Orderly and Humane: The Expulsion of the Germans After the Second World War
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3. H. Perkins to P. Boughey, May 21, 1945, HS 4/51.
4. Postal censorship transcript of letter, June 12, 1945, FO 371/47091.
5. T. Staněk, Verfolgung 1945: Die Stellung der Deutschen in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien (außerhalb der Lager und Gefängnisse) (Vienna: Böhlau, 2002), p. 115 n. 148.
6. D. Kováĉ, “Die Evakuierung und Vertreibung der Deutschen aus der Slowakei,” in R. G. Plaschka, H. Haselsteiner, et al., eds., Nationale Frage und Vertreibung in der Tschechoslowakei und Ungarn 1938–1948: Aktuelle Forschungen (Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1997), pp. 113–114.
7. Staněk, Verfolgung 1945, pp. 106–116, 142.
8. B. Frommer, National Cleansing: Retribution Against Nazi Collaborators in Postwar Czechoslovakia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 50.
9. F. A. Voigt, “Orderly and Humane,” Nineteenth Century and After, November 1945, p. 201.
10. T. Staněk and A. von Arburg, “Organizované divoké odsuny? Úloha ústředních státních orgánů při provádění “evakuace” německého obyvatelstva (květen až září 1945),” part 3: “Snaha vlády a civilních úradu o řízení ‘Divokého Odsunu,’” Soudobé dějiny 13:3–4 (January 2006): 321–2.
11. Staněk, Verfolgung 1945, p. 74.
12. Transcript of Beneš broadcast, October 14, 1945, FO 371/46814. See also Majewski, “Czechosłowaccy wojskowi wobec problemu wysiedlenia mniejszości niemieckiej,” 175.
13. Staněk, Verfolgung 1945, pp. 115–121; V. Žampach, “Vysídlení německého obyvatelstva z Brna ve dnech 30. a 31. května 1945 a nouzový ubytovací tábor v Pohořelicích, 1.6.–7.7. 1945,” Jižní Morava 32 (1997): 173–239.
14. Transcript of broadcast, “Marie Ranzenhoferová: A Survivor of the 1945 Brno Death March,” Radio Praha, May 12, 2010, http://www.radio.cz/en/article/127839.
15. E. Glassheim, “National Mythologies and Ethnic Cleansing: The Expulsion of Czechoslovak Germans in 1945,” Central European History 33:4 (2000): 478.
16. Staněk and von Arburg, “Organizované divoké odsuny?” part 2: “Ĉeskoslovenská armáda vytváři ‘hotové skuteĉnosti,’ vláda je před cizinou legitimizuje,” Soudobé dějiny 13:1–2 (January 2006): 27.
17. Ministry of National Defense, Jablonec nad Nisou, to Ministry of the Interior, July 20, 1945, MV-NR, box 7445, item B 221.
18. Ibid., 26.
19. Staněk and von Arburg, “Organizované divoké odsuny?” part 2, pp. 26–27.
20. D. M. Crowe, Oskar Schindler (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2004), pp. 466–471, 473–475.
21. British Embassy, Prague, to German Department, Foreign Office, September 5, 1945; Lance-Bombardier Arnold Gardiner, ex-POW, Stalag IV C, to the under-secretary of state, Foreign Office, November 10, 1945, FO 371/46812; D. Gerlach, “For Nation and Gain: Economy, Ethnicity and Politics in the Czech Borderlands, 1945–1948” (Ph.D. diss., University of Pittsburgh, 2007), p. 73.
22. New York Times, April 20, 1946.
23. Svobodné noviny, October 2, 1946.
24. J. King, Budweisers into Czechs and Germans: A Local History of Bohemian Politics, 1848–1948 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002), p. 195.
25. Rudé právo, April 10, 1946.
26. Pravda (Plzeň), November 15, 1945.
27. E. Hrabovec, “Neue Aspekte zur ersten Phase der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Mähren 1945,” in Plaschka, Haselsteiner, et al., Nationale Frage und Vertreibung, pp. 131–2.
28. Quoted in K. Kersten, “Forced Migration and the Transformation of Polish Society in the Postwar Period,” in P. Ther and A. Siljak, eds., Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948 (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), p. 79.
29. František Havel, chief, Main Division, Ministry of National Defense, “Transfer of Germans: Report of Proceedings,” July 16, 1945, MNO 1151/951 (1945).
30. Minutes of meeting of the Main Division, Ministry of National Defense, July 28, 1945, MNO 3292/776.
31. Svobodné noviny, August 30, 1946; Severoĉeská Mladá fronta, December 16, 1945; Rudé právo, May 16, 1946.
32. G. Lange, “My Experiences at the End of the War and Thereafter,” in U. Lange, ed., East Germany: What Happened to the Silesians in 1945 (Lewes, Sussex: Book Guild, 2000), p. 80.
33. B. Nitschke, “Wysiedlenia Niemców w czerwcu i lipcu 1945 roku,” Zeszyty Historyczne 118 (1996): 156.
34. News Chronicle, January 31, 1946.
35. Undated (c. May 1945) account of E. Melina, Office of Military Government for Germany, Prisoners of War and Displaced Persons Branch, box 133, “Refugee Reports” file, RG 260/390/42/24–25/7–1, NARA.
36. Memorandum by Maj. O. Fischer, November 27, 1945, MNO 238/14266 (1946).
37. Memorandum by Ministry of Recovered Territories Zgorzelec office, May 5, 1947, MZO, 196/541c/B-7415.
38. Hradec Králové National Security Office to Ministry of the Interior, June 18, 1945, MNO 9/4/1/76 (1945).
39. Severoĉeská Mladá fronta, December 16, 1945.
40. See Staněk, Verfolgung 1945, p. 161.
41. Moravská Třebová Regional National Committee, “Report on the Question of Germans in Svitavy Region between May 12, 1945 and August 23, 1945,” August 24, 1945, MV-NR, box 7446, item B 596.
42. Staněk, Verfolgung 1945, p. 72.
43. Washington Post, June 17, 1945.
44. Maj.-Gen. E. N. Harmon, C.O., XXII Corps, to Steinhardt, October 23, 1945, State Department papers RG 84, Entry 2378A, 350/54/13/03. U.S. Embassy Czechoslovakia. Classified General Records, 1945–1957, box 3, file 711.9, NARA.
45. Staněk and von Arburg, “Organizované divoké odsuny?” part 2, p. 28.
46. Quoted in R. Bessel, Germany 1945: From War to Peace (London: Simon & Schuster, 2009), p. 215.
47. Nitschke, “Wysiedlenia Niemców w czerwcu i lipcu 1945 roku,” p. 161.
48. Undated statement of Johanna Janisch, Leimnitz bei Schwiebus, FO 371/46815.
49. B. George, Les russes arrivent: La plus grande migration des temps modernes (Paris: Éditions de la Table Ronde, 1966), pp. 229–231.
50. Telegram from R. S. S. Stevenson, British ambassador, Belgrade, to Foreign Office, January 21, 1946, FO 945/360; “Aide-mémoire” by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Belgrade, January 16, 1946, FO 371/55391.
51. Lt.-Gen. I. Avshich, Yugoslav Military Mission, Berlin, to the Control Commission for Germany (British Element), March 1, 1946, FO 1032/2284.
52. J. M. Troutbeck to Sir A. Street, February 11, 1946, FO 371/55390.
53. Minute by C. O’Neill, January 26, 1946, FO 371/55390.
54. Foreign Office Research Department, “The German Minority in Yugoslavia,” February 2, 1946, FO 371/55390.
55. Memorandum by Allied Control Authority Co-ordinating Committee, “Transfer into Germany of German Minorities from Countries not Referred to in the Potsdam Agreement,” March 22, 1946; minute by A. A. E. Franklin, Foreign Office, August 12, 1946, FO 371/55525.
56. M. Portmann, “Politik der Vernichtung? Die deutschsprachige Bevölkerung in der Vojvodina 1944–1952: Ein Forschungsbericht auf Grundlage jugoslawischer Archivdokumente,” in Danubiana carpathica: Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur in den deutschen Siedlungsgebieten Südosteuropas (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2007), pp. 332–3.
57. Note by government of Romania to Gen. V. Vinogradov, acting president, Allied Control Council for Romania, January 13, 1945, FO 371/48536.
58. Minute by Sargent, January 12, 1945, FO 371/48535.
59. Minute by Churchill (with “check” of approval by Stalin), n.d. (October 9, 1944), PREM 3/66/7.
60. Prime Minister’s Personal Minutes to Eden, January 18 and 19, 1945, FO 371/48536.
61. Personal and private telegram from Stevenson to Sir A. Cadogan, January 17, 1945, FO 371/48536. For additional eyewitness reports of roundups, see Lieut. P. A. Clifton and Lt.-Col. A. C. Kendall, “Report on Visit to Brasov, Sibiu and Cluj, Jan. 8th to Jan. 11th, 1945,” n.d., FO 371/
48590.
62. H. G. Beckh, CICR, “Résumé d’un entretien entre M. [J. A.] Graf [CICR adjunct delegate, Bucharest] et le soussigné le 3.9.46,” G. 97/IV, box 1165, CICR.
63. Allied Control Authority, Prisoners of War and Displaced Persons Division, “The Return to Germany of German Minorities Now Residing in Austria,” August 5, 1946, FO 1005/840; M. Ritter, Catholic Committee for Relief Abroad, “Report on Volksdeutsch in Austria,” October 21, 1947, FO 1020/2519.
64. A recent history that argued otherwise arrived at its conclusions by taking contemporary newspaper accounts and similarly unverified stories at face value; its findings, however, are contradicted by materials in the Polish and Czech archives, which its author had not consulted. See A. P. Biddiscombe, Werwolf! The History of the National Socialist Guerrilla Movement 1944–1946 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998).
65. Staněk, Verfolgung 1945, p. 127.
66. V. Mastny, The Czechs under Nazi Rule: The Failure of National Resistance, 1939–1942 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971), p. 178.
67. Staněk, Verfolgung 1945, pp. 130, 135–7, 164.
68. See, e.g., News Chronicle, August 2, 1945; The Times, July 28, August 7, 1945; Severoĉeská Mladá fronta, September 6, 1945.
69. Sudeten German Social Democratic Party, Deportation Drama in Czecho-Slovakia: The Case of a Dying People (London: Der Sozialdemokrat, 1945), p. 10.
70. Telegram from Nichols to Foreign Office, August 13, 1945, FO 371/47091.
71. Quoted in T. Staněk, Pováleĉné “excesy” v ĉeskych zemích v roce 1945 a jejich vyšetřování (Prague: Ústav pro soudobé dějiny, 2005), p. 72.
72. Staněk, Verfolgung 1945, p. 181.
73. Ibid., p. 180.
74. Ibid., p. 130.
75. Ibid., p. 181.
76. Severoĉeská Mladá fronta, September 23, 1945.
77. B. Nitschke, “Wysiedlenia Niemców w czerwcu i lipcu 1945 roku,” 161–2.
78. Unsigned “Beobachtungen und Eindrücke von einer Reise Poznań-Szczecin-Poznań,” August 27, 1945, in W. Borodziej and H. Lemberg, eds., Die Deutschen östlich von Oder und Neiße 1945–1950: Dokumente aus polnischen Archiven, vol. 3: Wojewodschaft Posen, Wojewodschaft Stettin (Hinterpommern) (Marburg: Verlag Herder-Institut, 2004), p. 378.
79. J. Chumiński and E. Kaszuba, “The Breslau Germans under Polish Rule 1945–1946: Conditions of Life, Political Attitudes, Expulsion,” Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 22 (1997): 94.
80. C. Kraft, “Who Is a Pole, and Who Is a German? The Province of Olsztyn in 1945,” in Ther and Siljak, Redrawing Nations, p. 112.
81. M. Djilas, Wartime (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977), p. 423.
82. K. Mulaj, “A Recurrent Tragedy: Ethnic Cleansing as a Tool of State Building in the Yugoslav Multinational Setting,” Nationalities Papers 34:1 (March 2006): 33.
83. Minute by Murray, British Embassy, to Czechoslovak government in exile, March 8, 1945, FO 371/47085.
84. Minutes of meeting with Deputy Chief of Main Division, Ministry of National Defense, July 28, 1945, MNO 3292/776 (1945).
85. News Chronicle, August 24, 1945.
86. Daily Herald, August 24, 1945.
87. The Times, September 10, 1945.
88. Maj. S. Terrell, “Berlin Survey,” August 22, 1945, FO 371/46934.
89. Memorandum by Capt. A. C. Kanaar, September 11, 1945, FO 371/46815.
90. Quoted in M. Frank, Expelling the Germans: British Opinion and Mass Population Transfers in Context (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007). p. 137.
91. G. Gardiner, “Migration of Death,” Spectator, October 26, 1945.
92. R. D. Murphy to H. F. Matthews, October 12, 1945, RG 84, 250/57/18/01–02. Office of the U.S. Political Advisor to Germany, Berlin [Robert D. Murphy]. Classified General Correspondence of the Political Advisor, 1944–49, box 1, “October 1945” file, NARA.
93. Undated and unsigned “Memorandum” by Murphy (c. October 12, 1945), ibid.
94. Squadron Leader F. W. Whittick, Displaced Persons Section, British Military Government, “Report on Refugee Situation in Berlin as at 21 Aug 45,” August 22, 1945, FO 371/46990.
95. Lieutenant Mora, Liberec, to Ministry of National Defense, Prague, June 19, 1945, ÚPV-T, 217/2, box 308.
96. Staněk and von Arburg, “Organizované divoké odsuny?” part 2, pp. 26–27.
97. Staněk, Verfolgung 1945, p. 149.
98. Ibid., p. 163.
99. Voluntary emigration to the U.S. zone was sanctioned by the American military authorities only after October 31, 1945. Unsigned minute, November 2, 1945, Minister-stvo Vnitra records, fond 686 II, file B 300/1253/1945.
100. Staněk, Verfolgung 1945, p. 54.
101. Memorandum by 1st Lieut. Jack E. Blaylock, September 1, 1945; memorandum by Maj. Harold E. Graham, October 18, 1945; Col. Y. D. Vesely, “Lack of Co-Operation in Controlling Shipments of Germans by Stribro District National Committee,” October 20, 1945, RG 84, Entry 2378A, 350/54/13/03. U.S. Embassy Czechoslovakia. Classified General Records, 1945–1957, 711.9, box 3, NARA.
102. First Military District HQ, “Transfer of Germans from Žitava [Zittau] to Hrádek nad Nisou,” October 17, 1945, MNO 9/4/1/40 (1945); unsigned memorandum, “Transfer of Svitavy German Nationals from Žitava to Hrádek nad Nisou—Results of Investigation,” October 22, 1945, MNO 9/4/1/41 (1945); SNB, Jablonec nad Nisou, to Ministry of the Interior, October 18, 1945, MV-NR, box 7448, item B 951.
103. Dr. Janoušek, First Military District, Ministry of National Defense, to Ministry of the Interior, December 15, 1945, MNO 9/4/1/64; memorandum by Gen. Heliodor Pika, November 9, 1945, MNO 1151/951.
104. News Chronicle, October 15, 1945.
105. Statement by Neumarktl expellees, covered by letter from Political Division, Allied Commission for Austria (British Element) to the Southern Department, Foreign Office, February 14, 1946, FO 945/430.
106. J. Pfeiffer, “Situation à la ligne de démarcation Russe-Tchécoslovaque-U.S.A.,” March 21, 1946, G 97/IV, box 1161, CICR.
107. Intelligence Branch, H.Q. British Troops, Berlin, “Conditions in Poland, Polish Occupied Germany and Russian Occupied Germany,” September 22, 1945, FO 371/46690.
108. Ibid.
109. R. M. A. Hankey and M. B. Winch, “Tour of Upper and Lower Silesia—September 1945,” FO 371/47651.
110. Parliamentary Debates, Lords, 5th ser., vol. 139, col. 85 (January 30, 1946).
111. Aide-mémoire by the French Embassy, London, October 6, 1945, FO 371/46813.
112. Allied Control Council, “Plan for the Transfer of German Populations to be Moved from Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland into the Four Occupied Zones of Germany: Note by the Allied Secretariat,” CONL/P (45) 57, November 17, 1945, FO 945/68; Foreign Office to British Embassy, Warsaw, December 1, 1945, FO 371/46815.
113. New York Times, December 16, 1945.
114. D. W. C. Harris to D. R. Heath, Director, Office of Political Affairs, October 13, 1945, Office of the U. S. Political Advisor to Germany, Berlin. Classified General Correspondence of the Political Advisor, 1944–49, RG 84, 250/57/18/01–02, box 1, “October 1945” file, NARA.
115. B. V. Cohen to Matthews, November 6, 1946, RG 59, Records of the Department of State Relating to the Problems of Relief and Refugees in Europe Arising from World War II, M 1284, 840.48, reel 59, NARA. See also W. Lasser, Benjamin V. Cohen: Architect of the New Deal (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002), chap. 15.
116. Draft telegram from State Department to U.S. Embassy, Warsaw, November 16, 1945, B. V. Cohen to Matthews, November 6, 1946, RG 59, Records of the Department of State Relating to the Problems of Relief and Refugees in Europe Arising from World War II, M 1284, 840.48, reel 59, NARA.
117. Dziennik Polski, October 18, 1945. See also A. B. Lane, I Saw Poland Betrayed: An American Ambassador Reports to the American People (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1948), pp. 182–3, for another account of the same incident.
118. Unsigned and unda
ted minute to J. F. Riddleberger, chief, Division of Central European Affairs, State Department, RG 59, Records of the Department of State Relating to the Problems of Relief and Refugees in Europe Arising from World War II, M 1284, 840.48, reel 59, NARA.
119. J. F. Byrnes to A. B. Lane, U.S. ambassador, Warsaw, November 30, 1945, RG 84, Entry 2378A, 350/54/13/03. U.S. Embassy Czechoslovakia. Classified General Records, 1945–1957, 711.9, box 3, NARA.
120. A. B. Lane to Byrnes, December 4, 1945, FRUS: Diplomatic Papers, 1945: General: Political and Economic Matters, vol. 2 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1967), pp. 1321–2.
121. Hrabĉík to Ministry of National Defense, December 21, 1945, MNO 1151/951 (1945).
122. Staněk and von Arburg, “Organizované divoké odsuny?” part 3, p. 372.
CHAPTER 5. THE CAMPS
1. See, e.g., statement of Jan Jungwirt, February 1, 1954, Records of the U.S. High Commissioner for Germany, OMGUS/HICOG Criminal Court Case Files, Berlin, 1945–1955, RG 466/250/84/32/04, box 52, NARA.
2. Statement of Siegfried Oskar Pomper, camp physician, n.d. (c. March 1952), RG 466/250/84/32/04, box 50, NARA.
3. Statement of Wenzel Kneissl, March 23, 1952; statement of Rudolf Kroiher, April 27, 1952, Records of the High Commissioner for Germany: Clemency Board Prisoner Case Files 1945–1955, “H” to “K,” RG 466, 250/68/22/5, box 6, “Hrnecek, Wenzel” file, NARA.
4. Statement of Johann Dolezel, July 31, 1952, RG 466/250/84/32/04, box 53, NARA.
5. E. Kogon, The Theory and Practice of Hell: The German Concentration Camps and the System Behind Them, 1st rev. ed. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006), p. 106; statement of W. Hrneĉek, July 17, 1952, RG 466/250/84/32/04, box 50, NARA.
6. Statement of Mgr. J. Neubauer, July 30, 1952, RG 466/250/84/32/04, box 53, NARA. Prohibitions against pastoral activity in camps were common in Poland as well as Czechoslovakia. See B. Nitschke, Wysiedlenie ludności niemieckiej z Polski w latach 1945–1949 (Zielona Góra: Wyśsza Szkoła Pedagogiczna, 1999), p. 99.
7. Statement of Hrneĉek, July 18, 1952, RG 466/250/84/32/04, box 50, NARA.
8. Statement of Hrneĉek, July 16, 1952, RG 466/250/84/32/04, box 50, NARA.