carriers. See individual carriers (e.g., Kitty Hawk, USS)
civil rights movement, 15, 211
Clarey, Bernard A., 24–5, 214–5
Cleaver, Eldridge, 59–60
Cloud, Benjamin (executive officer):
accepted at Stanford University, 21
accused of Uncle Tomism, 74, 131, 192
address delivered to crew on 1MC, 172–7
admiration of, 74
aide to Johnson, 22–3
arrival in sick bay, 170–1
arrival on USS Kitty Hawk, 17–9, 25
assigned to USS Kitty Hawk, 14–5, 24–5
assigned to VC–61 program, 21
as aviation detailer in Washington, D. C., 224
black power salute given by, 120–1, 183, 193
childhood of, 19–20, 27–8
concerned about white crew retaliation, 200–1
concerned for Townsend’s safety, 130–1, 184
criticized by Townsend for black power salute, 204–5
dapping tolerated by, 73–4
education of, 19–22, 24
encounter with Avinger after Townsend’s address, 181–2
encounter with sailors in his office, 125–6
encounter with sailors looking for Binkley, 167–70
encounter with sailors on mess deck, 115–22
encounter with Townsend after 1MC address, 177–81
enlistment in Navy, 21
fighter pilot training of, 21
graduate from University of Maryland, 22
heritage of, 19–20
ignorant of extent of onboard tensions, 78, 81, 85, 92–4
issue of drug use onboard, 43
lack of communication with Townsend, 132, 200
leadership style of, 27, 125
meeting with black sailors in forecastle, 192–7, 200
meeting with white sailors in berthing area, 201–3
notice of racial tensions on the Kitty Hawk, 26
question of responsibility for riot, 206, 223
relationship with Townsend, 14–5, 27, 29, 78
rescue of Patrick, 197
retirement of, 224
at San Diego State College, 19
testimony to congressional subcommittee, 17, 212, 218–20
tour in Southeast Asia, 22
on Townsend, 225
transferred to Naples, Italy, 224
transferred to Prairie View A&M University, 224
troubled by cleanliness issues, 26, 57
views on gripe sessions, 27–9, 64, 72, 101
views on race, 23–4, 27
wary of Townsend’s approach, 123, 132–3, 183
watching Paint Your Wagon when alerted to riot, 112
commander in chief of the Pacific (CINCPAC), 24–5, 209–10, 214
conscientious objector (CO) status, 40, 70, 86, 146, 228
Constellation, USS, xii, xvi, 9–12, 50, 210–2, 214, 223
Coral Sea, USS, xii, 21
courts-martial, 209–10, 228
damage control central, 140, 172
Daniel, W. C. (Dan), 211, 214, 216
dapping, 73–4, 87, 95, 235n
Davidson, Marvin, 186–7
discrimination:
Avinger’s experience of, 52, 55
black bonding as response to, 72
Cloud’s appointment viewed as response to, 219
Cloud’s experience of, 20, 26, 28
mess cook duty viewed as, 67
no instances found by congressional subcommittee, 223
on R&R, 236n
reverse, 36
society’s racial, xi, 55, 63, 65, 223, 236n
Dysart, Tom, 43–4, 148–50
enlisted men’s club at Subic Bay (EM club), 82–4, 94–5
Enterprise, USS, 34
executive officer (XO), duties of, 14
Executive Order 9981, 63
Finley, J. L., 65–6
fog foam nozzles used as weapons, 4, 103, 137–8, 212, 228, 239n
Forrestal, USS, xvi, 185
Fort Bragg, North Carolina, 60
Fort Carson, Colorado, 61
Fort Hood, Texas, 60–1
Gandhi, Mahatma, 194
GI bill, 157
Girard College, 53–5, 229
Great Lakes Naval Training Center, 157
Guam, 153
Hancock, USS, xii
Hicks, Floyd V., 211–2, 214–5, 223
Horton, Dwight W., 85, 87
inner city youth as Navy recruits, xiii, 47, 50, 75
interior communications (IC), 33
Iranian hostage crisis, xii
Iraq, xii
Johnson, Charles M., 168–70, 177, 179–81, 213, 235n
Johnson, Lyndon, 22, 48
Keel, Robert (sailor from San Diego):
assigned to Kitty Hawk, 32
attitude of, 32–3
barricaded in first-class mess, 153–4
bomb fin thrown at, 4, 139
brig duty of, 33
business career of, 226
childhood of, 31
in damage control central, 140–3
disappointment in returning to Yankee Station, 79
duties of, 140
at EM club fight in Subic Bay, 82, 85
hears a noise on evening of October 12, 1972, 1–6
in interior communications (IC), 33
on leave when Kitty Hawk deployed, 71
motivations for joining the Navy, 3, 32
race relations and 34
reaction to Cloud’s 1MC address, 173
rejected for nuclear submarine school, 32
Sampaguita Club fight and, 2
sealed in berthing compartment, 154, 189–91, 201
views on question of mutiny, 226
King, Jr., Martin Luther, 23, 74, 84, 194
Kitty Hawk, USS:
ages of the crew on, 3
attitude of the crew, 12
building of, xii
captain’s mast on, 64–7, 235
cobbler on, 164
Command History of, 223
commission of, xii
condition of when Townsend took command, 11–2
deployment of, xiii
drug use on, 43–5
Kitty Litter (newspaper) of, 58–9
Marines on, 42–3
mess cook assignments on, 67–70
number of black sailors on, xiv
officers’ hands-off approach to sailors’ free time, 26
overdue inspection of boilers on, 12–4
reflecting social upheaval of the times, xi-xii
segregated berthing on, 12, 26, 63–5, 208, 216
tiger cruise on, 36–7
total number of sailors on, xiv
work schedules on, xiii
Kitty Hawk, USS, events of October 12, 1972 on:
changes in Navy as a result of, 229–30
Cloud’s address delivered to crew on 1MC, 172–7
Command History’s official description of, 223
confrontations in forecastle, 191–7, 200
confrontations on hangar deck, 127–39, 171, 193
confrontations on mess deck, 110–22
confrontations in sick bay, 159–61
congressional subcommittee hearings on, 17, 212–3, 215–20, 223, 227, 236n, 237n
effects on Cloud, 225
effects on crew, 226–9
effects on Townsend, 224–5
Marines’ protocol on riot control and, 124–5, 127
Navy’s downplay of, xiv-xvi, 210–1, 226–7
Navy’s investigation of, 209–11, 237n
Navy’s official position on question of mutiny during, xvii, 226–7
question of mutiny during, xvii, 143, 156, 162, 171–2, 184, 205, 217, 226–7
sailors sealed in berthing compartment during, 154, 189–91, 201
Townsend’s address to crew over 1MC, 178–9
Klausmann, Charles, 22
Korean War, 8, 20, 32
Malcolm X, 74, 194
Marines. See United States Marine Corps
Martin, James P., 113
Mason, Chris (sailor from Alabama):
barricaded in berthing area, 145–6
disappointment in returning to Yankee Station, 79
effects of Kitty Hawk incident on, 227
race relations and, 36–7, 73, 75, 185
reaction to Cloud’s 1MC address, 173–4
reasons for joining Reserves, 35–6
in Subic Bay on R&R, 81, 86–8
views on captain’s mast, 65
witness to mess deck riot, 110–1, 114, 117, 146
McNamara, Robert, 48–50
Midway, USS, xii
MiGs, 158
Movement for a Democratic Military (MDM), 61–2
mutiny:
Constellation incident and, 211, 214–5
crew’s fear of, 143, 156, 162, 171–2, 184, 206
Keel on question of, 226
Navy’s position on no instances of, xvii, 226–7
risk for attempts at, 62
significance of the term, xvii
Townsend on question of, 184, 205, 217
Young on question of, 227
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 210
Navy. See United States Navy
New Standards Men (NSM), 48–51
Newson, Melvin J., 65–6
Nixon, Richard, xiii, 71
Oberg, Owen H., 11–2
Olongapo, 81, 88, 109, 236n
Operation Linebacker, xii
Operation Restore Hope, xii
Oriskany, USS, xii, 185
oxygen bottles used as weapons, 159–61, 166
Patrick, Lynwood, 197, 199–200, 203–4, 239n
Pettus, Perry (sailor from Kentucky):
asked by Marine to walk in groups of two, 96–7
assigned to Kitty Hawk, 41
on Avinger, 74
black solidarity and, 72–4, 95, 100–1, 235n
childhood of, 40
effects of Kitty Hawk incident on, 227
enlistment in Navy, 40–1
experience with captain’s mast, 65
in forecastle, 191, 195
on R&R in Subic Bay, 88–9
taken to brig, 98–9, 236n
uncomfortable with violence, 103, 191–2, 197, 228
views on Cloud, 205
witness to beating of white sailor, 101–3, 105, 108, 137, 205, 239n
Phantoms, 9–10, 23
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 51–4, 101, 229
Philippine Sea, USS, 8
Philpott, Mitch, 158–60
Pirnie, Alexander, 211, 213, 217–9
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 227
Project 100,000, 47–51, 67
Radford, James W., 69–70, 135–8, 237n
Ranger, USS, 9, 78, 80
Revolutionary Communist Party, USA, 50, 60
Riley, Robert J., 212–3
Robey, Chief (Young’s recruiter), 38–9
Rowe, Airman, 108–9, 114–5, 118, 124, 126, 131
Sampaguita Club, 2, 85–6, 89, 92–5, 113
Saratoga, USS, xii
Seattle, USS, 11
Sellers, Robert L., 111–2, 114
Sherwood, John Darrell, xv
Subic Bay, Philippines, 2, 78–80, 90–1, 94, 118
Ticonderoga, USS, 21
tokenism, 219
Tonkin, Gulf of, 1, 40, 58, 71
Townsend, Marland (captain):
address to crew over 1MC, 178–9
admiration for, 35
alerted to mess deck disturbance, 113–4
alerted to sabotage attempts, 185
assigned to command USS Kitty Hawk, 11–2
attempt to convince black sailor to negotiate with rioters, 190–2
black power structure and, 72–4, 235n
captain of USS Seattle, 11
captain’s mast of, 64–6
cleaning policy of, 57
on Cloud, 14–5, 25, 225–6
Cloud’s testimony on, 218
crew’s anger at, 208
crew’s complaints about, 57–8
critical of Cloud for black power salute, 204–5
decision not to call GQ, 134
decision to go to mess deck, 119
decision to lock down Kitty Hawk after riot, 207–8
decision to stop segregated berthing, 208
Distinguished Flying Cross earned by, 9
disturbed by Cloud’s address over 1MC, 175–81
disturbed by Cloud’s behavior on mess deck, 120–3
encounter with Davidson, 187
encounter with sailors and Marines in hangar bay, 129–32, 171
executive officer on the Constellation, 10–1
first impression of Kitty Hawk, 12–3
issue of drug use onboard, 43
Kitty Litter newspaper attack on, 57–8
lack of communication with Cloud, 132, 200
leadership style of, 18, 56–7, 62
meeting with handcuffed black sailors, 98–9
mess cook policy of, 67, 208–9
misgivings about Vietnam War, 9, 13
Naval career of, 7–11
phone call with Carlucci, 124, 127
relationship with Cloud, 14–5, 27, 29, 78
removal as captain of USS Kitty Hawk, 224
reported death of, 172, 183
responsibility for riot, 206, 223–4
retirement of, 224
segregated berthing and, 62–3
sentencing of Avinger to the brig, 65–7
Subic Bay R&R and, 78–81, 85, 92
testimony to congressional subcommittee, 7, 212–3, 215–7, 238n
trust in his crew, 93–4
urged by CINCPAC to conduct onboard courts-martial, 209–10
views on Project 100,000, 50–1
views on question of mutiny, 184, 205, 217
Travers, John (electronics technician from California):
afro pick incident and, 104–5
effects of riot on, 227–8
hideout sought by, 107–8, 143–5
issue of drug use onboard, 44
as mess cook, 68
pleased to be on Kitty Hawk, 34
race relations and, 74–5
in sick bay, 145, 164
switchblade incident and, 107–8
witness to Townsend’s drenching on hangar deck, 35
Truman, Harry S, 63
Uncle Tomism, 218–9
United States Marine Corps:
black sailors’ views of, 114–5
called to mess deck, 110–4
confrontation in sick bay, 159–61
confrontation on hangar deck, 127–30, 193
confrontation on mess deck, 115–7
contrast to Navy personnel, 42–3, 56, 150
escort to Townsend, 35
gathered in berthing area by Carlucci, 123–4
as guards during Subic Bay R&R, 80, 83–4, 88–9, 92–3
ordering of sailors to walk two at a time, 96–101, 127–8, 236n
protocol on riot control, 124–5, 127
Townsend’s decision not to call for, 217
uprising at Camp Lejeune, 61
United States Navy:
changes mirroring society, 56–9
changes resulting from Kitty Hawk riot, 229–30
Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), 44–5, 57, 212, 230
civilian records considered in captain’s mast, 64
contrast to Marines, 42–3, 56, 150
downplaying of Kitty Hawk race riot, xiv–xvi, 210–1, 226–7
drug use in, 43–5, 56
enlistment in to avoid being drafted, xiii–xiv, 3, 32, 35–6, 38–41, 43, 51, 157
Five Term program, 21
Flying Midshipmen Program, 8
inner city youth recruited by, xiii, 47, 50, 75
&nb
sp; investigation of Kitty Hawk riot, 209–11, 237n
Marines’ view of, 42
moral tests of, 32
official position on question of mutiny during, xvii, 226–7
permissiveness in, 223
Project 100,000, 47–51, 67
race relations in, xiv–xv, 26–7, 149, 229–30
recruitment into, 216, 229
Reserves, 35, 43
sabotage within, 59–62, 80, 113, 124–5, 127, 132, 141, 175, 179, 185–6, 211
segregation in, 21, 43–4, 63
tradition of mess cook requirement, 67–8
War College, 24
war resistance within, 59–9
USS Kitty Hawk. See Kitty Hawk, USS
Valley Forge, USS, 8
VC–61 (fighter reconnaissance program, renamed VFP–63), 21–3
Viet Cong (VC), 59
Vietnam War:
Carlucci in, 42
cease-fire (January 23, 1973), 229
draft for, xiv, 3, 21, 32, 35–6, 38–43, 47, 49, 157
Kitty Hawk deployments in, xii–xiii
movement against, 13, 36, 40, 50, 58–9, 61, 93, 113, 133, 213
Project 100,000 and, 47–51, 67
Townsend’s misgivings about, 9, 13
unpopularity of, xi
World War II, 8, 31–2, 37, 54, 77
Wouk, Herman, 58
Wright brothers, xii
Yankee Station, xii, 77–80, 91–5, 141, 208, 210
Young, Garland (sailor from Ohio):
arrival on Kitty Hawk, 39
attacked in berthing compartment, 151–3
childhood of, 37–8
denied disability benefits, 227
disappointment in returning to Yankee Station, 79
effect of Kitty Hawk riot on, 227
enlistment in Navy, 38–9
meeting of recruiter on Kitty Hawk, 39
on R&R in Subic Bay, 81–5
testimony to congressional subcommittee, 227
troubled by Cloud’s 1MC address, 173–4
views on question of mutiny, 227
witness to jet engine accident, 41
Zumwalt, Elmo, 44–5, 57, 212, 230
TROUBLED WATER
Copyright © Gregory A. Freeman, 2009.
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