The Roughest Riders
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“Battle of Carrizal (1916).” BlackPast.org. www.blackpast.org/aah/battle-carrizal-1916.
“Black Americans in the US Military from the American Revolution to the Korean War.” New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center, NYS Division of Military and Naval Affairs. http://dmna.ny.gov/historic/articles/blacksMilitary/BlacksMilitaryWW1.htm.
“The Brownsville Incident: A War at Home.” New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center, NYS Division of Military and Naval Affairs. http://dmna.ny.gov/historic/articles/blacksMilitary/BlacksMilitaryBrownsville.htm.
“Buffalo Soldier Memorial Park.” Garrison.leavenworth.army.mil.com. http://garrison.leavenworth.army.mil/Newcomers---Visitors/Attractions/Buffalo-Soldiers.aspx
“The Buffalo Soldier Monument: Its Meaning and Significance.” Military Review, August 1990.
“The Buffalo Soldiers.” National Park Service, US Department of the Interior.
“Buffalo Soldiers and the Spanish-American War.” National Park Service, US Department of the Interior.
“Calixto García’s Letter to General William R. Shafter (July 17, 1898).” Historyisaweapon.com. www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/calixtocuba.html.
“Charles Trumbull Boyd, Captain United States Army.” Arlington National Cemetery Website. www.arlingtoncemetery.net/ctboyd.htm.
“Col. Charles Augustus Wikoff: Commanding Officer 22nd Infantry, January 28, 1897–June 20, 1898.” 1st Battalion Website. http://1-22infantry.org/commanders/wikoffpers.htm.
“Colonel Miles Report to the War Department.” War Department Reports, July 5, 1898.
“The Destruction of the USS Maine.” Department of the Navy—Naval History and Heritage Command. www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/disasters-and-phenomena/destruction-of-uss-maine.html.
“El Caney.” Cuban Battlefields of the Spanish-Cuban-American War. http://cubanbattlefields.unl.edu/battlefields/El_Caney.php.
“The Final Years.” National Park Service, US Department of the Interior.
“General Lawton the Victim of a Filipino Bullet.” The Call, December 20, 1899.
“The History of Mexican Independence.” Mexonline.com. www.mexonline.com/mexican-independence.htm.
“Joaquín Vara del Rey y Rubio.” Spanish-American War Centennial Website. www.spanamwar.com/delreydeath.htm.
“Las Guasimas.” Cuban Battlefields of the Spanish-Cuban-American War. http://cubanbattlefields.unl.edu/battlefields/Las_Guasimas.php.
“Lieutenant-Colonel A. S. Daggett’s Letter to Adjutant-General, Second Brigade, Second Division, Fifth Corps.” July 5, 1898. www.history.army.mil/documents/spanam/BSSJH/25Inf.htm.
“Pancho Villa Raids US.” History.com. www.history.com/this-day-in-history/pancho-villa-raids-us.
“The Philippine War: A Conflict of Conscience for African-Americans.” National Park Service, US Department of the Interior.
“Presidio Garrison.” National Park Service, US Department of the Interior.
“Pursuing Pancho Villa.” National Park Service, US Department of the Interior.
“San Juan Heights.” University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 2007–2008.
“The Santiago Campaign.” University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 2007–2008.
“Second Lieutenant Henry O. Flipper: First Black Graduate of West Point.” National Park Service, US Department of the Interior.
“Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders.” Montauk Life, 2004.
“Trouble at Key West: Negro Soldiers Create a Stir in the Island City.” Miami Metropolis, April 22, 1898.
“25th Infantry Bicycle Corps.” Historical Museum at Fort Missoula, Missoula, MT.
“The War in 1900–1901: African Americans in the Fil-Am War.” Philippineamericanwar.webs.com. www.mikelatrinadedivulgacao.blogspot.com/2011/09/war-in-1900-1901-african-americans-in.html.
“William Shafter.” Library of Congress.
“The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War.” US Department of State: Office of the Historian. http://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war.
“World War I and the Buffalo Soldiers.” National Park Service, US Department of the Interior.
“Yauco.” Puerto Rico Encyclopedia. www.isnare.com/encyclopedia/Yauco,_Puerto_Rico.
JEROME TUCCILLE is the author of more than thirty books, including Hemingway and Gellhorn, Gallo Be Thy Name, and Trump, and has taught at the New School for Social Research in New York City.
Jacket design: Rebecca Lown
Cover image: Library of Congress Prints
and Photographs Division (LC-USCZ4-508)
Author photo: Marie Winkler Tuccille
Printed in the United States of America