by Unknown
painting, attr. St. Luke 26
sculpture, Lorenzetto 27
sculpture, proposed 37
del Baldacchino (Raphael) 267
del Sasso (statue) 277, 283
fresco
Chapel of S. Maria della Clemenza, Romano circle 265
S. Maria Nuovo 237
Maecenas, Gaius 51
Maes, Costantino 367
Mainstone, Rowland 128
Mancini, Giulio 299, 303, 304
Manfredi, Manfredo 376–78
Mappae Claviculae 169
Maratti, Carlo 337
marble 8, 342, 344–45
attic 348–50
cleaning (pulitura) 338
giallo antico (Tunisia) 17, 342
giallo senese (Siena area) 19
pavonazzetto (white, with purple or yellow veining) 17, 54
polychrome 290
Proconnesian 59
travertine 153, 169
Marcellinus, Ammianus 2, 24, 77, 117, 231
Marcellus 77
Marian structures 238–41
Marini, Gaetano 84–85
Mark, Robert 118
market
stalls. 41, 75, 297, 319, 323–24 See attic
See also vendors
Trajan 95, 135, 137–39, 149, 154–55, 159, 198, 367
Martines, Giangiacomo 22–23, 69, 97, 139, 147, 150, 154, 193, 194–95
Martini, Francesco di Giorgio 28–29, 272, 290, 305
Martinière, Germain Pichault de la 385–87
masonry
courses 110
reticulate 57 fn. 18
Massuero, Giuseppe 14, 368–70
catafalque 370
design for Vittorio Emanuele’s tomb 372
mausolea 238–40
Augustus (Octavian) 6, 10, 23, 72, 76–77, 107, 133, 143, 147, 152
Constantine 238
Helena 238
Theodosius II 239
Maxentius’s Circus (Via Appia) 238
Mazzini, Giuseppe 354, 357, 370
McKim, Charles Follen 411
medicine, modern 384–90
Melle, Pietro Angelo de 265
Mengs, Anton Raphael 38, 353
Menicantonio 286
Mercier, Sébastien 385
Michelangelo 2, 30, 34, 295, 310, 312–13
three-architect theory 288–89, 308
Middle Ages 24–28, 231–54
Middleton, J. Henry 156
Milan, Raccolta Martinelli 269
Milizia, Francesco 40
Ministry of Public Education 375–77
Mirabilia Urbis Romae 25, 235
Moderati, Francesco 38, 341
modern age 380
Moller, Georg 382
Mommsen, Theodor 70
Mons Claudianus 8, 213
Montelupo, Raffaello da 277
Monteverde, Giulio 373
Monti, Achille 366
Monumento Nazionale al Re Vittorio Emanuele II 329, 358, 363, 374–76
monuments
civic 358
funerary 353
sepulchral 358
Moreau, Jean-Louis 391
mortar 116, 126, 129
see also brick; lime
aggregate 126
mosaics, apse 244–45, 341
Mount Nemrut hierothesion (religious sanctuary) 72
Mount Pentelicon 8
Muñoz, Antonio 42 fn. 69, 43
Museo Sacro (Vatican) 348
museums
public 399–407
Terme (Rome) 415
Mussolini, Benito 45, 367, 378
Mycenae 129
Nardini, Famiano, Roma antica 313
Neoclassicism 416–22
Nesselrath, Arnold 19, 27, 29, 319
New York, Guggenheim Museum 384
Newton, Isaac 384–85, 387–90
Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica 384–85, 387
niches 145, 242, 346, 353, 363
apse 38
busts 353
synchronized 227
Nichomachus of Gerasa 102–3
Introduction to Arithmetic 103
nineteenth century 40–44, 354–79
Nispi-Landi, Ciro 378
Nissen, Heinrich 60
Oak Park House 384
oculus 76, 100, 124–25, 130, 133 fn. 1, 137 fn. 6, 141, 143–44, 198, 293, 314, 363
glazing 317–19, 342, 349
S. Maria Egiziaca 256
opus quadratum 118
opus reticulatum (tufa blocks arranged diagonally alternating with brick courses) 62, 140
opus signinum (waterproof mortar of ground potsherds) 123 fn. 73, 149
see also waterproofing
orientation 5–6, 55, 60, 75
cross-axes 141, 145
origins 49–78
Ostia 89, 94, 182
Palais Bourbon 397
palazzos
Bianchi 367
Imperiale 89, 92
Valentini 220
Palestrina, Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia 65 fn. 41
Palladio, Andrea 30, 99, 307–9, 332, 351
Quattro libri (Book Four) 309
Palus Caprae (Goat’s Marsh) 6, 53
Pannini, Giovanni Paolo 20, 314, 329–32, 334, 351–53
Pannini, Giuseppe 310
pantheons 3–8
Augustan (Fontana) 346
of Illustrious Men 360
as a memorial shrine 257
Ostia 142
parilia (Romaia), festival of 191
Paris 359
Académie Royale d’Architecture 382, 393, 411, 416–17
Bastille 396–97
Desprez Cemetery 399
École (School of Surgery, Paris) 385–87
Grands Hommes 353
Notre Dame Cathedral 3
Père Lachaise Cemetery 415
S. Madeleine 409
Sainte-Geneviève, Panthéon 398
Pascoli, Leone 329
Pasquali, Susanna 39, 314, 398
pavement 17, 55 fn. 15, 317
see also floor
orthogonal pattern 147
polychrome 55–56, 63
rotunda 43
pediment 8, 30, 220, 223
construction 118
eagle decoration 76
portico 216
secondary 9
Pergamon (Great Altar of Zeus) 71–72
pergola 26, 246, 257, 265–66, 336, 339
Peruzzi, Baldassare 28, 257, 290, 307, 310
Pesci, Ugo 371–72
Philippi, Stephanus 269
Piacentini, Marcello 42 fn. 69
piazzas
della Maddalena 36, 321
della Rotonda 3–4, 36–37, 261, 319–29
extension (proposed) 41–42
paving 27
d’Oro 153, 159
Navona 41
Venezia 44
pilasters 28–29, 146, 216, 278
attic 30, 147, 212, 334
alignment 29–30, 348
fluted 13
size 212
pilastrini (small pilasters) 20, 40
attic 305–8, 309–11
alignment 305–7, 312
rhythm 309–11
misalignment 307–8
Piranesi, Francesco 114–15, 123–24, 152
Piranesi, Giovan Battista 85, 114–15, 124, 350, 416
Seconda parte dei tempj antichi 350
Piranesi, Pietro 365–66
plan, circular 141
Pliny the Elder, Natural History 312
podium 54
apse 246
elevation 61 fn. 27
pre-Hadrianic 60–62
S. Maria Rotonda 245–46
Poliorketica (Apollodorus) 122, 201, 228
popes 8–13
Alexander VII Chigi 11, 41, 268–69, 309, 312–29, 342, 345, 387
as antiquarian 36–37, 325
Bernini and 309–10
Benedict II Savelli 244
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Benedict XIII Orsini 37
Benedict XIV Lambertini 113–14, 329, 342–49, 365
Boniface IV 24–25, 232–34, 252, 334
Boniface VIII 246
Clement VII de’ Medici 27, 317, 319, 336–42
Clement IX Rospigliosi 341
Clement XI Albani 37, 41, 269, 314, 337–38, 342–43, 345–46
Clement XII Corsini 352
Clement XIII Rezzonico 348
Eugenius IV Condulmer 27, 261, 279, 283, 316, 319, 320, 322, 328
Gregory I (Gregory the Great) 246
Gregory II Savini 193, 296
Gregory III 314
Hadrian I 244
Innocent VIII Cibo 26, 246, 269, 271
Innocent IX Facchinetti 317, 328
Julius II Rovere 27
Leo X de’Medici 27, 261, 263, 283
Martin V Colonna 27, 278, 314
Nicholas V Parentucelli 27, 279, 316, 328
Paul II Barbo 27, 297
Paul III Farnese 28
Pius II Piccolomini 27, 317
Pius VII Chiaramonti 39, 41
Pius IX Mastai-Ferretti 41, 357
Simplicius 241
Sixtus II 249
Stephen III 236
Symmachus 242
Theodore 243
Urban VIII Barberini 11, 34, 248, 269, 279, 297–312, 320–22, 329, 367, 379, 380
porch 416
bronze beams 298–99
porphyry 246
basin/tub/urn 261, 283, 320
portico 22, 133, 167–68, 180, 258–59, 288, 297, 308–9
as addition by Agrippa 313
attached 141–42
construction 188–89, 227
dating 15–16
decastyle (10 columns) 60 fn. 26
design 9, 180, 222–23, 303
di Pio (Le Quartier des Docks) 89, 92
hexastyle 191, 327
masonry 297
roof 9, 258–59
structures, beneath 58
temples (templum) 133
Porto di Ripetta 339
Posi, Paolo 40, 329, 346–52
Poussin, Nicholas 38, 353
pozzolana (volcanic powder) 126
precedents 5–6
Agrippian 64–67
elliptical building (Chester, England) 67
Greek and Roman 71–72
Priestly, Joseph 385
Prix de Rome 382, 391–92, 399, 401–2, 404, 408, 417
Prix d’émulation 388, 390, 399, 408
Procopius of Caesarea 103, 115–16, 228, 232–33
profanization 368
proportion 21–23, 103, 141–42, 147–48, 311, 416
pumice 127, 130, 153, 195 fn. 3
Raffenstein, Johannes Friederich 353
Ramée, Joseph 410
Ranieri, Prince (Archduke of Austria) 361
Raphael 27–30, 283, 286, 337
Rasius, St. 37–38, 246
Ravenna 3
Renaissance 28–34, 255–95
restoration 7, 190–91, 268–69, 278–79
aedicule 271, 274, 338, 341–42
altar 45
attic 39–40, 312–14, 319, 344–45
dome 39, 124, 342–43
jurisdictional disputes 343–44
lead tiling 279
Neoclassical 329–53
niches 45
rotunda 231
lower walls 344
reuse 64, 257
aedicule 269, 271
ashlar 168
brick, Baths of Diocletian 84
bronze 34, 298–99
Cathedral of Saint Hedwig 381–82
columns 271
Egyptian granite lions 320
foundation 135
granite slabs 349
Latin cross 247
lintel 248
Massuero catafalque 368–70
original elements 64
pavement 62 fn. 31
pediment blocks 167 fn. 10
podium 62 fn. 31
porphyry urn 320, 340–41
portico, foundation 168
roof beams 65 fn. 42
spolia 247–48, 250, 269–70
temples 257–58, 341 fn. 25
Rice, Louise 34, 222, 298–99, 303
Roccabruna (Hadrian’s Villa) 150, 159
Romano, Antoniazzo 265
Rome
Alexander VII’s vision for 320–22
capture 355
integrating “living” and monumental 47
Marble Plan 144–45
Master Plan (Piano Regolatore)
1873 42, 329, 366
1883 42
1909 42 fn. 69
1931 42 fn. 69
Romulus (Quirinus) 6, 53, 67–70
ascension of 75–76
roof
construction 118
tiles 25
lead 316–17
terra-cotta 297
trussed 65–67
rosso antico (gray granite) 19
rotunda 5, 16–20, 69, 99–100, 166–67, 212, 308
commemorative medal 324
construction 185–87, 212, 226
dating 15, 333
design 16–17
Hadrianic and Augustan 63–64
modifications to 18–20
open-air (Trajan’s Baths) 227
parts of 105
University of Virginia 409–12
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, Le Contrat social 396
Russo, Luigi 362, 376
Rutilius Lupus, M. 88–94
S. Agnese 41
S. Andrea 242–44
S. Biagio alla Pagnotta 286
S. Croce (Gerusalemme) 253
S. Eustacchio 41
S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini 312
S. Giovanni Laterano 232, 320, 341
Baptistery 249–52
S. Luigi dei Francesi 322
S. Maria Antiqua 235
S. Maria del Popolo 286
S. Maria Maggiore 235, 237
S. Maria sopra Minerva 322
S. Maria Trastevere 235
S. Mariae ad martyres 25, 233, 235, 238, 258, 334
see also S. Mariae Rotundae
Canons 343, 364
S. Mariae Rotundae 25, 235, 238–39, 241–54, 258
see also S. Maria ad Martyres
as a stational church 254
S. Paolo fuori le mura 253
S. Stefano al Monte Celio 241–42
S. Stefano Rotondo 253
Sacconi, Giuseppe 124, 376, 378–79
Saepta Iulia 49, 75, 82, 190
Saint Non, Abbot of 351
Salvi, Nicola 310
sanctuaries
Palestrina, Fortuna Primigenia 62, 127
Pergamon, Demeter 71
Sangallo, Giuliano da 106, 123, 273–76, 286–87
Sangallo the Younger, Antonio da 28–29, 286, 291, 307, 310
Sansovino, Andrea 286–89
Santa Cesarea Terme
Sanudo, Marino 27
Schmarsow, August 421–22
“The Essence of Architectural Creation,” 421
Schwartz, Michael Viktor 248, 252
Scocciapile, Paolo 265
scoria (volcanic slag) 126–27, 130, 194, 195 fn. 3
Scriptores Historiae Augustae 81–82
Serapeum (Hadrian’s Villa) 91–92, 107–8, 140, 150, 154, 159, 198
semidome 109
Serlio, Sebastiano 30, 106, 279, 306–7, 332, 351
Il Terzo Libro dell’Architettura 306–7
Seroux D’Agincourt, Jean-Baptiste 353
serpentine (green porphyry) 19
seventeenth century 34–39, 296–329
Severianus, Anteros 89, 92–93
shafts, granite 191, 214, 214 fns. 38–239, 220 fn.49
Shearman, John 263
site preparation 183–85, 226
Skandia Cinema Hall of Fame (Asplund) 413, 415
Smith, A. C. G. 96
Soane Museum, Gibbs,
James 312
Sobre, Jean-Nicolas 408–9
solar associations 69
Solarium of Augustus 169
Spain, Escorial 359
Specchi, Alessandro 37–38, 339, 344, 352
Speer, Albert 419–21
St. Anastasius 246, 341
St. Damian 377
St. Erasius 341
stagnum (artificial lake) 75
staircases 58–60, 133, 204–5, 208–9, 211, 221, 228, 297
symbolic 413
stars 17, 66, 389–90, 392, 397–99, 411, 417–18
Albani 37–38
Chigi 35, 314
coffered dome, dome 363
Vittorio Emanuele II 363
statuary 6–7, 227, 263, 329, 341
aedicular 78, 352
basalt lions 283
pagan 232
S. Maria Rotonda 247, 253
Tychaion of Alexandria 73
stegnum (artificial pool) 49
Steinby, E. M. 87, 93–94
Stern, Raffaele 41
Strabo, Walafried 242
structure
description 103–6
disphragm 106
significant elements of 142
stucco 345
attic 348
sublime 416–22
Suetonius 76
surveys 290
Borromini 222
Codex Coner (Volpaia) 291–93
Sangallo the Younger 291
symbolism 67–71
symmetria. See balance
symmetry 258, 324
bilateral 141
symmetria (mathematical harmony) 101
systyle (doubled diameter space between columns) 9–10
tabernacle, Mars Ultor 272–78
Tacitus 121
Taylor, Rabun 198
Roman Builders 220
temples (templum) 158
Capitoline 4
Castor and Pollux 23
circular 70
Concord 142
Deified Trajan 191
Divus Claudius 107
Earth (Lequeu) 397–98, 415
Equality 397–98
Mars Ultor 133, 135, 191, 216
Matidia 76
Minerva Medica 150–52
Peace 220
Portunus 255
Unity (Oak Park) 384
Vaticanum 312, 332, 339
Vesta 416
Zeus Asklepios (Pergamon) 219 fn. 44
tension, hoop 196
Terenzio, Alberto 40, 45, 123 fn. 73, 153, 196
Teulada, Edmondo Sanjust di 42 fn. 69
theaters 143, 146, 155, 158
Maritime (Hadrian’s Villa) 84–85, 140, 147
Thibault, Jean-Thomas 392
tholoi (Greek domed buildings) 129, 140, 158
Thomas, Edmund 72
Titus, Emperor 80
Tivoli 125
Sibyl Temple 140
Temple of Hercules 127
Tocqueville, Alexis de 383
tolerance, religious 381–84
tombs 158
Augustus 360
Caecilia Metella 143
cylindrical 140
dei Carri (Populonia) 129
Hadrian (Castel Sant’Angelo) 34–35, 143, 298–99, 360
Raphael 27–28, 43, 271
Vittorio Emanuele II 358–60, 364, 370–75