor

  trial of, at Speyer

  peacemaking role of, in German politics

  at conference of Worms

  at conference at Mainz

  regains freedom

  vows vengeance on Philip

  German policy of

  celebrates freedom in Cologne

  lands in England

  recoronation of

  dealings of, with William of Scotland

  makes war on Philip (1194)

  arrives in Normandy

  at Verneuil

  forgives John

  takes Loches

  wins victory at Angouleme

  reconciled with Berengaria

  intrigues with emperor Henry VI

  defeats raiders of Dieppe

  defeats Philip at Issoundoun

  agrees truce at Louviers

  invades Britanny (1196)

  checked at Aumale

  wounded

  builds Chateau-Gaillard

  abandons 40-year war against Toulouse

  constructs alliance against Flanders

  revival of military fortunes of (1197)

  begins two-pronged offensive against Philip

  agrees new truce with Philip

  recognises John as his heir

  intervenes in German politics

  winning the battle against Philip

  defeats Philip at Dangu

  loses patience with papal legate

  and his suspicions of John

  campaigns around Limoges

  hatred of, for Philip

  and the Lusignans

  death of

  Richard of Devizes (see also Notes passim)

  Robin Hood

  Roger of Howden (see also Notes passim)