Can't Stop Won't Stop
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2. Sipple Out Deh: Jamaica’s Roots Generation and the Cultural Turn.
Word
Barrett, Sr. Leonard. The Rastafarians. Boston: Beacon Press, 1988.
Barrow, Steve and Peter Dalton. Reggae: The Rough Guide. London & New York: Rough Guides/Penguin, 1997. Revised edition, 2001.
Bradley, Lloyd. This Is Reggae Music: The Story of Jamaica’s Music. New York: Grove Press, 2000.
Chang, Kevin O’Brien and Wayne Chen. Reggae Routes: The Story of Jamaican Music. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998.
Chanting Down Babylon. Nathaniel Samuel Murrell, William David Spencer and Adrian Anthony McFarlane, eds. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998.
Chevannes, Barry. Rastafari: Roots and Ideology. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994.
Gunst, Laurie. Born Fi Dead. New York: Henry Holt, 1995.
Hopkinson, Nalo. Midnight Robber. New York: Warner Aspect, 2000.
Katz, David. People Funny Boy: The Genius of Lee “Scratch” Perry. London: Payback Press, 2000.
Katz, David. Solid Foundation: An Oral History of Reggae. New York: Bloomsbury, 2003.
Manley, Michael. Struggle in the Periphery. London: Third World Media Limited, 1982.
Nettleford, Rex, ed.Jamaica in Independence: Essays on the Early Years . Kingston: Heinemann Caribbean, 1989.
Stephens, Evelyne Huber and John D. Stephens. Democratic Socialism in Jamaica. London: Macmillan, 1986:
Stolzoff, Norman. Wake the Town and Tell the People. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000.
Image
Classic Albums: Catch a Fire. Jeremy Marre, director. Rhino Image, 2000.
Enter the Dragon. Robert Clouse, director. 1973, reissued on DVD, 1998.
The Harder They Come. Perry Henzell, director. 1973, reissued on Criterion DVD, 2000.
Heartland Reggae. James P. Lewis, director. 1978, reissued on DVD, 2001.
Life and Debt. DVD. Stephanie Black, director. Originally released 2001.
Rebel Music: The Bob Marley Story. Jeremy Marre, director. Island/Tuff Gong, 2001.
Rockers. Theodorus Bafaloukos, director. 1977, reissued on DVD, 2000.
Sound
The Abyssinians and Friends, Tree of Satta, Volume 1. Blood and Fire Records, 2004.
Augustus Pablo. Classic Rockers. CD. Island Jamaica, 1995. Includes Jacob Miller’s “Baby I Love You So.”
———. King Tubbys Meets Rockers Uptown Deluxe Edition. LP. Clocktower, 1976. CD. Shanachie, 2003.
———. Original Rockers. CD. Greensleeves, 2001. Originally released 1979.
Bob Marley and The Wailers. Catch a Fire: Deluxe Edition. 2-CD. Tuff Gong/Island, 2001. Originally released 1973.
———. “Chances Are.” 45 rpm single. Cotillion, 1981.
———. Confrontation. CD. Tuff Gong/Island, 1983.
———. Exodus: Deluxe Edition. 2-CD. Tuff Gong/Island, 2001. Originally released 1977.
———. Rastaman Vibration. CD. Tuff Gong/Island. Originally released 1976.
———. Trenchtown Rock Anthology ‘69–’78. 2-CD. Trojan, 2002. Features 1971 Lee “Scratch” Perry productions of “Small Axe” and “Dreamland.”
Bunny Wailer. Blackheart Man. LP. Mango, 1976.
The Congos. The Heart of the Congos. 2-CD. Blood and Fire, 1996. Originally released 1977.
Count Ossie & The Mystic Revelation of Rastafari. Grounation. 3-LP. MRR Records, 1973.
Culture. Two Sevens Clash. LP. Shanachie, 1987. Originally released 1976.
Dennis Brown. Brown Sugar. LP. Dynamic Sounds, 1986.
Duke Reid. Duke Reid’s Treasure Chest. 2-CD. Heartbeat, 1992.
Harry Mudie. Meet King Tubby’s In Dub Conference, Vol. 1–Vol. 3. LP. Moodisc, 1975–1977.
The Harder They Come: Deluxe Edition. 2-CD. Island, 2003. Originally released 1973.
The Heptones. Party Time. LP. Mango, 1977.
Jacob Miller. Songbook: Chapter a Day. 2-CD. VP, 1999.
Joe Gibbs and The Professionals. State of Emergency. LP. Rocky One, 1999. Originally released 1976.
———. African Dub All-Mighty Chapters 1–3. LP. Rocky One, 1994–95. Originally released 1975–78.
Keith Hudson. Brand. Also known as The Joint. LP. Pressure Sounds, 1995. Originally released 1977.
———. Rasta Communication. CD. Greensleeves, 2002. Originally released 1978.
Lee Scratch Perry. Arkology. 3-CD. Island, 1997.
———. Super Ape. LP. Mango, 1976.
Let’s Do Rocksteady: The Story of Rocksteady, 1964–1968. 2-CD. Trojan, 2002.
Little Roy. Tafari Earth Uprising. CD. Pressure Sounds, 1996.
Max Romeo. War In a Babylon. LP. Mango, 1976.
Mighty Diamonds. Right Time. LP. Virgin, 1976. Also available as I Need A Roof. Hitbound.
Niney the Observer. Sledgehammer Dub. CD. Motion, 2002. Originally released 1977.
Peter Tosh. Equal Rights. LP. CBS, 1977.
Prince Far I. Under Heavy Manners. LP. Joe Gibbs, 1977.
The Reggae Box. 4-CD. Hip-O, 2001.
Respect to Studio One. 2-CD. Heartbeat, 1994.
Rockers Soundtrack. LP Mango, 1979.
Studio One Story. 2-LP +DVD. Soul Jazz, 2002
Tapper Zukie. MPLA. CD. Caroline, 2001. Originally released 1976.
———. Tappa Zukie in Dub. CD. Blood and Fire, 1995. Originally released 1976.
This Is Reggae Music: The Golden Age 1960–1975. 4-CD. Trojan, 2004.
Tougher Than Tough: The Story of Reggae Music. 4-CD. Mango, 1993. Curated by Steve Barrow.
3. Blood and Fire, with Occasional Music: The Gangs of the Bronx
Word
The Black Panthers Speak. Philip S. Foner, ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott and Company, 1970.
Churchill, Ward, and Jim Vander Wall. The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI’s Secret Wars Against Dissent in the United States. Boston: South End Press, 1990.
Gale, William. The Compound. New York: Ballantine, 1977.
Hager, Steven. Hip Hop: The Illustrated History of Break Dancing, Rap Music and Graffiti. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1984. Reprinted in Adventures in the Counterculture: From Hip Hop to High Times. New York: High Times Press, 2002.
Levitt, Leonard. “The Rebirth of the Gangs.” In New York Sunday News Magazine Daily News. August 20, 1972.
Roberts, John Storm. The Latin Tinge: The Impact of Latin American Music on the United States, second edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Schneider, Eric C. Vampires, Dragons, and Egyptian Kings: Youth Gangs in Post-War New York. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999.
Tolchin, Martin. “Gangs Spread Terror in the South Bronx.” In the New York Times. January 16, 1973.
Weingarten, Gene. “East Bronx Story: Return of the Street Gangs.” In New York Magazine. March 27. 1972.
More Word
The history of Bronx gangs is still a story waiting to be told in full. Gang histories—not just in the Bronx—remain largely oral. So I am full of gratitude to the following, all of whom were extraordinarily gracious with their recollections and time:
Afrika Bambaataa
Martine Barrat
BOM 5
Michael “Lucky Strike” Corral
Danny DeJesus
Henry Chalfant
Mike, Savage Skulls
Benjamin and Wanda Melendez
Felipe “Blackie” Mercado
Richie Perez
Carlos Suarez
Gabriel Torres
I am in special debt to the late Rita Fecher, who opened her library and her life to me, and to Richie Perez, the great organizer who has been a profound influence on the hip-hop generation. Both are greatly missed.
Image
Ain’t Gonna Eat My Mind. Tony Batten, director. 1972. Viewable at Museum of Television and Radio.
80 Blocks From Tiffany’s. VHS. Gary Weis, director. 1979.
The 51st State: Bronx Gangs. Patrick W
atson, host. 1972. Viewable at Museum of Television and Radio.
Flyin’ Cut Sleeves. Rita Fecher and Henry Chalfant, co-producers. Henry Chalfant, director. 1993.
New York Illustrated: The Savage Skulls with Piri Thomas. Abigail Child, producer and writer.
Aired WNBC, November 18, 1973. Viewable at Museum of Television and Radio. You Do the Crime, You Do the Time. Martine Barrat, director. 1976.
Sound
Eddie Palmieri. Justicia. CD. Sonida. Originally released 1970.
Ghetto Brothers. Power—Fuerza! LP. Mary Lou/Salsa International, 1972.
Grand Funk Railroad. Closer to Home. LP. Capitol, 1970.
Joe Bataan. Best of Joe Bataan. CD. Charly, 1997.
Joe Cuba. The Best of Joe Cuba/Lo Mejor De Joe Cuba. LP. Tico, 1972.
Ray Barretto. Acid/Hard Hands. CD. Nascente, 2001. Originally released 1968.
The Salsa All-Stars. The Salsa All-Stars. CD. Salsa International. Originally released 1968.
Santana. Abraxas. LP. CBS, 1970.
Willie Colon. Asalto Navideño, Volumes 1 & 2. CD. Fania. Originally released 1972–1973.
———. El Malo. LP. Fania, 1968.
4. Making a Name: How DJ Kool Herc Lost His Accent and Started Hip-Hop
Word
Hager, Steven. “The Herculords at the Hevalo.” In Record Magazine. February 1985.
Kohl, Herbert. Golden Boy as Anthony Cool: A Photo Essay on Naming and Graffiti. New York: The Dial Press, 1972.
Mailer, Norman. The Faith of Graffiti. New York: Praeger, 1974.
Powers, Stephen ESPO. The Art of Getting Over: Graffiti at the Millennium. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999.
Stewart, Jack. Subway Graffiti: An Aesthetic Study of Graffiti on the Subway System of New York City. Dissertation for Doctor of Philosophy. School of Education, Health, Nursing, and Arts Professions. New York University, 1989.
Style: Writing from the UnderGround, Revolutions of Aerosol Linguistics. Italy: Stampa Alternativa and IGTimes, 1996.
Sound
Big Youth. Natty Universal Dread: 1973–1979. 3-CD. Blood and Fire, 2000.
Dennis Coffey. Evolution. LP. Sussex, 1971.
James Brown. Star Time. 4-CD. Polygram, 1991.
Mandrill. Fencewalk: The Anthology. 2-CD. Polygram, 1997.
Michael Viner’s Incredible Bongo Band. Bongo Rock: The Story of the Incredible Bongo Band. 2-LP. Strut, 2001.
Rare Earth. Get Ready. LP. Motown, 1969.
Shaft in Africa Soundtrack. LP. ABC, 1973.
LOOP 2. Planet Rock: 1975–1986.
5. Soul Salvation: The Mystery and Faith of Afrika Bambaataa.
Word
Hager, Steven. “Afrika Bambaataa’s Hip Hop.” In The Village Voice. September 21, 1982. Also available in And It Don’t Stop: The Best American Hip-Hop Journalism of the Last 25 Years, edited by Raquel Cepeda. New York: Faber & Faber, 2004.
Jardim, Gary. “The Great Facilitator.” In The Village Voice. October 2, 1984.
Rivera, Raquel Z. New York Ricans from the Hip Hop Zone. New York: Palgrave, 2003.
Toop, David. The Rap Attack: African Jive to New York Hip-Hop. New York: South End Press, 1984.
“Two shot dead in Bronx duel.” In Amsterdam News. January 11, 1975.
Universal Zulu Nation. “Infinity Lessons.” No date listed.
Universal Zulu Nation website. “Afrika Bambaataa biography.” http://www.zulunation.com/afrika.html.
Vincent, Rickey. Funk: The Music, the People, and the Rhythm of the One. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996.
Image
Assault on Precinct 13. DVD. Originally released 1976.
Fort Apache: The Bronx. DVD. Originally released 1981.
The Warriors. DVD. Originally released 1979.
Zulu. DVD. Originally released 1964.
Sound
Afrika Bambaataa and Family. “Bambaataa’s Theme.” b/w “Tension.” 12-inch single. Tommy Boy, 1986.
Death Mix: The Best of Paul Winley Records. 2-LP. Landspeed, 2001. Includes “Zulu Nation Throwdown, Parts 1 and 2” and “Death Mix, Parts 1 and 2.”
P Brothers. “Zulu Beat Mixtape.” CD. 2004.
Parliament. Mothership Connection. LP. Casablanca, 1976.
Sly and The Family Stone. Stand! LP. CBS, 1969.
———. There’s a Riot Goin’ On. LP. CBS, 1971.
Ultimate Breaks and Beats, SB-501. LP. Street Beat Records, 1986.
Ultimate Breaks and Beats, SB-505. LP. Street Beat Records, 1986.
Zulu Nation. Bronx River Center. Mixtape. 1980.
6. Furious Styles: The Evolution of Style in the Seven-Mile World.
Word
Brewster, Bill, and Frank Broughton, Last Night a DJ Saved My Life: The History of the Disc Jockey. New York: Grove Press, 2000.
Chalfant, Henry, and Martha Cooper. Subway Art. London: Thames and Hudson, 1984.
Fernando, S. H. The New Beats: Exploring the Music, Culture and Attitudes of Hip-Hop. New York: Anchor, 1994.
Goldstein, Richard. “This Thing Has Gotten Completely Out of Hand.” In New York Magazine. March 26, 1973.
Hazzard-Gordon, Katrina. Jookin’: The Rise of Social Dance Formations in African-American Culture. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992.
Hurston, Zora Neale. Folklore, Memoirs, and Other Writings. New York: Library of America, 1995.
Miller, Ivor. Aerosol Kingdom: Subway Painters of New York City. Jackson, Miss.: University Press of Mississippi, 2002.
Rap Pages. “Don’t Stop The Body Rock: The Dance Special.” Guest editors, Cristina Verán and Ben Higa. September 1996.
———. “Play That Beat: The DJ Special.” Guest editors Chairman Mao. (Jeff Mao) and DJ Zen (Jeff Chang). April 1996.
———. “Out for Fame: Graf Pages Special.” Guest editors, Rock A. Party (Sacha Jenkins) and Ben Higa. February 1996.
Rose, Tricia. Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America. Hanover: Wesleyan University Press, 1994.
Stearns, Marshall and Jean. Jazz Dance: The Story of American Vernacular Dance. Cambridge, Mass.: DaCapo Press, 1994.
Image
The Freshest Kids: A History of the B-Boy From The Boogie Down Bronx and Beyond. DVD. Israel, director. 2002.
DMC B-Boy Foundations. Hosted by Popmaster Fabel. Featuring Trac-2, Mr. Freeze and B-Boy Fever One. VHS. Jorge FABEL Pabon, director. 1999.
Scratch. 2-DVD. Doug Pray, director. 2002. Originally released 2001.
Stations of the Elevated. VHS. Manny Kirchheimer, director. 1980.
Sound
Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five. “The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel.” 12-inch single. Sugar Hill, 1981.
———. “Flash It to the Beat,” b/w “Fusion Beats, Volume 2.” 12-inch single. Bozo Meko, 1982.
Mandalit Del Barco. “Origins of Breakdancing.” Aired on National Public Radio, October 14, 2002. http://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/patc/breakdancing/
7. The World Is Ours: The Survival and Transformation of Bronx Style.
Word
Austin, Joe. Taking the Train: How Graffiti Art Became an Urban Crisis in New York City. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
Castleman, Craig. Getting Up: Subway Graffiti in New York. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1982.
Chalfant, Henry, and Jim Prigoff. Spraycan Art. London: Thames and Hudson, 1987.
Fricke, Jim and Charlie Ahearn, eds. Yes Yes Y’all: The Experience Music Project Oral History of Hip-Hop’s First Decade. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press, 2002.
Glazer, Nathan. “On Subway Graffiti in New York.” In Public Interest. Winter 1979.
Wilson, James Q. and George Kelling. “Broken Window: The Police and Neighborhood Safety.” In Atlantic Monthly. March 1982. http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/crime/windows.htm
Image
Roots of Rap: Sugar Hill Records. VHS. Rhino, 1998.
Sound
The Best of Enjoy!
Records. 2-LP. Hot Productions, 1990.
Chic. “Good Times.” 12-inch single. Atlantic, 1979.
Fatback Band. “You’re My Candy Sweet” b/w “King Tim III Personality Jock.” 12-inch single. Spring, 1979.
Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five. “Superappin’.” 12-inch single. Enjoy, 1979.
Jimmy Castor. “It’s Just Begun.” 12-inch single. Salsoul, 1983.
The Jimmy Castor Bunch. It’s Just Begun. LP. RCA, 1972.
Kurtis Blow. Kurtis Blow. LP. Phonogram, 1980.
MFSB. TSOP. LP. CBS, 1975.
The Sugar Hill Gang. “Rapper’s Delight.” 12-inch single. Sugar Hill, 1979.
The Sugar Hill Records Story. 5-CD. Rhino, 1997.
Ultimate Breaks and Beats, SB-506. LP. Street Beat Records, 1986.
Ultimate Breaks and Beats, SB-524. LP. Street Beat Records, 1990.
8. Zulus on a Time Bomb. Hip-Hop Meets the Rockers Downtown.
Word
Banes, Sally. “To the Beat Y’all: Breaking Is Hard to Do.” In The Village Voice. April 22–28, 1981. Also available in And It Don’t Stop: The Best American Hip-Hop Journalism of the Last 25 Years, edited by Raquel Cepeda. New York: Faber & Faber, 2004.
———. “Breakdancing: A Reporter’s Story.” In Folklife Annual. 1986. Includes photos by Martha Cooper.
Bromberg, Craig. The Wicked Ways of Malcolm McLaren. New York: HarperCollins, 1989.
Coming from the Subway: New York Graffiti Art. France: VBI, 1992.
Cooper, Martha, with interviews by Akim Walta. The Hip-Hop Files: Photographs 1979–1984. Germany: From Here to Fame, 2004.
Goldstein, Richard. “The Fire Down Below.” In The Village Voice. December 24–28, 1980.
Hess, Elizabeth. “Graffiti R.I.P.: How The Art World Loved ‘Em and Left ‘Em.” In The Village Voice. December 22, 1987.
New York Graffiti @ 149 St. website http://www.at149st.com
Witten, Andrew ZEPHYR, and Michael White. Dondi White Style Master General. New York: Regan Books, 2001.
Zephyr Graffiti website. http://www.zephyrgraffiti.com
Image
Downtown 81. DVD. Edo Bertoglio, director. Patrick Montgomery and Glen O’Brien, co-producers. Originally released 1981.
Duck Rock. VHS. Malcolm McLaren, producer and director, 1983.
Style Wars. Tony Silver, director. Tony Silver and Henry Chalfant, producers. 1983.
Westway to the World. DVD. Don Lefts, director. 2001. Includes “Clash on Broadway” filmed in 1981.