Can't Stop Won't Stop
Page 62
Big ups to the tireless and endlessly resourceful Monica Hernandez, who secured many of the photos in this book. Thanks to all the photographers and agencies: Ben Higa, Martha Cooper, Josh Cheuse, Ajamu, Brian Jahn, Mel Rosenthal, Daniel Hastings, Beuford Smith, Peter Holderness, Lisa Haun, Librado Romero, Matt Daly, Michael Benabib, Eli Reed, Alex Webb, Kevin Winter, John Van Hasselt, Michael Heller at 911 Pictures, Julie Grahame at Retna, Lisa Haun, Jonathan Hyams at the Michael Ochs Archive, Katie Shanks at Corbis, Phyllis Collazo at the New York Times Agency, Michael Shulman at Magnum, and Thomas Tinervin at Getty Images.
Much love to Gary Delgado, Don T. Nakanishi, Glenn Omatsu, Makani Themba-Nixon, Bob Wing, Davy D, Bill Adler, and Henry Chalfant, whom I adopted as mentors, and who all suffered me with great humor, and to Mike and Linette Nardone, Joseph Patel, Jungwon Kim and Sango Amoda, and Oliver Wang, whose boundless generosity sustained me.
To all my blood kin from the Pacific to the Atlantic and around the world, I have been informed that if I were to thank each and every one of you individually the price of the book would have to go up by several dollars. Business Affairs has asked me to thank you all for your consideration. I’ll make you some fried rice.
Thanks to Benee and Diane. Thanks to the great staff at St. Martin’s Press, especially John Cunningham, Elizabeth Bewley, Mark Steven Long, Barbara Gratch Cohen, Becki Heller and Stephen Lee. And to the folks who pulled me through from beginning to end: the Changs (Eugene and Eleanor, Spencer and May, Fletcher and Joanne) and Pagaduans (Nestor and Melinda, Agnes and Raul, Ryan, Brandon and Justin, Arnel and Heidi), my super-agent Victoria Sanders, my super-editor Monique Patterson, the incredible Imani Wilson, my boys, Jonathan and Solomon, and my boss, Lourdes. For all of your good vibes, hard work, timely rants and raves, and especially your patience, I am forever grateful and indebted.
And it’s good that way.
Index
Abdul-Karim, Mujahid, 360
Above the Law, 382
The Abyssinians, 34, 36
AC/DC, 245
Adams, Gregory, 402
Adler, Bill, 130, 243–244, 245, 251, 282, 284, 286, 287, 289–290, 335
Adofo, Baye, 450
Adorno, Theodore, 334, 347
“Adventures on the Wheels of Steel,” 155, 228–229
advertising, hip-hop culture, 417–419, 423–428, 447–448
Aerosmith, 245
affirmative action, 345, 391
“Africa,” 34
African American Agenda 2000, 401
African National Congress (ANC), 216
Afrika Islam (Charles Andre Glenn), 110, 151, 174, 301
Afro-American Studies programs, 265
Afrocentricity, 191, 264–265, 327
Ahearn, Charlie, 132, 141, 146, 147, 149, 150, 176, 184–186, 190
Ahearn, John, 146, 150
Ahlerich, Milt, 325, 326
Ahn, Joseph, 372, 373
AJ, 84, 114
Akinyele, 446
Aleem, 175, 256
Aletti, Vince, 179, 410
Ali, Muhammad, 82, 276, 279
“Alive on Arrival,” 343, 352
Allen, Geri, 271
Allen, Harry, 241, 249, 250, 251, 259, 272, 296, 297, 410. See also McGregor, Harry “Allen”
The Almighty Roxbury Street Organization (RSO), 428–433
Alonso, Alejandro, 313
“Amen Brother,” 318
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 326, 389, 390
Amer-I-Can organization, 364, 366
Amerikkka’s Most Wanted 332, 342
Amnesty International, 397
Anderson, Dave, 19
Anderson, Jeffrey, 368
Angelou, Maya, 403
anti-apartheid movement, 215–220
anti-racism movement, 217–219
divestment strategy, 216–217
success of, 219–220
Anti-Defamation League, 266, 267
anti-immigration laws, 391
anti-racism movement, 217–219
anti-Semitism. See also race relations
Death Certificate, 349
hip-hop culture, 413
Jackson, Jesse, 265–266
Nation of Islam, 284–285
New World Order, 438–439
Public Enemy, 278, 283–292, 295
A-ONE, 199
“Apache,” 79, 168
apartheid. See anti-apartheid movement
Arabian Prince, 319
Arafat, Yasir, 266, 267
Ariefdien, Shaheen, 450
Armstrong, Louis, 240
Arnwine, Barbara, 401
arson, South Bronx, 13–16
art. See also graffiti culture
graffiti culture, 142–144, 146–148, 151, 152–154, 160, 180–182, 198–200
sculpture, 150
artists, Black leadership, 268–270, 273–276
Asante, Molefi Kete, 191, 264
Ashhurst-Watson, Carmen, 290
As Nasty as They Wanna Be, 393
Assault on Precinct 13 (film), 99
Astor, Patti, 180
“Atomic Dog,” 302, 381
A Tribe Called Quest, 425
Attica prison riot, 264
Aubry, Larry, 340
Babe Ruth, 168, 172
Baby Boom Echo, 2
“Baby I Love You So,” 36
Backyard Band, 409
Bad Boy, 434
Bad Brains, 418
Badge 373 (film), 145
Badillo, Herman, 63
Badu, Erykah, 446
Baez, Anthony, 456
Bailey, Patrick, 456
Baker, Arthur, 172, 190–191, 242, 256
Bakewell, Danny, 340, 382
Baldwin, James, 360
Ball Busters, 157–158
“Ballistic Affair,” 34
Bambaataa, Afrika, 2, 45, 58, 62, 63, 83, 88, 89–107, 111, 127, 132, 141, 148, 151, 154, 157, 162, 164, 165, 169, 170–173, 174, 182, 183, 190–191, 192, 193, 206, 253, 259, 448
Bamboo Shoots, 189
Banes, Sally, 156–157, 158, 160, 410
Baraka, Amiri, 271, 275, 299, 311, 327
Baranwal, Kirti, 463–464
Barbell, Mario, 61
The Bar-Kays, 263
Barnes, Jimel, 312
Barrett, Carly, 36
Barrett, Leonard, 26
Barretto, Ray, 65
Barrier, Eric, 256, 257
Barrow, Steve, 35
baseball, race relations, 8, 18–19
Basquiat, Jean-Michel, 147, 148, 152, 174, 180, 182, 193, 198, 200–201, 202
Bass, Karen, 369
“Batterram,” 210–211
Batterram (police tactic), 315–317
b-boying. See also dance styles
disappearance of, 228
Duck Rock (video), 162–165
fighting and, 157–158
hip-hop style, 114–118
mainstream culture and, 158–162, 203
media and, 156–157
spread of, 136–139
B-Boys, 229
Beach Boys, 231
Beame, Abraham, 16, 17
BEAR, 199
Beasley, Oliver X, 362–363
The Beastie Boys, 204, 209, 242, 245, 253, 255, 281, 300, 303, 418
“Beat Bop,” 200
Beat Street (film), 184, 192, 193, 203
Beckford, Tyson, 413
The Beginning of the End, 65
Behold a Pale Horse (Cooper), 438
Belafonte, Harry, 184, 192, 193
Beltran, Silvia, 459–460, 462
benign neglect (race issue), 14
Benjamin, Cornell “Black Benjie,” 52, 54, 55–56, 57, 58–59, 61, 62, 98
Bennett, William, 161, 452
Bensonhurst incident, New York City, 292–293
Benzino. See Scott, Raymond “Ray Dog, Benzino”
Berman, Gwendolyn, 57
Berman, Marshall, 12
Bernal, Martin, 265
&
nbsp; Bernard, James, 328, 348, 411, 414, 423, 425–433
“Better Must Come,” 31
Bey, Twilight, 324–325, 358, 363–364, 365
The B-52s, 174
“Big Beat,” 170
Biggie, 434
Big Men On Campus (B.M.O.C.), 411
Big Tony, 408
Big Youth, 37, 78
Biko, Stephen, 84, 217
“A Bird in the Hand,” 342, 343
Bischofberger, Bruno, 201
Black Arts movement, 240
Black August tour, 448–450
Blackboard Jungle Dub, 36
Black Disciples (Chicago gang), 46
“Black Korea,” 335
Black leadership
artists as, 273–276
politics, 268–270
Black Liberation Army, 269
Blackman, Toni, 445
“Blackman Redemption,” 37
Black Men: Obsolete, Single, Dangerous? (Madhubuti), 345
Black Music (Baraka), 271
Black Muslims. See Farrakhan, Louis; Malcolm X; Nation of Islam and Black Muslims
Black Noise, 450
Black Panther Party, 12, 14, 45, 46–47, 93, 106, 243, 246, 248, 252, 253, 269, 273, 274, 276, 310, 311–314, 334, 345, 362, 398
Black Power movement, 2, 77, 106, 195, 248, 249, 289, 331
Black radio. See radio
Black Rock Coalition, 271
Black Spades (gang), 44, 45, 54–55, 63, 90, 91, 92, 95–96
“Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos,” 264
Blackstone Rangers (gang), 46
Black Student Leadership Network, 264, 269
Black suburbia
Long Island, New York Black Belt, 232–239, 271
rap crews, 236–243
violence, 274
Black Thought of the Roots, 448
Black Uhuru, 178, 334
The Black Voices: On the Streets in Watts, 311
Blackwatch Movement, 293
Blackwell, Chris, 27–28, 163, 408
Blige, Mary J., 445
Blondie, 148, 186
Bloods (gang), 313–314, 363, 364, 365, 383, 384
Blow, Kurtis, 132, 179, 244, 303, 408
“Blow Your Head,” 242, 256, 260
Blue, Ruza “Kool Lady,” 163, 167, 168–170, 173–174, 177, 182, 184, 194
B.M.O.C. (Big Men On Campus), 411
Bobby Jimmy and the Critters, 303
Bobo, Willie, 65
Boboshanti, 39
Body Count, 397–398
Body Rock (film), 192
Bogard, Tony, 384–385
Bohannon, 170
bohemians, hip-hop culture, 145–146
BOM 5, 115
Bomb Squad, 247, 260, 264, 268, 281, 282, 331, 332
Bomb the Suburbs (Wimsatt), 422
Bond, J. Max, 307
Bonds, Barry, 7
“Bongo Rock,” 79
Boogaloo Sam, 301
Boogie Down Productions, 248, 249, 269
Booker T & The MG’s, 139
boomers, 1–2
drug addiction, 206
hip-hop culture and, 142–144
Boone, Mary, 201
Bootee. See Fletcher, Ed “Duke Bootee”
Boo-Yaa Tribe, 301, 398
Bosozoku rockers, 189
Botha, P. W., 267
Bounty Killer, 32
“Bourgeois Blues,” 408
Bowie, David, 174
Bow Wow Wow, 162–163, 169
Boxley, Hank “Shocklee,” 232, 235, 236, 237, 239, 246–247, 256, 259, 260, 280–281, 286–288, 290, 292, 294, 295
Boxley, Keith “Wizard K-Jee,” 242, 247, 256, 279, 295
“Boyz-N-The Hood,” 303–306, 317–318
Boyz N The Hood (film), 333, 335, 424
Bradley, Bill, 465
Bradley, Tom, 345, 370, 371, 382
Brand, 35
Brand Nubian, 418
Brasz, Marc, 199
Brathwaite, Frederick, 147–148
Braun, Carol Moseley, 403, 452
break dancing. See b-boying
Breakin’ (film), 192, 193
Breakin’ 2: Electric Boogaloo (film), 192
Breaking and Entering (film), 210
“The Breaks,” 132, 179
“The Bridge,” 256
“Bring the Noise,” 255, 261, 270
broadcast media, structural changes in, 415–417
“broken windows” theory of law enforcement, 134–136
Bronx. See South Bronx
Brooks, Garth, 416
Brother D and the Collective Effort, 179
Brotherhood Crusade, 340
Brown, Andre “Dr. Dre,” 239, 240, 419, 420, 426
Brown, Angela, 215, 450–451, 452, 453
Brown, Chuck, 175, 408, 409, 410
Brown, Clifford, 147
Brown, Dennis, 22, 37
Brown, Elaine, 312
Brown, Grey, 316
Brown, H. Rap, 45, 249, 271
Brown, James, 73, 76–77, 79, 93, 117, 118, 228, 240, 242, 243, 253, 257, 260, 263, 446
Brown, Jerry, 386
Brown, Jim (football player), 361–362, 363–364, 382
Brown, John, 76, 77, 261
Brown, Ruth, 258
Brown, Willie, 345
Bruni, Claudio, 153
B. T. Express, 172
Buchanan, Pat, 375, 379
Buck 4, 137, 205
“Buffalo Gals,” 163, 175
“Bullet,” 398
Bumpurs, Eleanor, 196, 197
Bundrick, Rabbit, 27
Burgess, Marlon, 450
Burnett, Charles, 249
Burning Spear, 31
Burru drumming, 24–25
Bush, George H. W., 268, 340, 375, 377–379, 393, 394, 396, 399, 437–438
Bush, George W., 449
“Bush Killa,” 399
Buster, Prince, 29
“Bustin’ Loose,” 175
Busy Bee. See Chief Rocker Busy Bee
Butts, Calvin, 195, 452
Buxton, Ben, 52, 53, 54
Byas, Jayson “Jazzy Jay,” 76, 83, 89–90, 97, 101, 114–115, 128, 151, 169–170, 172, 174, 192
Byles, Junior, 34
Byrd, Bobby, 259, 260
Cachao, 64
CAINE, 166
Caine, Michael, 93
The California Raisins, 317
Campbell, Cindy, 67, 68, 70, 71–72, 76, 77–78
Campbell, Clive. See DJ Kool Herc (Clive Campbell)
Campbell, Keith, 68–70, 71, 72, 79
Campbell, Nettie, 68, 70, 71–72
Candle Sound System, 22
Capitol Records, 317
Capoluongo, Matt, 411
CAP ONE, 161, 181–182, 193
Captain Sky, 172
Carmichael, Stokely, 45
Caro, Robert, 10–11
Carpenter, John, 99
Carr, Tim, 410
Carraby, Antoine “DJ Yella,” 300, 303, 319
Carson, Sonny, 228, 293, 294
Carson Freakateers, 302
Carter, Alprentice “Bunchy,” 310, 311–312, 342
Carter, Jimmy, 16–17, 167, 217
Casanova Crew, 113
Cash Crew, 412
Cash Money, 228, 408
cassette tapes, hip-hop culture, 127
Cassidy, Butch, 241
Castillo, Sylvia, 369
Castro, Fidel, 31, 206, 209
Catch a Fire, 27–28
“Catch a Groove,” 242
CBS Records, 300
Cee Divine the Mastermind, 163
Cee-Lo, 438
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 32, 33, 39, 205–206, 216, 439
Central Park “wilding” rampage, 277–278, 289
“Chains and Things,” 342
Chalfant, Henry, 53, 142–144, 151, 155, 156, 157–158, 159–162, 169, 181
Chalfant, Kathleen, 142, 161
Chalpin, Ed, 286
; Chance, Julia, 413
“Chances Are,” 22
Charisma label, 194
Chase, Charlie, 185, 186, 408
Chavis, Benjamin, 195, 400–401, 402
“Check Out My Melody,” 257
“Check Out the Radio,” 242
Cheeba, Eddie, 114, 128, 130, 131, 237, 239
Chesimard, JoAnne (Assata Shakur), 254, 269
Chicago, Illinois, 46, 390
Chief Rocker Busy Bee, 149, 150, 189, 203
“Children Crying,” 28
Children of the Grave, 248
Chisholm, Samuel J., 418
“Chocolate City,” 275–276
Christgau, Robert, 272, 407, 410, 448
Christmas, William, 305
“Christmas Rappin’,” 132
The Chronic, 419–420, 421
Chuck D. See Ridenhour, Carlton “Chuck D”
Churchill, Ward, 437
CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
C.I.A. (Criminals In Action, group), 299–300
Civil Rights movement, 2, 215, 221–223, 235, 248, 250, 253, 337, 450–451, 454
Clarence 13X, 258
Clarke, John Henrik, 265
The Clash, 154–155, 246, 264
Clayton, Rodger “Uncle Jam,” 301
Clear Channel Communications, 441–442
Clearwater Festival, 160
Cleaver, Eldridge, 246, 271, 311
Cliff, Jimmy, 26–27
Cli-N-Tel, 319
Clinton, George, 170, 231, 275–276, 302, 394–396
Clinton, William J., 321, 392, 398, 399, 465
CL Smooth, 418
“The Clucks Come Out at Night,” 210
Clutchette, John, 305, 306
cocaine. See drug addiction
Cochran, Johnnie, 382
“Coffee Donuts and Death,” 399
Coffey, Dennis, 79
Cofon Cats (gang), 72–73
Cohen, Lyor, 286
COINTELPRO operation (FBI), 46, 248, 437, 438. See also Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
The COINTELPRO Papers (Churchill), 437
“Cokane In My Brain,” 206–207
Coker, Cheo, 427
Co-Lab collective, 147, 149, 174
Cold Crush Brothers, 114, 127, 130, 185, 186, 189
“Cold Lampin,” 264
Cold War, 205–206, 221
Coleman, Milton, 265, 266
Collins, Bootsy, 170
Collins, Catfish, 260
Collins, Durrell DeWitt “Baby Rock,” 322
Collins, Keith, 308
Colon, Richie “Crazy Legs,” 109, 110, 111, 117, 137, 139, 140, 141, 156, 160, 168, 175–176, 177, 183–184, 204, 205
Colón, Willie, 65, 191