of women, see women, education of
Edwards, Jonathan, 40, 41
egotism, love vs., 16
Ehrenreich, Barbara, 161, 194
Eleusinian mysteries, 128–31
Eleusis, sanctuary at, 128, 129
Eliot, George, 41, 43, 143
Eliot, T. S., 266–68
elites, elitism:
education and, 339–40
poetry and, 278
“Elogia de la Dialéctica” (Morejón), 242–43
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 41
English, Deirdre, 161, 194
Enzensberger, Hans Magnus, 306n
equality of opportunity, 326
“Eros Turannos” (Robinson), 230–31
erotic, power and, 309n
Eshleman, Clayton, 309, 322–23
exotic, poetry and, 285–86
“Eye of the Outsider, The” (Rich), 218–27
Falla, Manuel de, 292
false consciousness, of women, compulsory heterosexuality and, 176–77, 192, 194
family, gender roles in, 91–92
fathers, fatherhood:
motherhood vs., 80
nurturing by, 136–37
father-son relationships, 115
“Faustina” (Bishop), 225
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 232, 238
Federal Writers Project, 324
female body:
control of, 95, 100, 104–6, 136
feminist views of, 105
patriarchal view of, 105
radical implications of, 105–6
self-knowledge of, 149
female bond, see connectedness, of women; woman identification
Female Experience, The (Lerner), 375n
female sexual slavery:
blaming the victim in, 172–73
compulsory heterosexuality as, 174, 175
globalization of, 172, 173
toleration of, 176
Female Sexual Slavery (Barry), 169, 172–76
feminine mystique, xvi
feminists, feminism, xii, 241
capitalism and, 332
compulsory heterosexuality and, 157–97
connectedness of women as principle of, 155
female body as viewed in, 105
first wave of, 124–25
impact of, 3–4
in Jane Eyre, 29
Jewish identity and, 216–17
lesbians and, 189–90, 194–95, 215–16
literary criticism and, 4
marginalization of lesbian experience in scholarship of, 157, 160, 162, 164
mother-daughter relationships and, 113, 124–25
motherhood and, 82, 84
and myth of special woman, 7
and redefinition of power, 152
second wave of, xiii, xiv
women of color and, 158
see also women’s liberation movement
“Fence, The” (Shabtai), 360
Ferrari, Américo, 367
Ferry, David, 271
First and Last Notebooks (Weil), 85
foot binding, 167
“Foreword” to Of Woman Born (Rich), 79–84
For Her Own Good (Ehrenreich and English), 161–62
For Lizzie and Harriet (Lowell), 73
formalism, 9, 71
For Your Own Good (Miller), 104n
Four-Gated City, The (Lessing), 29–30
“Four Poems” (Bishop), 222–23
Four Quartets (Eliot), 266–67
freedom, 237
Dickinson and, 39, 42, 44
misuse of word, 327–28
poetry and, 365
see also liberty
Freudianism:
female friendships and, 125
mother-daughter relationships and, 135
Friar, Kimon, 354
Friedan, Betty, xvi
From Mammies to Militants (Harris), 146n
Frost, Robert, 8
Fuller, Margaret, 141, 143
Galeano, Eduardo, 338
García Lorca, Federico, 292
Gathering of Spirit, A (anthology), 243
“gay,” use of term, 179
Gay American History (Katz), 161
Gelman, Juan, 342–43
Gelpi, Albert and Barbara, xix
gender roles, child-care and, 79, 80
genital mutilation, 167, 169, 172
Gibbs, Willard, 317
G.I. Bill of Rights, 232
Girl, The (LeSueur), 185–86, 187
Glancy, Diane, 278, 282–84
Glissant, Édouard, 294, 295–96, 366–67
“Goblin Market” (Rossetti), 57
Golden Notebook, The (Lessing), 159
Gordimer, Nadine, 338
Gordon, Linda, 375n
Gough, Kathleen, 166–67
Gramsci, Antonio, 365
Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias), 249–50, 252
Great Depression, 324
Great Mother, 33, 34, 129, 130
Greece, 128–31, 353–55
Griffin, Susan, 81–82
Guantánamo Bay detention camp, 357, 362
guilt, motherhood and, 112
Gyn/Ecology (Daly), 173
Haaretz, 362
Hall, Radclyffe, 120–21
Hansberry, Lorraine, 184, 320, 321
Hardwick, Elizabeth, xix, 73
“Harlem Ghetto, The” (Baldwin), 215
Harper, Michael, 301
Harris, Trudier, 146n
Harrison, Jane, 4–5, 130
Harvard University, 232
Hasidim, 212
hate speech, hate crimes, 257, 329
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 41
Hayes, H. R., 172
H.D., 8, 179–80, 234
“He fumbles at your soul” (Dickinson, #315), 45–46, 51
“Helen” (Poe), 108
“He put the Belt around my life” (Dickinson, #273), 46–47
Herschel, Caroline, 16
Herschel, William, 16
“He scanned it—staggered—” (Dickinson, #1062), 60–61
heterosexuality:
as institution, 107, 143, 150; see also compulsory heterosexuality
as presumed natural preference of women, 160–61, 164–65, 181, 188
romance of, 174, 184, 188
Higginson, Thomas, 41, 42, 53
High Tory Quarterly, 352
history, women in, see women, in history
History (Lowell), 73, 74
Holocaust, 203–4, 213, 229, 261
Homeric hymns, 128
homosexuals, homosexuality:
male, 165
persecution of, 232
see also lesbians, lesbian existence
Hongo, Garrett, 334
Hopkins, Gerard Manley, 296
Horney, Karen, 172
“House Guest” (Bishop), 381n
House Un-American Activities Committee, 321
“House Was Quiet and the World Was Calm, The” (Stevens), 254–55
Hughes, Langston, 234
Hughes, Ted, 52, 119n
Human Eye, A (Rich), xx
Hurston, Zora Neale, 181, 188
I Am Joaquín (Gonzales), 281
Ibsen, Henrik, 3
“Idea of Order at Key West, The” (Stevens), 271–72
identity, language and, 295
identity politics, 331–32
ideology, culture and, 150
“I felt a Cleaving in my Mind” (Dickinson, #937), 66
illiteracy, among women, 245
I’ll Take My Stand (anthology), 263n
imagination, subversive function of, 12–13
“I’m ceded—I’ve stopped being Theirs—” (Dickinson, #508), 54
immigrants, persecution of, 358
imperialism, 232–33
incest, 167, 172, 174
“In Defense of the Word” (Galeano), 338
indigenous people’s movements, 358–59
individuation, mother’
s role in, 100–101
infanticide, 88
of daughters, 115–16
“In Memory of W. B. Yeats” (Auden), 265–66
“Insomnia” (Bishop), 222
intifada, 197
Irish, Bostonian:
bigotry against, 232–33
racism of, 233
Israel, in Palestine occupation, 360–61
Israel Defense Force, 362
“I Stand Here Ironing” (Olsen), 138
“I would not paint—a picture—” (Dickinson, # 505), 50–51
Jackson, Helen Hunt, 41
James, Alice, 41
James, Henry, 5
James, William, 41
Jane Eyre (C. Brontë), xix, 143
Bertha Rochester as Jane’s alter ego in, 28, 30–31
desire for liberty in, 24, 27, 31
feminist manifesto in, 29
Jane’s dream in, 33–34
marriage in, 37–38
maternal love in, 25
need for love in, 23–24, 26
patriarchal arrogance in, 25, 32, 34
romantic love as temptation in, 27, 32, 37
self-hatred as temptation in, 26, 34
self-respect in, 24, 30, 32–34, 38
self-sacrifice as temptation in, 35–36
sexual double-standards in, 25, 31
sexual equality in, 33, 37–38
subservience of women in, 22–23
victimization as temptation in, 23, 26, 27
Wuthering Heights vs., 20–21
“Jane Eyre: The Temptations of a Motherless Woman” (Rich), 20–38
Jarrell, Randall, xv, xvi
Jewish Defense League, 214
Jewish New Year, 297
Jews, Jewish identity, xviii, 198–217
of Arnold Rich, 199–200, 201–3, 206–10
AR’s college experience of, 204–5
assimilation and, 207–8, 210, 212, 214, 217, 231, 316
Civil Rights movement and, 214–15
class distinctions and, 207–8, 210, 212
denial of, 202–3, 205–6, 217
feminism and, 216–17
institution of motherhood in, 212–13
mother-daughter relationships of, 125–26
patriarchy and, 216
racism and, 215
of Rukeyser, 316, 382n
self-hatred and, 208, 210
Johns Hopkins Medical School, 199, 206–7
Johnson, Thomas, 49, 52
Jordan, June, 286–87
Joshua Tree National Monument, 270, 274, 275
justice, art and, 319–20, 324
Katz, Jonathan, 161
Keats, John, 232, 257, 258
Kelly, Joan, 84
Kerenyi, C., 129–30
Kertesz, Louise, 314
“Kind of Poetry I Want, The” (MacDiarmid), 350–51
Kleist, Heinrich von, 306n
knowledge, as power, 150
Korê (Persephone), 128–31
Kornfeld, Phyllis, 323
Kozol, Jonathan, 340
Ladder, The, 184
language:
corruption of, 327–29, 336
identity and, 295
politics of, 240
power and, 295, 296
racism and, 257
violence and, 257, 259
Laor, Yitzhak, 362–63, 364
Lavie, Smadar, 294–95, 296–97
law, women in, 153–54
Lawrence, D. H., xv
Leaves of Grass (Whitman), 304n
Leavis, Q. D., 21
Lederer, Wolfgang, 172
Leghorn, Lisa, 182, 378n
Leishman, J. B., 264
Lerner, Gerda, 84, 375n
lesbian continuum, 178, 187, 189
black women and, 188–89, 196
and double life of women, 190
in history, 180–81
misunderstandings of, 192–93, 195–96
see also woman identification; women, relationships between
Lesbian Herstory Archives, 378n
“lesbianism,” as limited term, 178
lesbians, lesbian existence, xvii–xviii
as attack on male right of access to women, 178
compulsory heterosexuality and, 159–60, 177
as “deviant” form of heterosexuality, 378n
discrimination against, 158
as equated with male heterosexuality, 179
as escape from male violence, 189
false linking of male homosexuality with, 165
feminism and, 189–90, 194–95, 215–16
feminist scholarship’s marginalization of, 157, 160, 162, 164
hatred of men and, 189
heterosexual marriage and, 184
historical prohibitions against, 161
and mother-daughter relationships, 120–23
motherhood and, 140, 141
outsiderhood and, 220
persecution of, 182–83, 232, 241
sadomasochism and, 377n
suppressed history of, 168, 178, 195
viewed as upper-class phenomenon, 378n
in workplace, 170–71
Lessing, Doris, 29–30, 126–27, 159
LeSueur, Meridel, 185–86, 187, 238
Letters Home (Plath), 119–20
“Letter to an Imaginary Friend” (McGrath), 268
Liberating Women’s History (Carroll, ed.), 374n
liberty:
desire for, in Jane Eyre, 24, 27, 31
see also freedom
Life of Poetry, The (Rukeyser), 268, 318
Lilienfeld, Jane, 116
Lincoln, Abraham, 303, 306, 307
literacy:
democracy and, 339–40
privilege of, 151
literary criticism, feminism and, 4
Littlest Rebel, The (film), 260
London Times Literary Supplement, 315
Lorde, Audre, 309n
“Loser, The” (Rich), 9–11
love:
egotism vs., 16
maternal, see maternal love
romantic, see romantic love
self-sacrifice and, 26
victimization and, 5
Lowell, Robert, xix, 73–75
MacDiarmid, Hugh, 350–51
MacKinnon, Catharine A., 170–72
MacLeish, Archibald, 48
MacNiece, Louis, 8
male identification, 377n
of women, 174–76
Malintzin, 281
“Manuelzinho” (Bishop), 225–26
“Man with the Blue Guitar, The” (Stevens), 271
marriage:
of AR, 210–11
as economic and social necessity, 183–84
in Jane Eyre, 37–38
lesbians and, 184
social and economic inequality in, 171
women’s double life and, 184–87
see also compulsory heterosexuality
marriage resisters, 162
Marx, Karl, 322, 334–35, 343
Marxism, 322, 327, 333, 341
masculine privilege, 74–75
maternal love, 16, 33, 98
and child’s demand for attention, 87–88
enormity of, 85–86, 101, 102
idealization of, 103n–4n
in Jane Eyre, 25
lesbianism and, 122–23
and male right of sexual access, 176
stereotypes of, 87
matriarchal clans, 140–41
Matthiessen, Francis Otto, 232, 267, 318
Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 348–49, 364
McCarthyism, 238, 268
McGrath, Thomas, 268
Mead, Margaret, 114–15
mean-spiritedness, 335
medicine, women in, 153–54
“Me from Myself—to banish—” (Dickinson, #642), 62–63
Melville, Herman, 317
Memmi, Albert, 142n
“Memo to President Clinton” (Kozol), 340
<
br /> men:
arrested sexual development of, 175, 176
mothers as earliest source of emotional and physical nurture for, 165
nurturing by, 136–37
menstruation, 108, 109
Merchant of Venice, The (Shakespeare), 201–2
Mérimée, Prosper, 5
Mermaid and the Minotaur, The (Dinnerstein), 162–63
metaphor:
Dickinson’s use of, 43, 54
power of, 364–65
Mexicans, 281
Mexico, 358
Millay, Edna, 8
Miller, Alice, 103n–4n
Miller, Jean Baker, 162
Miller, Joyce, 158
misogyny, 196–97
see also violence, against women
Modersohn-Becker, Paula, 118
Moore, Colleen, dollhouse of, 260
Moore, Marianne, xx, 5, 8, 219
Morejón, Nancy, 242–43
Morrison, Toni, 186–87, 196, 277, 383n
mother-daughter relationships, 107–42
daughters’ anger toward mothers in, 112–13, 125, 134–35
and daughters’ knowledge of female body, 108–9
Eleusinian mysteries and, 128–31
and expectation that daughters redirect their feelings toward men, 107, 146
and fear of becoming one’s mother, 125–26
feminism and, 113, 124–25
Freudianism and, 135
Jewish, 125–26
lack of, see women, “unmothered”
lesbian experience and, 120–23, 140, 141
maternal guilt and, 112
mothers’ anger in, see anger, motherhood and
and mothers’ belief in their own possibilities, 138
mothers’ self-hatred in, 134
mothers’ self-nurture in, 136, 137–38
in nineteenth century, 123–24
patriarchal restrictions on, 134
patriarchy’s trivializing of, 115
rape and sexual abuse and, 135
split between biological mother and “counter-mother” in, 138–39
subliminal transfer of knowledge in, 109
as threatening to men, 115
trust and honesty in, 137, 139
see also daughters
motherhood, xvi–xvii
anger and, see anger, motherhood and
AR’s experience of, 212–13
false polarity of childlessness and, 141–44
fatherhood vs., 80
feminism and, 82, 84
male mind and, 79, 81
as penal servitude, 82
physical suffering and, 94–95
motherhood, as institution, 150, 161, 232
blame and, 111
child care and, 166
choice not to have children influenced by, 142
degradation of women in, 81, 100, 103
equated with “human condition,” 98–99
guilt and, 112
history of, 99
incorporation of patriarchal norms in, 103
Jewish identity and, 212–13
patriarchal control of, 79, 83–84, 158, 167
wage-earning mothers ignored in, 114, 136
women’s alienation from their bodies in, 104–5
as women’s defining role, 89, 95, 102, 105
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