by Carey Gillam
24. Dennis P. Ward (Monsanto), letter to Robert J. Taylor (EPA), December 12, 1988, https://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/EPA-on-mouse-study-repoeatHQ_0000612.pdf.
25. William Dykstra and George Z. Ghali (EPA), memorandum to Robert Taylor and Lois Rossi (EPA), October 30, 1991, p. 1, https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/cleared_reviews/csr_PC-103601_30-Oct-91_265.pdf.
26. “3-Ex Officials of Major Laboratory Convicted of Falsifying Drug Tests,” New York Times, October 22, 1983, http://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/22/us/3-ex-officials-of-major-laboratory-convicted-of-falsifying-drug-tests.html.
27. Ellen Griffith Spears, Baptized in PCBs: Race, Pollution, and Justice in an All-American Town (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014), pp. 156–157.
28. Cate Jenkins (EPA), memorandum to John West and Kevin Guarino (EPA), November 15, 1990, http://www.pbs.org/pov/stories/vietnam/discuss/38/post.5.
29. E. G. Vallianatos and McKay Jenkins, Poison Spring: The Secret History of Pollution and the EPA (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2014), pp. 63–66.
30. Douglas Foster and Mark Dowie, “The Illusion of Safety—Part One: Poisoned Research,” Mother Jones, June 1982, p. 45.
31. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, “Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Glyphosate,” September 1993, Appendix C, pp. C-3–C-37, http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5338c313e4b0cb384b4b7995/t/56526443e4b0a376ef850828/1448240195891/1993+epa+glyphosate+RED.pdf.
32. Nathan Donley, scientist with the Center for Biological Diversity, in conversation with the author, July 20, 2016.
33. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, “Environmental Fact Sheet: Risk/Benefit Balancing under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act,” February 1990, https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=9100CFR2.TXT.
34. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, “Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Glyphosate,” September 1993, Appendix C, pp. C-3–C-37, http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5338c313e4b0cb384b4b7995/t/56526443e4b0a376ef850828/1448240195891/1993+epa+glyphosate+RED.pdf.
35. Maxie Jo Nelson (EPA), memorandum to R. Taylor and V. Walters (EPA), March 22, 1989, https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/chemicalsearch/chemical/foia/web/pdf/103601/103601-245.pdf.
36. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “R.E.D. Facts: Glyphosate,” EPA-738-F-93-011, September 1993, p. 4, https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/reregistration/fs_PC-417300_1-Sep-93.pdf.
37. Arthur Grube et al., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Office of Pesticide Programs, Biological and Economic Analysis Division, “Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage: 2006–2007 Market Estimates,” February 2011, p. 12, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/market_estimates2007.pdf.
Chapter 3: The “Roundup Ready” Rollout
1. Monsanto Company, “Petition for Determination of Nonregulated Status: Soybeans with a Roundup Ready Gene,” September 14, 1993, p. 29, https://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/93_25801p.pdf.
2. Mark Nelson, in conversation with the author, July 26, 2016.
3. Monsanto Company, “Petition for Determination of Nonregulated Status: Soybeans with a Roundup Ready Gene,” September 14, 1993, p. 2, https://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/93_25801p.pdf.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Monsanto Company, “Selected Financial Data,” fiscal year 2000, p. 24, http://www.monsanto.com/investors/pages/sec_html.aspx?xid=1361529&vid=aHR0cDovL2FwaS50ZW5rd2l6YXJkLmNvbS9maWxpbmcueG1sP2lwYWdlPTEzNjE1MjkmRFNFUT0xMiZTRVE9JlNRREVTQz1TRUNUSU9OX0VYSElCSVQmZXhwPSZzdWJzaWQ9NTc=&com pId=122069.
7. Monsanto Company, “2001 Annual Report,” p. 32, http://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReportArchive/m/NYSE_MON_2001.pdf.
8. Texas Grain Storage, Inc. v. Monsanto Company, Case No. 5:07-cv-00673-OLG-PMA in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas, filed August 10, 2007.
9. Christopher Leonard, “Monsanto Uses Patent Law to Control Most of U.S. Corn, Soy Seed Market,” Associated Press, December 16, 2009, http://www.cleveland.com/nation/index.ssf/2009/12/monsanto_uses_patent_law_to_co.html.
10. U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Genetically Engineered Crops: Agencies Are Proposing Changes to Improve Oversight, but Could Take Additional Steps to Enhance Coordination and Monitoring; Highlights,” GAO-09-60, November 5, 2008, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-60.
11. Supreme Court of the United States, Monsanto Co. et al. v. Geertson Seed Farms et al., decided June 21, 2010, https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/09pdf/09-475.pdf.
12. Supreme Court of the United States, dissent by Justice J. Stevens in Monsanto Co. et al. v. Geertson Seed Farms et al., p. 20, https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/09pdf/09-475.pdf.
13. Center for Food Safety, et al. v. Thomas J. Vilsack and Monsanto Company, et al., Case No. 10-17719 in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, http://cases.justia.com/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/10-17719/10-17719-2011-03-10.pdf?ts=1411052867.
14. Ruling in Center for Food Safety, et al. v. Thomas Vilsack, et al., Case No. C-08-00484 JSW in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-pJR4cGo9ckTDlSVU1nMDJ0dTg/view?usp=sharing.
15. Tadlock Cowan and Kristina Alexander, “Deregulating Genetically Engineered Alfalfa and Sugar Beets: Legal and Administrative Responses,” Congressional Research Service, September 10, 2012, https://www.agri-pulse.com/ext/resources/pdfs/c/r/s/e/t/CRS-GE-Alfalfa-Sugarbeet.pdf.
16. Erika Engelhaupt, “Government Pesticide and Fertilizer Data Dropped,” Environmental Science & Technology 42, no. 18 (2008): 6779–6780, doi:10.1021/es801937k.
17. Charles Benbrook, in conversation with the author, August 8, 2016.
18. Jef Smidts (Andre & CIE, Antwerp), memorandum titled “Reflections about Bio-Engineered Wheat Possibly Introduced by Monsanto.”
19. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, memorandum titled “Updated Screening Level Usage Analysis (SLUA) Report for Glyphosate,” October 22, 2015, https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-pJR4cGo9ckb3k4UDczbVdiT1E/view.
20. Ibid.
Chapter 4: Weed Killer for Breakfast
1. Home-Grown Cereals Authority (HGCA), “Pre-harvest Glyphosate Application to Wheat and Barley,” Information Sheet 02, Summer 2008, http://cereals.ahdb.org.uk/media/185527/is02-pre-harvest-glyphosate-application-to-wheat-and-barley.pdf.
2. Jason Vanfossan (USDA), e-mail to Terry Councell (FDA), August 29, 2014, https://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/GIPSA-wheawt.jpg.
3. Alliance for Natural Health USA, “Glyphosate Levels in Breakfast Foods: What Is Safe?,” April 19, 2016, http://www.anh-usa.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/ANHUSA-glyphosate-breakfast-study-FINAL.pdf.
4. GMO Free USA, “GMO Free USA Finds GMOs and Weedkiller in Kellogg’s Froot Loops,” press release, January 29, 2015, http://www.csrwire.com/press_releases/37644-GMO-Free-USA-Finds-GMOs-and-Weedkiller-in-Kellogg-s-Froot-Loops.
5. Fernando Rubio, Emily Guo, and Lisa Kamp, “Survey of Glyphosate Residues in Honey, Corn and Soy Products,” Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology 5 (November 19, 2014): 249, doi:10.4172/2161-0525 .1000249.
6. Bruce Hemming, in conversation with the author, April 2015.
7. U.S. Geological Survey, Environmental Health–Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, “Common Weed Killer Is Widespread in the Environment,” April 23, 2014, http://toxics.usgs.gov/highlights/2014-04-23-glyphosate_2014.html.
8. William Battaglin, in conversation with the author, August 2016.
9. William A. Battaglin et al., “Glyphosate and Its Degradation Product AMPA Occur Frequently and Widely in U.S. Soils, Surface Water, Groundwater, and Precipitation,” Journal of the American Water Resources Association 50, no. 2 (2014): 275–290, doi:10.111
1/jawr.12159.
10. Michael Hansen, in conversation with the author, August 2016.
11. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Glyphosate—Pesticide Petition (PP#2E7979),” Docket ID: EPA-HQ-OPP-2012-0132, https://www.regulations.gov/docket?D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2012-0132.
12. Environmental Protection Agency, “Final Rule, Glyphosate; Pesticide Tolerances,” Federal Register 78, no. 84 (May 1, 2013): 25396–25401, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-05-01/pdf/2013-10316.pdf.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Gary M. Williams, Robert Kroes, and Ian C. Munro, “Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment of the Herbicide Roundup and Its Active Ingredient, Glyphosate, for Humans,” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 31, no. 2 (April 2000): 117–165, doi:10.1006/rtph.1999.1371.
16. Marie Sønnegaard Poulsen et al., “Modeling Placental Transport: Correlation of In Vitro BeWo Cell Permeability and Ex Vivo Human Placental Perfusion,” Toxicology in Vitro 23, no. 7 (October 2009): 1380–1386, doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.07.028.
17. David Murphy and Henry Rowlands, “Glyphosate: Unsafe on Any Plate,” Food Democracy Now! and the Detox Project, November 14, 2016, https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.fooddemocracynow.org/images/FDN_Glyphosate_FoodTesting_Report_p2016.pdf.
18. Moms Across America, “EPA Admits Widespread Misuse of Roundup Herbicide Must Stop,” press release, April 19, 2016, http://www.momsacrossamerica.com/press_release.
19. Organic Consumers Association, Moms Across America, and Beyond Pesticides v. General Mills Inc., Case No. 2016 CA 006309 B in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, http://www.beyondpesticides.org/assets/media/documents/2016.08.24NatureValleyDCCourtStampedComplaint.pdf.
20. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, Science and Technology Program, “Pesticide Data Program: Annual Summary, Calendar Year 2014,” https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/2014%20PDP%20Annual%20Summary.pdf.
21. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, Pesticide Data Program, “PDP Special Projects,” https://www.ams.usda.gov/datasets/pdp/pdp-special-projects.
22. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, Science and Technology Program, “Pesticide Data Program: Annual Summary, Calendar Year 2011,” p. 25 and Appendix C, https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/2011%20PDP%20Annual%20Summary.pdf.
23. Diana Haynes (USDA), e-mail to staffers titled “April–June 2017 PDP Program Plan,” January 11, 2017.
24. Carey Gillam, “USDA Drops Plan to Test for Monsanto Weed Killer in Food,” Huffington Post, March 23, 2017, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/usda-drops-plan-to-test-for-monsanto-weed-killer-in_us_58d2db4ee4b062043ad4af84.
25. Kimberly Hodge-Bell, “Concerned about Pesticide Residue?,” Monsanto Company, Beyond the Rows (blog), April 1, 2015, http://monsantoblog.com/2015/04/01/concerned-about-pesticide-residue/.
26. R. W. Cook (EPA), memorandum to R. J. Taylor and Toxicology Branch (EPA) titled “Glyphosate on Wheat Grain and Straw: Evaluation of Analytical Methods and Residue Data,” January 22, 1991, https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/chemicalsearch/chemical/foia/web/pdf/103601/103601-260.pdf.
27. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, “Total Diet Study,” http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodScienceResearch/TotalDietStudy/default.htm.
28. Timothy H. Begley (FDA), e-mail to Michael E. Kashtock (FDA) titled “Methods for Pesticide Coverage,” January 17, 2013, http://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/FDA3.pdf.
29. U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Food Safety: FDA and USDA Should Strengthen Pesticide Residue Monitoring Programs and Further Disclose Monitoring Limitations,” GAO-15-38, October 2014, http://www.gao.gov/assets/670/666408.pdf.
30. Laura Bowman, in conversation with the author, July 2016.
31. Canadian Food Inspection Agency, “Safeguarding with Science: Glyphosate Testing in 2015–2016,” April 2017, https://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/CFIA_ACIA-9123346-v1-FSSD-FSSS-Glyphosate-Final-Report-15-16_018410-1.pdf.
32. U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Pesticide Data Program: Annual Summary, Calendar Year 2015,” https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/2015PDPAnnualSummary.pdf.
33. Ibid., p. 16.
34. Chensheng Lu, in conversation with the author, November 2016.
35. Alice Park, “Exposure to Pesticides in Pregnancy Can Lower Children’s IQ,” Time, April 21, 2011, http://healthland.time.com/2011/04/21/exposure-to-pesticides-in-pregnancy-can-lower-childrens-iq/.
36. Virginia A. Rauh et al., “Brain Anomalies in Children Exposed Prenatally to a Common Organophosphate Pesticide,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, no. 20 (April 20, 2012): 7871–7876, doi:10.1073/pnas.1203396109.
37. European Parliamentary Research Service, “Human Health Implications of Organic Food and Organic Agriculture,” Science and Technology Options Assessment PE 581.922, December 2016, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/581922/EPRS_STU(2016)581922_EN.pdf.
38. Ibid., p. 6.
39. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Q&A with Philippe Grandjean, February 8, 2017, https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/health-benefits-organic-food-farming-report/.
40. International Food Information Council Foundation, “Food Decision 2016: Food and Health Survey,” http://www.foodinsight.org/sites/default/files/2016-Food-and-Health-Survey-Report_FINAL1.pdf.
41. Danielle S. Cooper v. The Quaker Oats Company, Case No. 3:16-cv-02364 in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2820643/Quaker-Oats-Class-Action-Complaint.pdf.
42. Lee I-chia, “FDA Says Pesticide Residue Found in 10 Oatmeal Items,” Taipei Times, May 27, 2016, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2016/05/27/2003647215.
43. Monsanto Company, “Preharvest Staging Guide,” p. 3, https://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Monsanto-application-guide-for-preharvest.pdf.
44. Ibid., p. 10.
45. Carey Gillam, “FDA to Start Testing for Glyphosate in Food,” Time, February 17, 2016, http://time.com/4227500/fda-glyphosate-testing/?xid=fbshare.
46. Internal e-mails and reports obtained through Freedom of Information Act request FDA #2016-717.
47. Ibid.
48. Nate Carmichael, in conversation with the author, September 2016.
49. Marcela Carmichael, in conversation with the author, September 2016.
50. Margaret Lombard, in conversation with the author, September 2016.
51. Amelia Jackson-Gheissari (Monsanto), e-mail to Lauren Robin (FDA), April 15, 2016, http://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/FDA4.pdf.
52. Narong Chamkasem (FDA) and Gary Hinshaw (USDA), e-mail exchange, May 5, 2015.
53. Jay Feldman, in conversation with the author, September 2016.
54. Michael Antoniou, in conversation with the author, September 2016.
Chapter 5: Under the Microscope
1. Vera Lúcia de Liz Oliveira Cavalli et al., “Roundup Disrupts Male Reproductive Functions by Triggering Calcium-Mediated Cell Death in Rat Testis and Sertoli Cells,” Free Radical Biology and Medicine 65 (December 2013): 335–346, doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.043.
2. Robin Mesnage et al., “Multiomics Reveal Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Rats Following Chronic Exposure to an Ultra-Low Dose of Roundup Herbicide,” Scientific Reports 7 (January 2017): 39328, doi:10.1038/srep39328.
3. Jessica Nardi et al., “Prepubertal Subchronic Exposure to Soy Milk and Glyphosate Leads to Endocrine Disruption,” Food and Chemical Toxicology 100 (February 2017): 247–252, doi:10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.030.
4. Alejandra Paganelli et al., “Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Produce Teratogenic Effects on Vertebrates by Impairing Retinoic Acid Signaling,” Chemical Research in Toxicology 23, no. 10 (August 9, 2010): 1586–1595, doi:10.1021/tx1001749.
5. Michael Warren and Natacha Pisarenko, “Birth Defects, Cancer in Argentina Linked t
o Agrochemicals: AP Investigation,” Associated Press, October 21, 2013, http://www.ctvnews.ca/health/birth-defects-cancer-in-argentina-linked-to-agrochemicals-ap-investigation-1.1505096.
6. Channa Jayasumana et al., “Drinking Well Water and Occupational Exposure to Herbicides Is Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease, in Padavi-Sripura, Sri Lanka,” Environmental Health 14, no. 6 (January 18, 2015), doi:10.1186/1476-069X-14-6.
7. Nihal Jayatilake et al., “Chronic Kidney Disease of Uncertain Aetiology: Prevalence and Causative Factors in a Developing Country,” BMC Nephrology 14, no. 180 (August 2013), doi:10.1186/1471-2369-14-180.
8. U.S. Patent Office, “No. 3,160,632: Aminomethylenephosphinic Acids, Salts Thereof, and Process for Their Production,” Stauffer Chemical Company, December 8, 1964.
9. Channa Jayasumana, Sarath Gunatilake, and Priyantha Senanayake, “Glyphosate, Hard Water, and Nephrotoxic Metals: Are They the Culprits Behind the Epidemic of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology in Sri Lanka?,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 2 (2014): 2125–2147, doi:10.3390/ijerph110202125.
10. Kristin Wartman Lawless, “No One Knows Exactly How Much Herbicide Is in Your Breakfast,” VICE Media, May 11, 2016, http://www.vice.com/read/no-one-knows-how-much-herbicide-is-in-your-breakfast.
11. Siriporn Thongprakaisang et al., “Glyphosate Induces Human Breast Cancer Cells Growth via Estrogen Receptors,” Food and Chemical Toxicology 59 (September 2013): 129–136, doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.057.
12. Céline Gasnier et al., “Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Are Toxic and Endocrine Disruptors in Human Cell Lines,” Toxicology 262, no. 3 (August 21, 2009): 184–191, doi:10.1016/j.tox.2009.06.006.
13. Nicolas Defarge et al., “Co-formulants in Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Disrupt Aromatase Activity in Human Cells below Toxic Levels,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 3 (February 26, 2016): 264, doi:10.3390/ijerph13030264.
14. Nora Benachour and Gilles-Eric Séralini, “Glyphosate Formulations Induce Apoptosis and Necrosis in Human Umbilical, Embryonic, and Placental Cells,” Chemical Research in Toxicology 22, no. 1 (2009): 97–105, doi: 10.1021/tx800218n.