by Jeff Chang
“Scorpio,” 79
Scott, Jill, 445–446
Scott, Kershaun “Lil Monster,” 368, 386–387
Scott, Kody “Monster” (Sanyika Shakur), 307, 368
Scott, Raymond “Ray Dog, Benzino,” 428–429, 433–434
Scott-Heron, Gil, 41, 249
Seaga, Edward, 23, 25–26, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38, 70
Seal, 447
Seale, Bobby, 243
Secrets of Freemasonry, 437
Seeger, Pete, 160
segregation. See race relations
Selassie, Haile, 24, 25, 29, 31, 36
self-consciousness, hip-hop culture, 445–448
“Self Destruction,” 270, 274
The Sequence, 132
Serious Lee Fine, 256
Seven Immortals, 244
Sex Machine, 79
Sex Pistols, 162, 164, 174, 320
Sex Records, 399
Shabazz, Paul, 247
Shaft in America, 79
Shakespeare, Robbie, 28
Shakur, Afeni, 46–47, 453
Shakur, Assata (JoAnne Chesimard), 254, 269
Shakur, Sanyika (Kody “Monster” Scott), 307, 368
Shakur, Tupac Amaru, 47, 424, 434, 441, 453
Shante, Roxanne, 303, 445
Sha-Rock, 101, 192
Sharpton, Al, 228, 293
Shecter, Jon, 410–411, 414, 423, 425, 426, 427, 428, 430–432
Sherrills, Aqeela, 208–209, 359, 360–361, 366, 367–368
Sherrills, Daude, 359, 360, 361, 365–366, 367, 384, 385
She’s Gotta Have It (film), 249, 271, 417
“She’s Looking Like a Hobo,” 238
Shocklee, William, 242
“Shoot ’Em Down,” 398
SHY 147, 144
Signorile, Michelangelo, 403
Silberfarb, Edward, 195
Silver, Tony, 161–162, 181
Silverman, Tom, 131, 171–173, 184, 190, 398–399, 413, 416, 419
“Simmer Down,” 33
Simmons, Doug, 410
Simmons, Russell, 132, 203–204, 231, 243, 244, 245, 281, 423, 424, 439, 454
Simon Wiesenthal Center, 349, 350
Sinclair, John, 243–244
Singleton, John, 249, 333
Sire Records, 396
Sister Souljah (Lisa Williamson), 275, 392, 394–396
“Six in the Morning,” 210, 211
SKEME, 143
Skid Row, 416
Skoler, Ron, 286
Sledgehammer Dub, 35
Sleeping Bag Records, 184
Sleeping with the Enemy, 399
Sleeze Boyz, 319
SLICK, 382
Sloan, Cle “Bone,” 313, 386
“Slow and Low,” 242
Sly and Robbie, 170
Small, Millie, 26
“Small Axe,” 31
Smart, Leroy, 34
Smart, Philip, 35
“Smile Jamaica,” 33
Smith, Byron, 30
Smith, Carol, 424
Smith, China, 36
Smith, Danyel, 424, 426, 440
Smith, Larry, 242
Smith, Lonnie Liston, 139
Smith, R. J., 286, 288, 410
Snoop Dogg, 316, 419, 420, 426, 452
social class
Black suburbia, 232–239, 271
race relations, 270–273
Socialist Party (Puerto Rico), 52
Socolov, Will, 184
Soledad Brother, 305
“Something 2 Dance 2,” 319
S1W, 282, 285, 289, 332
Son of Bazerk, 256
“Sophisticated Bitch,” 246
“So Ruff So Tuff,” 302
Soul Children, 268
“Soul Makossa,” 175
“Soul Power,” 77, 261
Soul Searchers, 408
Soulski, 97–99, 100
Soulsonic Force, 182, 190, 192
Soundscan, 416
sound systems, reggae, 28–30
The Source (book, Marriott, Bernard, and Gordon), 328
The Source magazine, 410–415, 421, 423–424, 425, 426–434
South Africa, 163, 164, 448–450. See also anti-apartheid movement
South Bronx, 7–19. See also New York City; New York City Police Department
arson, 13–16
creativity in, 82–85
drug addiction, 12–13
economy of, 13–15
gangs of, 42–43
hip-hop geography, 109–111
politics, 8–9, 16–17, 167
urban renewal, 10–12, 51
violence in, 12–13, 47–48
South Bronx gangs, 41–65. See also New York City; New York City Police Department
Bambaataa, Afrika, 95–99, 103–105
dissipation of, 62–64
Ghetto Brothers, 50–54
number of, 42–43
peace efforts, 58–62
politics and, 45–48
Savage Skulls, 42, 43–45
social structure and, 48–50
warfare among, 54–58
South Central. See Los Angeles, California
Spanglers Posse, 36
SPAR ONE, 182
Special K, 133
Spectrum City (DJ unit), 236–238, 239, 241–242, 245, 246, 247
Spielberg, Steven, 276
Spy, 117, 118
Squier, Billy, 170
Starr, Roger, 18
“Start Me Up,” 175
State of Emergency, African Dub All-Mighty series, 35
Steffens, Roger, 39
Stein, Chris, 186
Steinbrenner, George, 7
Stephenson, Charles, 408
Stephney, Bill, 212, 224, 232, 233, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240–243, 245, 246, 247, 252, 253–254, 261, 268, 269, 270, 271, 275, 280–281, 286–287, 288, 290, 295
Stephney, Ted, 232
“Stepping Razor,” 178
Stereo Crew, 300
Sternlieb, George, 17–18
Stewart, Jack, 74, 123
Stewart, Michael, 194–198, 201, 202, 227, 247, 277
Stitt, King, 78
Stokes, Kusa, 101
Stolen Legacy (James), 270
Stolzoff, Norman, 29
Stone, Angie, 446
Stone, Sly, 93
“Stop the Killing” campaign, 360, 400
Stop the Violence Movement, 274–275, 335
Straight Outta Compton (album), 317, 320, 321, 325, 328, 331
“Straight Outta Compton” (single), 319
Strange, Steve, 169
Strauss, William, 1, 2
Streatfield, Dominic, 207
Streisand, Barbra, 131
Strobert, Andrei, 240–241
Stubblefield, Clyde, 260
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 334, 451
Style Wars (film), 161, 181, 192
Suarez, Carlos (Charlie), 50, 51–52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58–59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64
suburbia. See Black suburbia
Subway Art (book), 161
“Sucker DJs (I Will Survive)”, 256
“Sucker MCs,” 203, 241
Sugar Hill Records, 130, 132, 178, 184, 244
Suggs, Donald, 272
Suh, Dong, 348
Sullivan, Lisa, 269
Summer, Donna, 131
Sun Ra, 243
Super Ape, 35
“Superappin’,” 132–133, 178
Supersonic: The Album, 319
“Super Sperm,” 172
Supreme Mathematics, 258
Supreme Team, 163, 164–165
Suzuki, Tom, 369
Sway, 441
Sweet Sweetback’s Baadasss Song, 192, 249
Swift, Ken, 140
Sylvester, Curtis, 226
Takenokozoku circle, 189
TAKE ONE, 140, 156
“Tales of the Skind,” 246
Talking Heads, 170, 174
Tapper Zukie In Dub, 35
Tartown label, 200
Tate, Greg, 74, 258, 271–273, 410, 412
Taylor, Don, 34
Taylor, Paul, 396
Telecommunications Act of 1996, 441–442
television
hip-hop culture, 419
MTV, 244–245, 320, 418–419
The Temptations, 73, 190
The Terminator, 396
Terminator X. See Rogers, Norman “Terminator X”
Terminator X album, 394
Terry, Tod, 264
Tewlow, Rob “Reef,” 411
Tharp, Twyla, 152
“There Is Something in My Heart,” 65
Third World Liberation Front, 345
Thompson, Errol, 35
Thompson, Jack, 393, 396
Thompson, Robert Farris, 164
Threat, 344
360 Degrees of Power, 394
“Three Little Birds,” 35
The Three MCs, 113
“three strikes” laws, 391, 456–457
“The Times They Are A-
Time Warner, 396, 397–398, 399, 423–424, 433
T-Money, 239
Toddy Tee “Batterram,” 210, 315–317
Tolsi, Niren, 449
Tommy Boy Records, 172, 190, 191, 398–399, 416, 418, 419, 428
Tom Tom Club, 170
Tony Touch, 449
Toop, David, 193, 409
Too Short, 441
Toots and the Maytals, 23
Torres, Gabriel, 46
Torres, Jose, 55
Torrez, Mike, 18
Tosh, Peter, 28, 31, 38, 178
Toshima, Karen, 322, 323, 387
“Tough,” 179
Townsend, Robert, 249
TOXIC, 199
Trac 2, 117
TRACY 168, 166
Tragedy (group), 398
“Trans-Europe Express,” 172
Treacherous Three, 132, 133, 155, 192, 228
A Tribe Called Quest, 425
Trouble Funk, 178, 408
Troupe, Quincy, 310
True Mathematics, 256
“True to the Game,” 343
Tucker, C. Delores, 451–452
Tuff City Records, 184
Turk 182 (film), 192
Turkkan, Leyla, 251, 334–335
Turner, Bryan, 317, 320, 399
12 THE WIZ, 166
Twelve Tribes of Israel, 37, 39
Twisted Sister, 393
2 Live Crew, 393–394
Two Made Men, 433
“Two Sevens Clash,” 26
“2,3 Break,” 229
Ueberroth, Peter, 382
The Ultramagnetic MCs, 412
Uncle Jam’s Army, 301, 302
Under Heavy Manners, 35
unemployment. See employment
UNIA, 307
United Graffiti Artists (UGA), 152
United Negro Improvement Association, 24
United People of Color, 264
United States Student Association, 264
United States Supreme Court, 390
Universal Zulu Nation. See Zulu Nation
The Unseen Hand, 437
“Unsigned Hype,” 413
Upchurch, Carl, 400
Urban League. See National Urban League
urban lifestyle, hip-hop culture as, 417–419, 423–428
urban renewal
Jamaica, 26
New York City, 145
South Bronx, 10–12, 61
U-Roy, 78
“Us,” 335, 343–344
US Organization, 312, 334
UTFO, 210, 274, 303
Valenti, Chi Chi, 167, 177
Vanilla Ice, 425
Van Peebles, Melvin, 192, 249
Ventura County, California, 389
Verán, Cristina, 117, 450
Vibe magazine, 423–426, 427, 440
“Vicious Rap,” 179
Vietnam War, 205–206
The Village Voice, 271–272, 286, 326
Vincent, Gene, 189
Vincenty, Eduardo, 55, 60, 62
violence. See also riots
“Boyz-N-The Hood,” 317
Do the Right Thing (film), 277–278
Jamaica, 32–33, 38
juvenile, decline in, 392
Los Angeles, California, 315, 364–365
rap music, 241
rock concerts, 274
South Bronx, 12–13, 47–48, 54–58
threats of, at The Source, 426–434
“Viva Puerto Rico Libre,” 65
Von Meter, Jonathan, 424
Wackies label, 132
Wailer, Bunny, 34
The Wailers, 27–28, 31, 33, 38
“Walk This Way,” 245
Wallace, Deborah, 14
Wallace, Michelle, 401
Wallace, Rodrick, 14
Waller, Fats, 240
Warhol, Andy, 148, 153, 174, 180, 200, 201
“War In A Babylon,” 34–35
War on Youth, politics, 455–457
Warren G, 316
Warwick, Dionne, 452
Washington, Booker T., 24, 253
Washington, D. C.
go-go culture, 407–409
police crackdown in, 389
Washington, George, 403
Washington, Raymond, 312–313
Army, 301, 302
Washington State, 391
WASP 1, 166
Waters, Maxine, 365, 384, 386, 454
Watts neighborhood. See Los Angeles, California
Watts 103rd Street Band, 326
Wayans, Keenen Ivory, 249
Wayne, John, 99
WC, 344
Webb, Dane, 425
Webb, Gary, 439
Webster, William, 371
Weinberger, Morton, 53, 56
Weisberg, Stanley, 368
Welch, “Red Tony,” 37
“Welcome to the Terrordome,” 295–296
Wenner, Jann, 415, 427, 433
West, Cornel, 403
Westwood, Vivienne, 163, 169
“Weya,” 191
Wheatob, Tony “Sir Jinx,” 299
“Wheels of Steel” parties, 169, 173, 244, 301
“When Johnny Comes Marching Home Again,” 37–38
White, Armond, 291
White, Barry, 358
White, Dondi, 144, 180
White, Timothy, 347
white flight
California, 346
New York City, 145, 232
South Bronx, 12, 76
White Panther Party, 243
“White Riot,” 154, 264
Whodini, 209, 210, 255
Whole Darn Family, 133
Wieden and Kennedy (W&K) agency, 417
Wiggins, Robert Keith “Cowboy,” 113
Wild Cherry, 411
Wild Drivers, 189
Wilder, Chris, 411, 414
Wild Style (film), 184–187, 189, 192, 209
Williams, Alonzo, 300–301, 302–303, 316
Williams, Chancellor, 265
Williams, Marlon “Marley Marl,” 256, 257, 258, 260, 318
Williams, Robert F., 248
Williams, Stanley “Tookie,” 313
Williams, Vanessa, 281
Williamson, Lisa. See Sister Souljah (Lisa Williamson)
Wilson, Delroy, 31
Wilson, James Q, 135–136, 202, 392, 453
Wilson, Napoleon, 89
Wilson, Pete, 371, 391
Wimsatt, William “UPSKI,” 421–422, 425, 455
Winley, Paul, 91, 132, 171
Winley, Tanya “Sweet Tee,” 179
Winstons, 318
Witten, Andrew “ZEPHYR,” 111, 119–120, 143, 144, 145–146, 151, 152–153, 154, 180–181, 184, 185, 334
Wolf, Robert, 196
Wolfman Jack, 73
women. See feminism; misogyny
Wonder, Stevie, 178, 403
Woodson, Carter G., 270
World Champion Fantastic Four Double Dutch girls, 182–183
>
World Class Wreckin Cru, 300, 302
World Conference Against Racism (2001), 448–450
World Famous Supreme Team, 239, 241
World War II, 205, 308
Wright, Charles, 326
Wright, Eric “Eazy E,” 298, 300–301, 303, 304, 306, 311, 317–318, 327, 380, 419, 420
Wright, Michael “Wonder Mike,” 130
Wu-Tang Clan, 427, 437
X-Clan, 293
The X-Files (television show), 439
Year of the Dragon (film), 249
Yellowhorse, Gloria, 388
“Yes Yes Yes,” 302
Yo! Bum Rush the Show, 247, 248, 250, 255, 259, 272
Yo! MTV Raps, 320, 418–419, 420, 421
Yong Xin Huang, 456
York, Malachi Z., 100, 105–106
“You Can’t Fade Me,” 332
Young, Andre “Dr. Dre,” 300–301, 302, 303, 306, 316, 318, 319
Young, Coleman, 77
Young, H. Edward, 411
Young, Tony, 300
Young City Boys, 137
Young Lords Party (gang), 12, 47, 48, 52, 95
“You’re
“You Say You Are My Friend,” 65
Youth Task Force, 451, 453
Yo-Yo, 350
Zappa, Frank, 393
Zekri, Bernard, 182
ZEPHYR. See Witten, Andrew “ZEPHYR”
zines, hip-hop culture, 423
Zinn, Howard, 437
Zinzin, Michael, 370
Zionism, 267
Zukie, Tapper, 35
Zulu (film), 93–94, 99, 164
Zulu King (gang), 42, 118, 137
Zulu Nation, 45, 76, 83, 90, 94, 101–102, 105–106, 115, 141, 157, 162, 169, 193, 301, 437, 448
“Zulu Nation Throwdown,” 171
Zulu Queens, 192