by Carey Gillam
27. Arthur Neslen, “Vote on Controversial Weedkiller’s European License Postponed,” The Guardian, March 8, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/mar/08/eu-vote-on-controversial-weedkiller-licence-postponed-glyphosate.
28. ANSES—French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, “ANSES’s Opinion on the Carcinogenic Nature of Glyphosate for Humans,” press release, December 2, 2016, https://www.anses.fr/en/content/ansess-opinion-carcinogenic-nature-glyphosate-humans.
29. European Chemicals Agency, “Glyphosate Not Classified as a Carcinogen by ECHA,” press release, March 15, 2017, https://echa.europa.eu/-/glyphosate-not-classified-as-a-carcinogen-by-echa.
30. Claudia Bolognesi et al., “Genotoxic Activity of Glyphosate and Its Technical Formulation Roundup,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45, no. 5 (May 19, 1997): 1957–1962, doi:10.1021/jf9606518; published in full on ResearchGate, https://goo.gl/mC6I2l.
31. U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, In Re: Roundup Products Liability Litigation, Case No. 3:16-md-02741-VC, Document 192-3, filed March 15, 2017, pp. 2–3, https://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/192series.pdf.
32. U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, In Re: Roundup Products Liability Litigation, Case No. 3:16-md-02741-VC, Document 192-7, filed March 15, 2017, p. 2, https://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/192series.pdf.
33. U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, In Re: Roundup Products Liability Litigation, Case No. 3:16-md-02741-VC, Document 192-1, filed March 15, 2017, pp. 2–3, https://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/192series.pdf.
34. Philippe Lamberts et al., letter to Jean-Claude Juncker (European Commission) from members of the European Parliament, March 24, 2017, http://extranet.greens-efa.eu/public/media/file/1/5083.
35. Rolando Manfredini, in conversation with the author, December 2016.
36. Cancer Research UK, Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Incidence Statistics,” http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/incidence#heading-Nine.
37. Andrea Ferrante, in conversation with the author, December 2016.
Chapter 10: When Weeds Don’t Die, But Butterflies Do
1. Bill Johnson, in conversation with the author, December 2016.
2. Roberto A. Ferdman, “The Decline of the Small American Family Farm in One Chart,” Washington Post, September 16, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/09/16/the-decline-of-the-small-american-family-farm-in-one-chart/?utm_term=.f53170de29bc.
3. Kent Fraser, “Glyphosate Resistant Weeds—Intensifying,” Stratus Ag Research, January 25, 2013, http://stratusresearch.com/blog/glyphosate-resistant-weeds-intensifying.
4. Dallas Peterson, in conversation with the author, January 2017.
5. I. Heap, “International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds: Weeds Resistant to EPSP Synthase Inhibitors (G/9) by Species and Country,” accessed December 23, 2016, http://weedscience.org/Summary/MOA.aspx?MOAID=12.
6. Andre Gallant, “Pigweed in the Cotton: A ‘Superweed’ Invades Georgia,” Modern Farmer, July 18, 2013, http://modernfarmer.com/2013/07/superweeds-2/.
7. Dean Campbell, in conversation with the author, December 2016.
8. Mike Owen and Chris Boerboom, “National Glyphosate Stewardship Forum,” November 17, 2004, http://www.weeds.iastate.edu/weednews/2006/NGSF%20final%20report.pdf.
9. Chris Boerboom, “National Glyphosate Stewardship Forum II: A Call to Action,” March 21, 2007, http://www.weeds.iastate.edu/mgmt/2007/NGSFII_final.pdf.
10. Bryan Young, in conversation with the author, December 2016.
11. Patricia Callahan, “EPA Tosses Aside Safety Data, Says Dow Pesticide for GMOs Won’t Harm People,” Chicago Tribune, December 8, 2015, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/watchdog/ct-gmo-crops-pesticide-resistance-met-20151203-story.html.
12. Center for Biological Diversity, “EPA Approves Use of Dangerous Herbicide Dicamba on GE Crops,” press release, November 9, 2016, http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2016/pesticides-11-09-2016.html.
13. Chris Clayton, “Farmer Allegedly Killed Over Dicamba,” DTN, October 28, 2016, https://www.dtnpf.com/agriculture/web/ag/news/article/2016/10/28/confrontation-herbicide-drift-leads.
14. Center for Food Safety, “Public Interest Groups, Farmers File Lawsuit Challenging Monsanto’s Toxic Pesticides,” press release, January 23, 2017, http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/press-releases/4744/public-interest-groups-farmers-file-lawsuit-challenging-monsantos-toxic-pesticides.
15. Stanley Culpepper, in conversation with the author, January 2017.
16. Bryan Young, in conversation with the author, December 2016.
17. Eric Lipton, “Food Industry Enlisted Academics in G.M.O. Lobbying War, Emails Show,” New York Times, September 5, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/06/us/food-industry-enlisted-academics-in-gmo-lobbying-war-emails-show.html.
18. E-mail communications and other documents obtained by U.S. Right to Know and the New York Times, https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2303692/david-shaw-missstateuniverdocs.pdf.
19. Ibid.
20. Monsanto Company, “USDA Deregulates Monsanto’s Next-Generation Weed Control Trait Technology,” press release, January 15, 2015, http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/usda-deregulates-monsantos-next-generation-weed-control-trait-technology.
21. Dean Campbell, in conversation with the author, December 2016.
22. Brice X. Semmens et al., “Quasi-Extinction Risk and Population Targets for the Eastern, Migratory Population of Monarch Butterflies,” Scientific Reports 6, no. 23265 (March 21, 2016), doi:10.1038/srep23265.
23. Center for Biological Diversity et al., “Before the Secretary of the Interior: Petition to Protect the Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus plexippus) under the Endangered Species Act,” August 26, 2014, http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/invertebrates/pdfs/Monarch_ESA_Petition.pdf.
24. Darryl Fears, “The Monarch Massacre: Nearly a Billion Butterflies Have Vanished,” Washington Post, February 9, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2015/02/09/the-monarch-massacre-nearly-a-billion-butterflies-have-vanished/?tid=a_inl&utm_term=.1f5b58f87bdc.
25. Pollinator Health Task Force, “National Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators,” May 19, 2015, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/Pollinator%20Health%20Strategy%202015.pdf.
26. Monsanto Company, “The Monarch Butterfly,” Beyond the Rows (blog), February 2, 2014, http://monsantoblog.com/2014/02/24/the-monarch-butterfly/.
27. Robert Kremer, in conversations with the author, March 2010 and January 2016.
28. Monsanto Company, “The Science of Roundup Ready Technology, Glyphosate, and Micronutrients: Part 3—Glyphosate and Soil Microbes,” September 2011, http://www.monsanto.com/products/documents/glyphosate-background-materials/rrplus%20iii%20-%20glyphosate%20and%20soil%20microbes%20-%20final-9-30-11.pdf.
29. Stephen O. Duke et al., “Glyphosate Effects on Plant Mineral Nutrition, Crop Rhizosphere Microbiota, and Plant Disease in Glyphosate-Resistant Crops,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60, no. 42 (October 24, 2012): 10375–10397, doi:10.1021/jf302436u.
30. Jefferson Dodge, “Expert: GMOs to Blame for Problems in Plants, Animals,” Boulder Weekly, August 11, 2011, http://www.boulderweekly.com/news/expert-gmos-to-blame-for-problems-in-plants-animals/.
31. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, “Citrus: World Markets and Trade,” January 2017, https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/citrus.pdf; U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, “Citrus Fruits: Final Estimates, 2003–2007,” Statistical Bulletin 1009, December 2008, http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/nass/SB997/sb1009.pdf.
32. G. S. Johal and D. M. Huber, “Glyphosate Effects on Diseases of Plants,” European Journal of Agronomy 31, no. 3 (October 2009): 1
44–152, doi:10.1016/j.eja.2009.04.004.
33. Frank Dean, in conversation with the author, July 2016.
34. Craig Ramsey, in conversation with the author, January 2017.
35. Stephanie Strom, “Misgivings about How a Weed Killer Affects the Soil,” New York Times, September 19, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/20/business/misgivings-about-how-a-weed-killer-affects-the-soil.html.
Chapter 11: Under the Influence
1. Ted Lieu, “Rep. Lieu Statement on New Glyphosate Safety Concerns,” press release, March 15, 2017, https://lieu.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/rep-lieu-statement-new-glyphosate-safety-concerns.
2. Frank Pallone Jr. et al., letter to Greg Walden (chairman, U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce), April 3, 2017, https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-pJR4cGo9ckdmJLdTJuN2pYTmM/view.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Inspector General, memorandum from Jeffrey Harris to Jim Jones, March 25, 2016, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/newstarts_03-25-16_herbicidetolerancemanagement.pdf.
4. Lyndsey Layton, “New FDA Deputy to Lead Food-Safety Mandate,” Washington Post, January 14, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/13/AR2010011304402.html.
5. Ramon Seidler, in conversation with the author, February 2017.
6. Lisa P. Jackson (EPA), memorandum titled “Opening Memo to EPA Employees,” January 23, 2009, http://web.archive.org/web/20100313093014/http:/blog.epa.gov/administrator/2009/01/26/opening-memo-to-epa-employees.
7. U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Chemical Assessments: Low Productivity and New Interagency Review Process Limit the Usefulness and Credibility of EPA’s Integrated Risk Information System,” Report to the Chairman, Committee on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate, GAO-08-440, March 2008, http://www.gao.gov/assets/280/273184.pdf.
8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, “Glyphosate; CASRN 1071-83-6,” Chemical Assessment Summary, January 31, 1987, https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/subst/0057_summary.pdf.
9. Union of Concerned Scientists, Scientific Integrity Program, “Interference at the EPA: Science and Politics at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,” April 2008, http://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/legacy/assets/documents/scientific_integrity/interference-at-the-epa.pdf.
10. Ibid.
11. “Congressional Testimony of EPA’s Dr. David Lewis,” transcript of hearing by the Committee on Resources, Subcommittee on Energy and Minerals, U.S. House of Representatives, February 4, 2004, http://deadlydeceit.com/CongressionalTestimony-DavidLewis.html.
12. Jeff Ruch, in conversation with the author, January 2017.
13. Jonathan Lundgren, in conversation with the author, January 2017.
14. Michael Goodis (EPA), e-mail to Richard Keigwin et al., March 23, 2015, obtained from the EPA by U.S. Right to Know, https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-pJR4cGo9ckVjhZVFhiWXNxNG8/view.
15. Monsanto Company, “Talking Points on the IARC Assessment of Glyphosate Published Online in Lancet Oncology, March 20, 2015,” obtained from the EPA by U.S. Right to Know, https://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Talking-Points-page-1-Pub.pdf.
16. Marion Copley (former scientist, EPA), letter to Jess Rowland (EPA), March 4, 2013, Case 3:16-md-02741-VC in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, Document 141-1, filed February 10, 2017, https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-pJR4cGo9ckUU1OQjJjcVQ4aUU/view.
17. Evaggelos Vallianatos, in conversation with the author, January 2017.
18. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “EPA’s Budget and Spending,” https://www.epa.gov/planandbudget/budget.
19. U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Pesticides: EPA Should Take Steps to Improve Its Oversight of Conditional Registrations,” GAO-13-145, August 8, 2013, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-13-145.
20. Natural Resources Defense Council, “NRDC Report: More Than 10,000 Pesticides Approved by Flawed EPA Process,” press release, March 27, 2013, https://www.nrdc.org/media/2013/130327.
21. Associated Press, “US Officials Found to Be Using Secret Government Email Accounts,” The Guardian, June 4, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/04/us-officials-secret-email-accounts.
22. Patricia Callahan, “EPA Tosses Aside Safety Data, Says Dow Pesticide for GMOs Won’t Harm People,” Chicago Tribune, December 8, 2015, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/watchdog/ct-gmo-crops-pesticide-resistance-met-20151203-story.html.
23. Center for Responsive Politics, “CropLife America: Lobbying Totals, 1998– 2016,” https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/lobby.php?id=D000025187.
24. Center for Responsive Politics, “Agribusiness: Sector Profile, 2016: Annual Lobbying on Agribusiness,” https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/indus.php?id=A&year=2016.
25. Center for Responsive Politics, “Agribusiness Sector: PAC Contributions to Federal Candidates, 2016,” https://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/sector.php?txt=A01&cycle=2016.
26. Janet E. Collins (CropLife America), letter to Steven Knott (EPA), October 4, 2016, http://191hmt1pr08amfq62276etw2.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/CLA-Comments-FIFRA-SAP-Glyphosate-section-7-10-04-16.pdf.
27. Charlie Tebbutt, in conversation with the author, January 2017.
28. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “EPA Administrator Pruitt Denies Petition to Ban Widely Used Pesticide,” press release, March 29, 2017, https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-administrator-pruitt-denies-petition-ban-widely-used-pesticide-0.
29. Megan R. Wilson, “Corporate Donors to Trump Inaugural Revealed,” The Hill, February 2, 2017, http://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/business-a-lobbying/317591-corporate-donors-to-trump-inaugural-revealed.
30. Matthew Herper, “Keep Politics Out of Science, Says Departing FDA Chief,” Forbes, January 23, 2017, http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2017/01/23/keep-politics-out-of-science-says-departing-fda-chief/#58aa046b5f90.
31. Paul Winchester, in conversation with the author, April 2017.
Chapter 12: Seeking Solutions
1. Stephen Ellis, in conversation with the author, January 2017.
2. Charlie Tebbutt, in conversation with the author, January 2017.
3. BCC Research, “Global Market for Pesticides to Reach $65.3 Billion in 2017,” press release, November 8, 2012, http://www.bccresearch.com/pressroom/chm/global-market-pesticides-reach-%2465.3-billion-2017.
4. Sara Mostafalou and Mohammad Abdollahi, “Pesticides and Human Chronic Diseases: Evidences, Mechanisms, and Perspectives,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 268, no. 2 (April 15, 2013): 157–177, doi:10.1016/j.taap.2013.01.025.
5. Maryse F. Bouchard et al., “Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Urinary Metabolites of Organophosphate Pesticides,” Pediatrics 125, no. 6 (June 2010): e1270–e1277, doi:10.1542/peds.2009-3058.
6. Monsanto Company, “Monsanto CTO Robb Fraley Defines New Growth Layers for Company’s R&D Pipeline,” press release, May 23, 2012, http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/monsanto-cto-robb-fraley-defines-new-growth-layers-companys-rd-pipeline.
7. Jim Jones, in conversation with the author, April 2015.
8. John Leahy et al., “Biopesticide Oversight and Registration at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,” chap. 1 in Biopesticides: State of the Art and Future Opportunities, ed. Aaron Gross et al., ACS Symposium Series 1172 (Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2015), doi: 10.1021/bk-2014-1172.ch001, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/biopesticide-oversight-chapter_0.pdf.
9. Matthew Wallenstein, in conversation with the author, February 2017.
10. Organic Trade Association, “Robust Organic Sector Stays on Upward Climb, Posts New Records in U.S. Sales,” press release, May 24, 2017, https://www.ota.com/news/press-releases/19681.
11. Mark Schonbeck, Diana Jerkins, and Joanna Ory, “Taking Stock: Analyzing and Reporting Organic Research Investments, 2002–2014,” Organic Farming Research Fou
ndation, August 2016, http://ofrf.org/sites/ofrf.org/files/staff/ExecutiveSummary_V4.11_Web.pdf.
12. Rodale Institute, “The Farming Systems Trial: Celebrating 30 Years,” http://rodaleinstitute.org/assets/FSTbooklet.pdf.
13. Nafeez Ahmed, “UN: Only Small Farmers and Agroecology Can Feed the World,” Permaculture Research Institute, September 26, 2014, http://permaculturenews.org/2014/09/26/un-small-farmers-agroecology-can-feed-world/.
14. National Corn Growers Association, “U.S. Corn Ending Stocks, 1936–2016,” http://www.worldofcorn.com/#us-corn-ending-stocks.
15. Greg Stegner, in conversation with the author, February 2017.
16. U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Food Safety: FDA and USDA Should Strengthen Pesticide Residue Monitoring Programs and Further Disclose Monitoring Limitations; Recommendations for Executive Action,” GAO-15-38, published October 7, 2014, publicly released November 6, 2014, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-15-38.
17. Jonathan Lundgren, in conversation with the author, January 2017.
Epilogue
1. Teri McCall, in conversations with the author, March 2016, March and April 2017.
2. Paul McCall, “Artistic Eulogy for Dad,” December 2015.
About the Author
Carey Gillam is a veteran journalist with more than twenty-five years’ experience covering corporate America, including stints covering some of the country’s biggest banks and the long-troubled U.S. health-care system. In 1998, Gillam’s work turned from finance to food as she took on in-depth coverage of the agricultural industry as a senior U.S. correspondent for the global newswire Reuters. Her research has taken her on travels throughout America’s farm country. She has spent countless hours driving dusty rural roads, meeting with row crop farmers, cattle ranchers, hog and poultry producers, and vegetable and orchard operators from the Dakotas to Texas and from California to Florida. She has also visited the high-tech laboratories and greenhouses and corporate offices of some of the largest U.S. agribusinesses and met many times with key U.S. regulators, lawmakers, and scientists. Gillam’s work has won several awards over the years, and she has been recognized as one of the top journalists in the country covering food and agriculture.