Can't Stop Won't Stop

by Jeff Chang

  Jah, Yusuf, and Sister Shah’Keyah. Uprising: Crips and Bloods Tell the Story of America’s Youth in the Crossfire. New York: Touchstone, 1997.

  Kelley, Robin D. G. Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class. New York: The Free Press, 1994.

  Marriott, Rob, James Bernard, and Allen S. Gordon. “Reality Check,” In The Source. June 1994.

  Marsh, Dave, and Phyllis Pollack. “Wanted for Attitude.” In The Village Voice. October 10, 1989.

  McDermott, Terry. “Parental Advisory: Explicit Lyrics.” In Los Angeles Times Magazine. April 14, 2002.

  Olsen, Jack. Last Man Standing: The Tragedy and Triumph of Geronimo Pratt. New York: Doubleday, 2000.

  Owen, Frank. “Hanging Tough.” In SPIN. April 1990.

  Palmer, Robert. Deep Blues. New York: Penguin, 1981.

  Ro, Ronin. Have Gun Will Travel. New York: Doubleday, 1998.

  Tackwood, Louis and Citizen’s Research and Investigation Committee. The Glass House Tapes. New York: Avon, 1973.

  Vigil, James. A Rainbow of Gangs. Austin, Tex.: University of Texas Press, 2002.

  Watts Prophets. Poetic Reflections. Los Angeles: W. P. Publishing Company, 1993. Originally published 1976.

  ———. The Rising Sons. Los Angeles: W. P. Publishing Company, 1993. Originally published 1973.

  Image

  Colors. VHS. Dennis Hooper, director. 1988.

  The Fire This Time. VHS. Randy Holland, director. Blacktop Films, 1993.

  Sound

  The Black Voices. The Black Voices: On the Streets of Watts. CD. FFRR, 1996. Originally released 1969.

  C.I.A. Criminals In Action. “My Posse” b/w “Ill-Legal”/”Just 4 The Cash.” 12-inch single. Kru-Cut, 1987.

  Central Avenue Sounds: Jazz in Los Angeles, 1921–1956. 4-CD. Rhino, 1999.

  Eazy E. “Boyz-N-The Hood” b/w “L.A. Is The Place”/”Fat Girl.” 12-inch single. Macola, 1987.

  Eazy E. Eazy Duz It. LP. Ruthless/Priority, 1988.

  Mixmaster Spade and the Compton Posse. “Genius Is Back.” 12-inch single. L.A. Posse, 1988.

  NWA and the Posse. LP. Macola, 1987. Re-released by Priority in 1989.

  The NWA Legacy, Volume 1: 1988–1998. 2-CD. Priority, 1999.

  NWA. Straight Outta Compton. LP. Ruthless/Priority, 1988. Note: Cover bears a 1988 copyright and copies were undoubtedly on the street in December 1988, but the official release date was January 25, 1989.

  Street Kuts, Volume 1. LP. Instant, 1990. This import comp includes a number of KDAY hits from 1986 and 1987, like King Yee’s “Payback’s a Mutha,” King Tee and Mixmaster Spade’s “Ya Better Bring a Gun,” Toddy Tee and Mixmaster Spade’s “Do You Want to Go to the Liquor Store,” Bobby Jimmy’s “New York Rapper,” and C.I.A.’s “My Posse.”

  Toddy Tee. “Batterram.” 12-inch single. Epic, 1986.

  Uncle Jam’s Army. “Yes Yes Yes” b/w “Dial a Freak.” 12-inch single. Freak Beat, 1984. Watts Prophets. Rapping Black in a White World. CD. FFRR, 1996. Originally released 1971.

  ———. When the 90s Came. CD. FFRR, 1996.

  World Class Wreckin Cru. World Class. LP. Kru-Cut, 1985.

  Zapp & Roger. We Can Make You Dance: The Zapp & Roger Anthology. 2-CD. Rhino, 2002.

  15. The Real Enemy: The Cultural Riot of Ice Cube’s Death Certificate.

  Word

  Bobo, Lawrence, with James Johnson, Melvin Oliver, James Sidanius, and Camille Zubrinsky. “Public Opinion Before and After a Spring of Discontent.” UCLA Center for the Study of Urban Poverty, Occasional Working Paper Series, 3. Los Angeles: UCLA Center for the Study of Urban Poverty, September 1992.

  Davis, Angela Y. “Black Nationalism: The Sixties and The Nineties.” In Black Popular Culture, edited by Gina Dent. Seattle: Bay Press, 1992.

  ———. Women, Culture, and Politics. New York: Random House, 1989.

  Dawsey, Darrell. “No Sympathy for the Devil.” In XXL Magazine. 1997.

  Ice Cube and Angela Y. Davis. “Nappy Happy.” In Transition. Issue 58 1992.

  Kim, Elaine H. “Home Is Where the Han Is.” In Reading Rodney King, Reading Urban Uprising. New York: Routledge, 1993.

  Kim, Sophia Kyung. “Ice Cube the Peacemaker.” In Korea Times. May 4, 1992.

  Madhubuti, Haki. Black Men: Obsolete, Single, Dangerous? Chicago: Third World Press, 1990.

  Noel, Peter. “Unholy War: Khallid Muhammad and the Battle for The Nation of Islam.” In The

  Village Voice. August 2, 1994.

  Samuels, David. “The Rap on Rap.” In the New Republic. November 11, 1991.

  Suh, Dong. “The Source of Korean and African American Tensions.” In Asian Week. February 21, 1992.

  Image

  “A Conversation with Angela Davis and Ice Cube.” Priority Records Promotional video, 1991.

  Boyz N The Hood. 2-DVD. John Singleton, director. 2003. Originally released 1993.

  Sound

  DJ Dank. Greatest Malt Liquor Hits. CD. Hip Hop History Series, 2003.

  Ice Cube. Amerikkka’s Most Wanted. LP. Priority, 1990.

  ———. Death Certificate. LP. Priority, 1991.

  ———. Promotional interview tape. Priority Records, Los Angeles, 1991.

  Public Enemy. Fear of a Black Planet. 2-LP. Def Jam, 1990.

  LOOP 4. Stakes Is High: 1992–2001.

  16. Gonna Work It Out: Peace and Rebellion in Los Angeles.

  Word

  Baldwin, James. The Evidence of Things Not Seen. New York: Henry Holt, 1986.

  Butler, Stuart. “The Urban Policy America Needs.” In the Heritage Foundation Reports. Executive Memorandum No. 330. May 5. 1992.

  Cannon, Lou. Official Negligence. New York: Times Books, 1997.

  Davis, Mike. “In L.A., Burning All Illusions.” In The Nation. June 1, 1992.

  Gooding-Williams, Robert. Reading Rodney King, Reading Urban Uprising. New York: Rout-ledge, 1993.

  Hayden, Tom. Street Wars: Gangs and the Future of Violence. New York: The New Press, 2004.

  Hazen, Don, ed. Inside The L.A. Riots: What Really Happened and Why It Will Happen Again. San Francisco: Institute for Alternative Journalism, 1992.

  Kelly, Raegan. “Watts Love: The Truce Is ON!” In URB Magazine. Vol. 3, No. 6, Issue 30. 1993.

  Krikorian, Michael, and Greg Kirikorian. “Watts Truce Holds Even As Hopes Fade.” In the Los Angeles Times. May 18, 1997.

  KoreAm Journal. “The Messengers: The L.A. Riots Ten Years Later” special issue. Volume 13, No. 4, April 2002.

  Ong, Paul, and Suzanne Hee. Losses in the Los Angeles Civil Unrest. Los Angeles: Center for Pacific Rim Studies, University of California, Los Angeles, 1993.

  Research Group on the Los Angeles Economy. The Widening Divide: Income Inequallity and Poverty in Los Angeles. Los Angeles: UCLA Urban Planning Program, 1989.

  Shakur, Sanyika (Kody Scott). Monster. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1993.

  Senate Office of Research. The South-Central Los Angeles and Koreatown Riots: A Study of Civil Unrest. Sacramento, Calif.: State Senate Office of Research. June 17, 1992.

  Staff of the Los Angeles Times. Understanding the Riots: Los Angeles Before and After the Rodney King Case. Los Angeles: Los Angeles Times, July 1992.

  State of California Emergency Medical Services Authority. Medical Care for the Injured: The Emergency Medical Response to the April 1992 Civil Disturbance. March 1993. EMSA #393-01.

  Image

  Birth of a Nation: 4×29×92. Matthew McDaniel, director. 1994.

  Menace II Society. DVD. Allen and Albert Hughes, directors. 1997. Originally released 1993.

  Sa-i-gu. Dai Sil Kim-Gibson, Christine Choy, co-directors. 1993.

  Straight from the Streets. VHS. Keith O’Derek and Robert Corsini, co-directors. 1999.

  Sound

  Cypress Hill. Cypress Hill. LP. Ruffhouse, 1991.

  Da Lench Mob. Guerillas in the Mist. CD. Street Knowledge/East West, 1992.

  WC and the MAAD Circle. Ain’t a Damn Thing Changed.
LP. Priority, 1991.

  17. All in the Same Gang: The War on Youth and the Quest for Unity.

  Word

  Abramsky, Sasha. Hard Time Blues: How Politics Built a Prison Nation. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2002.

  Building Blocks for Youth. And Justice For Some. 2000. http://www.buildingblocksforyouth.org/justiceforsome/jfs.html.

  Feld, Barry C. Bad Kids: Race and the Transformation of the Juvenile Court. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

  Gore, Tipper. “Hate, Rape and Rap.” In the Washington Post. January 8, 1990.

  Ice T, as told to Heidi Siegmund. The Ice Opinion. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994.

  “Interview with Angela Davis.” Conducted 1997. From PBS Web site, “The Two Nations of Black America.” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/race/interviews/davis.html.

  Males, Mike. Framing Youth: Ten Myths About the Next Generation. Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1999.

  Mauer, Marc, and The Sentencing Project. Race to Incarcerate. New York: The New Press 1999.

  Rodriguez, Luis. Hearts and Hands: Creating Community in Violent Times. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2001.

  Rodriguez, Luis, Cle “Bone” Sloan, and Kershaun “Lil Monster” Scott. “Gangs: The New Political Force in Los Angeles.” In the Los Angeles Times. September 13, 1992.

  Signorile, Michelangelo. “Queer in a Million.” In OUT Magazine. February 1996. http://www.signorile.coom/articles/outqiam.html.

  Wilson, James Q. “Crime and Public Policy.” In Crime. Editors, James Q. Wilson and Joan Peter-silia. San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies Press, 1995.

  Zeidenburg, Jason, and Vince Schiraldi. Cellblocks or Classrooms?: The Funding of Higher Education and Corrections and Its Impact on African American Men. Washington, D.C.: Justice Policy Institute, 2002.

  Zimring, Franklin. American Youth Violence. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

  Sound

  Above The Law. Livin’ Like Hustlers. LP. Ruthless, 1990.

  Body Count. Body Count. CD. Sire, 1992.

  Compton’s Most Wanted. Straight Check’N Em. LP. Orpheus, 1991.

  DJ Quik. Quik Is the Name. LP. Profile, 1991.

  Freestyle Fellowship. To Whom It May Concern. LP. Sun Music, 1991.

  ———. Inner City Griots. CD. Island, 1993.

  Ice T. The Iceberg. Freedom of Speech . . . Just Watch What You Say. LP. Sire, 1989.

  Kam. Neva Again. CD. Street Knowledge/East West, 1993.

  Kool G Rap and DJ Polo. Live and Let Die. Cold Chillin’, 1993.

  MC Ren. Shock of the Hour. CD. Ruthless, 1993.

  Paris. Sleeping with the Enemy. CD. Scarface, 1992.

  The Pharcyde. Bizarre Ride II the Pharcyde. 2-LP. Delicious Vinyl, 1992.

  Sister Souljah. 360 Degrees of Power. LP. Epic, 1992.

  2 Live Crew. As Nasty As They Wanna Be. LP. Luke, 1990.

  OFTB (Watts OFTB). Straight Up Watts. LP. Big Beat, 1992.

  18. Becoming the Hip-Hop Generation: The Source, the Industry and the Big Crossover.

  Word

  Bernard, James. Letter to David Mays. September 28, 1994.

  Chang, Jeff. “Word Power: A Brief, Highly Opinionated History of Hip-Hop Journalism.” In Pop Music and the Press, edited by Steve Jones. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002.

  Editors of The Source. “An Open Letter from the Editors of The Source Magazine.” October 6, 1994.

  George, Nelson. The Death of Rhythm and Blues. New York: Pantheon, 1988.

  Hinds, Selwyn Seyfu. Gunshots in My Cook-Up: Bits and Bits from a Hip-Hop Caribbean Life. New York: Atria, 2002.

  Kelley, Robin D. G. “The People in Me.” in Colorlines. Winter 1999.

  Klein, Naomi. No Logo. New York: Picador, 1999.

  Light, Alan, ed. The Vibe History of Hip-Hop. New York: Three Rivers Press, 1999.

  Lornell, Kip, and Charles Stephenson Jr. The Beat: Go-Go’s Fusion of Funk and Hip-Hop. New York: Billboard Books, 2001.

  Mcleod, Kembrew. “The Politics and History of Hip-Hop Journalism.” In Pop Music and the Press, edited by Steve Jones. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002.

  Potter, Maximillian. “Getting to the Source.” In GQ. December 2001.

  Prashad, Vijay. Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections and the Myth of Cultural Purity. Boston: Beacon Press, 2001.

  “The Rap Music Decade: 1980 to 1990.” Special issue. In The Source. January/February 1990.

  Rothenberg, Randall. “Shift Sought from ‘Black’ to ‘Urban’.” In the New York Times. November 30, 1989.

  Sokol, Brett. “He Ain’t Guilty, He’s My Partner.” In Miami New Times. September 6. 2001.

  ———. “It’s a Hip-Hop World.” In Miami New Times. July 5, 2001.

  ———. “Still in the Hood?” In Miami New Times. May 22, 2003.

  Wimsatt, William Upski. Bomb the Suburbs. New York: Subway and Elevated, 1994.

  Wynter, Leon. American Skin: Pop Culture, Big Business, and the End of White America. New York: Crown, 2002.

  Image

  Biggie and Tupac. DVD. Nick Broomfield, director. 2002.

  Dr. Dre. “Let Me Ride.” Video. 1993.

  ———. “Nuthin’ But a ‘G’ Thang.” Video. 1993.

  Put Your Hands Up! The Tribute Concert to Chuck Brown. DVD. J. Kevin Swain, director. 2002.

  Welcome to Death Row. DVD. Leigh Savidge, director. 2001.

  Sound

  Backyard Band. Skillet. CD. Future, 1999. One of the best unsung albums of the ‘90s.

  Basic Beats Sampler. CD. Hollywood/BASIC, 1992. Includes Organized Konfusion, Lifers Group, Raw Fusion, Ziimbabwe Legit and a 12-minute DJ Shadow megamix.

  The Beat. Go-Go’s Fusion of Funk and Hip-Hop. 2-CD, Liaison. 2001.

  Brand Nubian. One for All. LP. Elektra, 1990.

  Chuck Brown. Your Game . . . Live at the 9:30 Club. CD. Liaison/Raw Venture, 2001.

  Dr. Dre. The Chronic. CD. Death Row, 1992.

  Dr. Funkenstein and DJ Cash Money. “Scratchin to the Funk.” 12-inch single. Sound Makers, 1985.

  EPMD. Business Never Personal. LP. Def Jam, 1992.

  KMD. Mr. Hood. LP. Elektra, 1991.

  Leaders of the New School. Future Without A Past. LP. Elektra, 1991.

  NWA. Efil4zaggin. LP. Ruthless/Priority, 1991.

  Organized Konfusion. Organized Konfusion. LP. Hollywood/BASIC, 1991.

  Pete Rock and CL Smooth. Mecca and the Soul Brother. 2-LP. Elektra, 1992.

  Rare Essence. Doin It Old School Style Live At Club U. CD+CD-ROM. Rare One, 2001.

  Snoop Doggy Dogg. Doggystyle. CD. Death Row, 1993.

  Tommy Boy Greatest Beats, Volumes 1–4. LP. Tommy Boy, 1998. This is a label retrospective that covers largely the hip-hop era, post-electro.

  Trouble Funk. Live. CD. Infinite Zero, 1996. Originally released as Straight Up Funk Go-Go Style. 2-LP. Jamtu, 1981.

  19. New World Order: Globalization, Containment and Counterculture at the End of the Century.

  Word

  Bagdikian, Ben. The Media Monopoly. Boston: Beacon Press, 1997.

  “Belmont in The L.A. Weekly.” In Los Angeles Weekly. May 4–10, 2001. http://www.laweekly.com/ink/01/24/belmont-archive.php.

  Blackman, Toni. Inner-course: A Plea for Real Love. New York: Villard, 2003.

  Cooper, M. William. Behold a Pale Horse. Flagstaff, Ariz.: Light Technology Publishing, 1991.

  Future 500: Youth Organizing and Activism in the United States. Jee Kim, Mathilda de Rios, Pablo Caraballo, Manuela Arciniegas, Ibrahim Abdul-Martin, Kofi Taha, compilers. New Orleans: Subway and Elevated, 2002.

  Higher Education Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles. “The American Freshman: 2001.” http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/heri/norms_pr_01.html

  Kelley, Norman, ed. R&B: Rhythm and Business. Brooklyn: Akashic Books, 2002.

  Kitwana, Bakari. The Hip Hop Generation: Young Blacks and the Crisis in African-American Cult
ure. New York: Basic Civitas, 2002.

  Mayo, Kierna. “Caught Up in the Gangsta Rapture.” In The Source. June 1994.

  McArdle, Andrea and Tanya Erzen, eds. Zero Tolerance: Quality of Life and the New Police Brutality in New York City. New York: New York University Press, 2001.

  McChesney, Robert, and John Nichols. Our Media, Not Theirs: The Democratic Struggle Against Corporate Media. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2002.

  Morgan, Joan. When Chickenheads Come Home to Roost. New York: Touchstone, 1999.

  Nelson, Jill, ed. Police Brutality. New York: Norton, 2000.

  October 22nd Coalition to Stop Police Brutality, Anthony Baez Foundation and the National Lawyers Guild. Stolen Lives: Killed by Law Enforcement, second edition. New York: October 22nd Coalition, 1999. http://stolenlives.org/

  “Shaping Our Responses to Violent and Demeaning Imagery in Popular Music.” Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice of the Committee of the Judiciary, United States Senate. February 23, 1994.

  Verán, Cristina. “Soul by the Pound.” In One World. December/January 2003.

  Wimsatt, William Upski. No More Prisons. New York: Subway and Elevated/Soft Skull Press, 1999.

  Image

  Books Not Bars. Mark Landesman, director. 2002. http://www.witness.org

  Frontline: LAPD Blues. Michael Kirk, producer and director. Aired May 15, 2001. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/bare.html

  Jails, Hospitals, and Hip-Hop. Mark Benjamin & Danny Hoch, directors. 2001.

  Nobody Knows My Name. Rachel Raimist, director. 1999.

  Straight Outta Hunters Point. Kevin Epps, director. 2001.

  Sound

  Africa Raps. CD. Trikont, 2002.

  Alicia Keys. Songs in A Minor. CD. J, 2001.

  Angie Stone. Black Diamond. CD. Arista, 1999.

  Blackalicious. Nia. Quannum, 2000.

  Black Star. Mos Def and Talib Kweli Are Black Star. CD. Rawkus, 1998.

  The Coup. Party Music. CD. 75 Ark/Tommy Boy, 2001.

  D’Angelo. Voodoo. CD. EMI, 2000.

  Dead Prez. Let’s Get Free. CD. Loud, 2000.

  Erykah Badu. Baduizm. CD. Kedar/Motown, 1997.

  Goodie Mob. Soul Food. 2-LP. LaFace, 1995.

  Hip-Hop For Respect. Hip-Hop For Respect. EP. CD. Rawkus, 2000.

  India Arie. Acoustic Soul. CD. Motown, 2001.

  Jill Scott. Who Is Jill Scott?: Words and Sounds, Volume 1. CD. Hidden Beach, 2000.