by Jeff Chang
“Colorblind,” 344
The Color Purple (film), 276
Coltrane, John, 243, 259
Columbia Records, 204, 245
Combs, Sean “Puffy, P-Diddy,” 413, 434, 436, 447
commercialism, hip-hop culture, 194, 417–419, 423–428, 447–448
Common, 413, 449
Common Ground show, 169
Communist Party, 253
Community Youth Gang Services (CYGS, Los Angeles), 358
Company Flow, 437
competition, hip-hop culture, 426–435
Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986, 220
Compton, California, 308
Compton Posse, 316
Compton’s Most Wanted, 382
Conason, Joe, 14
“Concrete Jungle,” 27–28
Congos, 28
Connerly, Ward, 391
Contras (Nicaraguan), 302, 439
Cook, David “Davey D,” 324–325, 411, 441
Coolio, 316, 344
Cooper, Abraham, 295, 350
Cooper, Barry Michael, 272
Cooper, Carol, 272
Cooper, M. William, 438–439
Cooper, Martha, 124, 144, 151, 155–157, 158–159, 160, 181, 193
“Cop Killer,” 396–398, 399, 428
Corral, Michael “Lucky Strike,” 42, 44–45
Cortez, Diego, 149
Cose, Ellis, 235
Cosell, Howard, 10
Council for Urban Peace and Justice, 400
Countryman, Matthew, 219
The Coup, 448
Cousin Brucie, 73
Cowboy, 205
CRASH, 144, 150, 153, 166, 181, 199
“Crazy Cuts,” 229
Crazy Legs. See Colon, Richie “Crazy Legs”
Creedence Clearwater Revival, 304
Crenshaw, Kimberle, 401
Cress-Welsing, Frances, 296
Crew, John, 389
criminal databases, 388–389
Criminal Minded, 248
Crips (gang), 208, 210, 302, 308, 311–314, 323, 339, 343, 344, 359, 363, 364, 365, 366–367, 368, 383, 384
Crip Walk, 302
Crocker, Frankie, 131
“Crooked I” commercials, 350–353
Cross, Brian, 210, 211, 318
Cross-Bronx Expressway, 10–11, 13
Crouch, Stanley, 272, 278
Crow, Sheryl, 447
Crown Heights riots, New York City, 294, 414
Cuba, 32, 206, 209, 269, 449
Culture (reggae group), 19, 26, 37
culture wars
“Cop Killer,” 396–398
rap music and, 392–394
Cuomo, Mario, 197
curfews, 389
Curry, Tracy “The DOC,” 318
Daa’ood,
dance styles. See also b-boying
b-boying, 110
Brown, James, 76–77
DJ Kool Herc, 80–81
fads in, 228
Los Angeles, 301–302
Dane, Dana, 274
Danifu, O. Gl. Crip,358, 313
“Darling Nikki,” 393
Dash, Julie, 271
databases, criminal, 388–389
Davey D, 77, 327
Davila, Chivirico, 64
Davis, Angela Y., 253, 279, 299, 304, 305–306, 331, 333–337, 344–345, 401, 404, 405
Davis, Mike, 310, 313, 314, 374, 383
Davis, Miles, 259
Davis, Thulani, 272
“The Day the Niggas Took Over,” 420
DAZE, 150, 199
D.C. Scorpio, 408
The Deadly Art of Survival (film), 184, 186
Dean, Roger, 111
Death Certificate, 341–344, 347–349, 414
“Death Mix,” 171
Death Row Records, 424, 452
Dedeaux, Richard, 311
Dee, Jimmy, 137
Dee, Kippy, 140
Deep Blues (Palmer), 275
Def Jam label, 130, 204, 231, 232, 242, 243, 245, 246, 252, 255, 281, 285, 286, 418, 428
DeJesus, Danny, 49
De La Rosa, Jasmine, 457
De La Soul, 233, 256
DeLillo, Don, vii
Delivery Boys (film), 192
Dellums, Ron, 279
Demme, Ted, 320, 418
Denby, David, 278
Denny, Reginald, 270, 394–395, 411, 412, 414, 415, 426, 427, 428
Denver, Colorado, 388
Detroit, Michigan, 389
Deukmejian, George, 388
Devoe, Bell Biv, 281
Diallo, Amadou, 456
Diaz, Al, 200
Dibango, Manu, 175, 191
Dickerson, Ernest, 271
Digital Underground, 441
Dilulio, John, 453
Dimples D, 256
Dinkins, David, 293–294
Diop, Cheikh Anta, 191, 265
Disco King Mario, 96, 97
divestment strategy, anti-apartheid movement, 216–217, 219–220
DJ Alladin, 316
DJ Baron, 83
DJ Breakout, 83, 149, 236
DJ Dillinger, 206–207
DJ Flavor. See Drayton, William “Flavor Flav”
DJing
economics of, 128–129
hip-hop style, 109–114
DJ Kool Herc (Clive Campbell), xi–xiii, 2, 22, 25, 67–85, 90, 91, 96, 97, 102, 111, 112, 114, 127, 192, 261, 408
DJ Polo, 398
DJ Pooh, 316, 350
DJ Quik, 316, 382
DJ Shadow, 413, 418
DJ Smalls, 237
DJ Tex, 97
DMX, 413
Dodd, Coxsone, 29, 38
Doggy Style, 420
“Dog N’ The Wax,” 210
“Doin’ Dumb Shit,” 343–344
Dole, Bob, 452
Dominguez, Manny, 52–53, 63
Donaldson, Eric, 23
DONDI, 143, 153, 183, 184, 189, 248
“Don’t Believe the Hype,” 255, 270
“Doo Wop That Thing,” 446
Dorismond, Patrick, 456
Do the Right Thing (film), 276–279, 286, 292, 346–347, 424
Double Dutch girls, 182–183
Double Trouble, 189
Douglass, Frederick, 279
Downs, Jordan, 374
downtown nightclubbing, 168–170, 173–177
“Do You Like It,” 172
“Do You Want to Go to the Liquor Store?” 350
DOZE. See Green, Jeffrey “DOZE”
Dr. Dre. See Brown, Andre “Dr. Dre”; Young, Andre “Dr. Dre”
Drayton, William “Flavor Flav,” 232, 239, 242, 246, 247, 248, 254, 255, 260, 261, 263, 264, 281–282, 295
“Dreamland,” 34
“Dre Day,” 420
drug addiction
Basquiat, Jean-Michel, 201, 202
hip-hop culture, 204–205
historical perspective, 205–209
Los Angeles, 208, 209, 302
South Bronx, 12–13, 95
South Bronx gangs oppose, 49–50
Drumgo, Fleeta, 305, 306
DST, 186
Du, Soon Ja, 338–339, 349–350, 352, 364
Dub Conference series, 35
dubplates, 30
dub reggae, 34–38
Duck Rock (video), 162–165
Dukakis, Michael, 265, 267, 268
Duke, David, 395
Duke Bootee. See Fletcher, Ed “Duke Bootee”
DURO, 144
Dylan, Bob, 222, 243, 251
Dynamic Breakers, 194
Dynamic Rockers, 139, 159
The Eagles, 170
Eazy Duz It, 318, 319, 331
Eazy E. See Wright, Eric “Eazy E”
education. See schools
Edwards, King, 29
Edwards, Prince Emmanuel, 39
Edwards, Reo, 409
Efil4zaggin, 416, 420
E-40, 441
8 Ball malt liquor advertising campaign, 350�
��353
Eins, Stefan, 150
Electric Boogaloo, 301
Elektra Records, 418
Elliott, Missy, 445
Ellis, Brett Easton, 269–270
Ellis, Shirley, 113
Ellis, Trey, 270–271
EMI, 27
Emile (rapper), 450 The Wax,” 210
employment
Los Angeles, California, 315, 340
Reagan recession, 177–178
South Bronx, 13
Enjoy Records, 132, 133, 244
environmentalism, 451, 464
EPMD, 233, 256, 350, 425
Eric B., 228, 257, 258, 259, 274, 279, 295, 303
ERNI, 166
ESG, 155
Esposito, Giancarlo, 277
Esse, Sam, 143, 144
E.U., 408
Evers, Medgar, 279
The Evidence of Things Not Seen (Baldwin), 360
Ewa, Tamu du, 441
“Expansions,” 139
exploitation, hip-hop culture, 191–194. See also commercialism, hip-hop culture
“Express Yourself,” 326
Fabara, Sandra “LADY PINK,” 111, 120–121, 124, 153, 166, 182, 185, 199
Fabel. See Pabon, Jorge “Popmaster Fabel”
FAB 5 FREDDY, 147, 148–151, 153, 154, 156, 165, 168, 169, 173, 174, 175, 180, 183, 184–187, 189, 200, 201, 320, 419, 445
Fad, J. J., 319
Fair Housing Act of 1968, 233
“Fallin’,” 446
Fama, Joey, 293
Fanon, Franz, 264
Fantastic, 186
Fantastic Five Freaks, 185
Farrakhan, Al-Malik, 402
Farrakhan, Louis, 100, 223–225, 253–254, 258, 261, 265–267, 269–270, 276, 292, 333, 360, 362–363, 381, 384, 400–402, 403–404, 439
Farrakhan, Mustapha, 363
Fast Break, 140
Fast Forward (film), 192
Fatback Band, 130
Fear of a Black Planet, 273, 332
Fecher, Rita, 53, 64
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
COINTELPRO operation, 46, 248, 437, 438
King, Rodney riots, 371
Los Angeles gangs, 365
NWA, 325–326, 393
Scott, Raymond “Ray Dog, Benzino,” 433
South Bronx gangs, 63
Watts Writers Workshop, 312
Federal Emergency Management Agency Act, 438– 439
Fekner, John, 167
Felisberto, Luke “SPAR ONE,” 118
feminism, 332, 345, 445–446, 452
“Fencewalk,” 261
“Fight the Power,” 279, 280, 286
film industry. See also specific films
hip-hop culture, 161–162, 192–194
Jamaica, 26
Lee, Spike, 249, 276–279
The Final Call, 342
Fine, Serious Lee, 256
“Fire,” 264
Fitzwater, Marlin, 379
“Five Minutes of Funk,” 133
Five Percenters, 106, 163, 256, 258–259, 265, 437
Flash and the Five, 184
Flashdance (film), 192
Flash of the Spirit (Thompson), 164
Flavor Flav. See Drayton, William “Flavor Flav”
Flavor Unit, 428
Fletcher, Ed “Duke Bootee,” 178, 179
folk mento, 25
Fonda Rae, 257
Ford, Andrea, 225
Ford, Henry, 268, 284, 286
Fort Apache: The Bronx (film), 99, 145, 193, 249
4th and Broadway, 399
Fox, James Alan, 381, 453
Franklin, Aretha, 73, 276
“Freaks Come Out at Night,” 210
FREEDOM, 166
Freeway Rick. See Ross, Ricky “Freeway Rick”
Fresh, Doug E., 192, 274, 408
Friedman, Glen, 286
Frost, Wayne “Frosty Freeze,” 137, 138, 156, 157
Frye, Marquette, 309
Frye, Rena, 309
Frye, Ronald, 309
Fuchs, Aaron, 184, 410
“Fuck Tha Police,” 317, 319, 325, 326
Fun Gallery, 180, 201
“Funky Drumme,” 260
Funky 4 + 1 More, 114, 132, 228
“Funky Nassau,” 65
“Funky President,” 257
Furious Five, 113, 127, 132, 133, 155, 178–179, 203, 205, 228, 444
Furious Four, 113, 148
FUTURA, 143, 144, 153, 155, 173, 174, 181, 183, 188, 189, 199, 200
Gabbert, Ken “Swift,” 137, 138
“Gangsta Gangsta,” 319
Gangsta rap
origins of, 307
politics, 452–453
post-gangsta crossover, 419–421
term of, 320
“Gansta
Garcia, Bobbito, 411
Garvey, Julius, 235
Garvey, Marcus, 279
Garvey, Marcus Mosiah, 23–24, 147, 222, 235, 276
Gates, Daryl, 210, 314, 322–323, 335, 370, 371, 374, 375, 386
Gee, Spoonie, 133
generational differences, fiction of, 1–3
Generation X, 1, 2
Generation Y, 2
“Genius of Love,” 170
George, Nelson, 272, 409, 418
Geto Boys, 350, 444
“Get Ready,” 76
“Ghana’E,” 191
Ghetto Brothers (gang), 40, 48, 50–58, 64, 96
Ghetto Brothers Power Fuerza, 64–65
Gibbs, Joe, 35
Gillespie, Dizzy, 240
Gillespie, Marcia A., 401
Ginsberg, Allen, 243
Giuliani, Rudy, 293, 455
“Give It to Me,” 172
“Give it Up or Turn it Loose,” 76, 79
“Givin’ Up the Nappy Dugout,” 343
Gladwell, Malcolm, 136
Glazer, Nathan, 135, 136, 161, 203
The Gleaner, 37
Glenn, Charles Andre (Afrika Islam), 151, 301
Glover, Melvin “Melle Mel,” 113, 155, 178, 179, 192, 242, 256
Glover, Nathaniel “Kidd Creole,” 113
Glueck, Grace, 100
Goddess, Rha, 445
Goetz, Bernhard Hugo, 136, 202, 203, 227, 247
go-go culture, Washington, D. C., 407–409
Goldstein, Richard, 109, 121–122, 144, 189, 198
Gomez, Mayra, 459
Goode, W. Wilson, 209
Goodie Mob, 437–438, 439, 453
Goodman, Robert, 265–266
“Good Times,” 130–131, 237
Good to Go (film), 408
Gordon, Allen, 328
Gordy, Berry, 77, 245
Gore, Al, 265, 393, 399
Gore, Karenna, 393
Gore, Tipper, 393, 397–398
“Got This Happy Feeling,” 65
Grabel, Richard, 192
graffiti culture, 73–75, 91, 102, 104, 109, 111, 118–125, 134–135, 334. See also hip-hop culture
art and, 142–144, 146–148, 151, 152–154, 160, 198–200
bohemians, 145–146
conflict in, 179–182
crackdown on, 181, 202–203
cultural cohesion, 148–152
Los Angeles, 382
publishing industry, 160–161
spread of, 228
Stewart, Michael case, 194–198
“Graffiti Rock” event, 156–157, 169, 175
Grandmaster Caz, 130
Grandmaster Flash, 90, 102, 112, 113, 148, 150, 155, 174, 178, 179, 228–229, 261, 444
Grandmixer DST, 174, 183, 184, 229
Grandwizard Theodore. See Saddler, Theodore “Grandwizard Theodore”
Grape Street Boys, 302
The Grateful Dead, 111
The Great Rock ‘N’ Roll Swindle (film), 174
Great Society programs, 379
Green, Jeffrey “DOZE,” 81, 117, 127, 137–138, 141, 156, 157, 159, 174, 176, 204–205
Greene, Harold, 374
Grier, Pam, 193
Griffin, Richard “Professor Griff,” 111, 232, 235, 239, 246, 248, 253, 254, 263, 268, 273, 280, 281–283, 284–291, 294, 295, 335, 394
Griffin, William, Jr. (Rakim Allah), 215, 228, 233, 256, 257–259, 260–261, 274, 303, 319, 321, 350
Griffith, Michael, 214, 225–228
Grimes, Timothy, 226, 227
griots (African storytellers), 275
Gross, Elliot, 196, 197
Gross, Ted, 61
Group Sex, 302
“The Grunt, Part 1,” 260
Guerrero, Ed, 276
“Gun Music,” 448
Gunn, David L., 203
Gunst, Laurie, 31
Haan, Jenny, 168
Hager, Steven, 76, 77, 96, 193, 410
Hahn, James K., 389–390
“Hail to the Chief,” 241
Hall, Gus, 253
Hamill, Pete, 49
Hamilton, Anthony “Amde,” 310–311
Hammond, Beres, 37
Hampton, Fred, 46
Hampton, Ronald, 397
Hancock, Herbie, 229
Harder They Come (film), 408
“Hard Times,” 179
Haring, Keith, 147, 148, 151, 174, 180, 198, 200, 202
Harlem Underground Band, 91
Harlins, Latasha, 338–339, 350, 365, 414
Harper, Marvin “Hollywood,” 59, 64, 128
Harrell, Andre, 271
Harris, Carter, 429
Harris, Patricia, 17
Harris, Rennie, 115
Harry, Deborah, 148, 168
Hawkins, Odie, 310, 311
Hawkins, Yusuf, 292–294, 296
Hayden, Tom, 458, 459, 460, 462
Haywood, Leon, 316
“Head,” 302
Heller, Jerry, 304, 317, 331, 349, 414, 419, 420
Henderson, Ahmad, 101
Henzell, Perry, 26, 27
Heptones, 28
Hernandez, Mike, 375
heroin. See drug addiction
Hershkovits, David, 93, 174–175, 183, 410
Hess, Elizabeth, 153, 180, 199–200
Heston, Charlton, 397–398
HEX, 382
High School of Art and Design (New York City), 182
Hill, Gwen, 396
Hill, Lauryn, 445, 446
Hill, Michael, 155
Hinds, Selwyn Seyfu, 426
hip-hop culture. See also graffiti culture; rap music
Black August tour, 448–450
bohemians, 145–146
boomers and, 142–144
commercialism, 194, 417–419, 423–428, 447–448
competition in, 426–435
criminality, 134–136
crossover, post-gangsta, 419–421
drug addiction, 204–205
Duck Rock (video), 162–165
evolution of, 209–211
exploitation, 191–194
fading of, 127–129
go-go culture and, 408
homophobia, 254–255, 327, 402–403, 413
Jamaica, 22
jazz, 147–148
mainstream culture and, 158–162
media, 184, 192–193, 249, 409–412, 423–426
alternative, 410–415, 423–426
mainstream, 184, 192–193, 249