81. Report by Pawel Grzeszczak, Resettlement Officer, Miastko, May 17, 1946, MZO 196, 666/B-5777.
82. L. G. Holliday, “Report on a Tour in Silesia,” August 28, 1945, FO 371/47650.
83. Draft report by an officer of the MZO Inspectorate, October 27, 1946, in Borodziej and Lemberg, Die Deutschen östlich von Oder und Neiße, vol. 3, p. 481.
84. Olejnik, Zdrajcy narodu? p. 105.
85. Report by M. Dybowski, May 24, 1946, in Borodziej and Lemberg, Die Deutschen östlich von Oder und Neiße, vol. 3, pp. 217–18.
86. Olejnik, Zdrajcy narodu? p. 101.
87. Unsigned and undated MZO memorandum (c. December 1947), “The Question of Returning Property to Persons who during the War of 1939–1945 Derogated from their Nationality/The so-called Volksdeutsche,” MZO 499/B-5609.
88. Olejnik, Zdrajcy narodu? pp. 106–7.
89. A. Malinowski, Main Liquidation Office Legal Department, łódź, to the Finance Ministry, July 26, 1947, MZO 499/B-5609, AAN.
90. Lt.-Col. C. R. S. Wheeler, “Tour of 1427 Kes by Lt. Col. Wheeler,” n.d., FO 371/48590.
91. E. M. Barker, “Notes on a Journey to Transylvania February 21–26 1946,” n.d., FO 371/59125.
92. M. Portmann, “Politik der Vernichtung? Die deutschsprachige Bevölkerung in der Vojvodina 1944–1952: Ein Forschungsbericht auf Grundlage jugoslawischer Archivdokumente,” in Danubiana carpathica: Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur in den deutschen Siedlungsgebieten Südosteuropas (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2007): 335; R. C. S. Stevenson, British Ambassador, Belgrade, to Bevin, November 23, 1945, FO 371/48876.
93. M. Portmann, “Repression und Widerstand auf dem Land: Die kommunistische Landwirtschaftspolitik in der jugoslawischen Vojvodina (1944 bis 1953),” Südost-Forschungen 65/66 (2006/2007): 370–393.
94. Speech by Nosek at Liberec, July 14, 1946, quoted in British Embassy Weekly Information Supplement for the week of July 12–18, 1946, FO 371/56004.
95. Memorandum by W. Barker, First Secretary, British Embassy, Prague, June 29, 1945, FO 817/14.
96. L. G. Holliday, “Memorandum,” October 28, 1946, FO 371/55831.
97. Quoted in Glassheim, “Ethnic Cleansing, Communism, and Environmental Devastation,” 74.
98. Curp, A Clean Sweep? p. 84.
99. E. Langenbacher, “Ethical Cleansing? The Expulsion of Germans from Central and Eastern Europe,” in N. A. Robins and A. Jones, eds., Genocides by the Oppressed: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009), p. 64.
100. Order of October 18, 1944, quoted in Portmann, “Politik der Vernichtung?” 342.
101. T. Urban, Der Verlust: Die Vertreibung der Deutschen und Polen im 20. Jahrhundert (Munich: C. H. Beck, 2004), p. 181.
102. J. Yoshioka, “Imagining Their Lands as Ours: Place Name Changes on Ex-German Territories in Poland after World War II,” in T. Hayashi, ed., Regions in Central and Eastern Europe: Past and Present (Sapporo: Slavic Research Centre, Hokkaido University, 2007), p. 285.
103. Davies and Moorhouse, Microcosm, p. 433.
104. Topinka, “Zapomenutý kraj,” 552.
105. Wiedemann, “Komm mit uns das Grenzland aufbauen!” pp. 411, 427.
106. M. Djilas, Wartime (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977), p. 423.
107. B. F. Abrams, “Morality, Wisdom, and Revision: The Czech Opposition of the 1970s and the Expulsion of the Sudeten Germans,” East European Politics and Societies 9:2 (Spring 1995): 245–6.
108. “F. Jedermann” [P. Přihoda], Verlorene Geschichte: Bilder und Texte aus dem heutigen Sudetenland (Cologne: Bund-Verlag, 1985), pp. 86–125.
109. Glassheim, “Ethnic Cleansing, Communism, and Environmental Devastation,” 88.
110. Strauchold, Myśl zachodnia, p. 322.
111. L. Dura, quoted ibid., p. 334.
112. H.-Å. Persson, “Viadrina to the Oder-Neisse Line: Historical Evolution and Regional Cooperation,” in S. Tägil, ed., Regions in Central Europe: The Legacy of History (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1999), p. 242.
113. Ther, Deutsche und polnische Vertriebene, p. 225.
114. C. Murdock, Changing Places: Society, Culture, and Territory in the Saxon-Bohemian Borderlands, 1870–1946 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2010), p. 208.
CHAPTER 10. THE INTERNATIONAL REACTION
1. J. Kostka to OMGUS, Frankfurt am Main, November 27, 1947, box 128, OMGUS RG 260/390/42/24–25/7–1, NARA.
2. Chancery, British Embassy, Warsaw, to Northern Department, Foreign Office, March 9, 1948; Northern Department to Political Division, CCG (BE), April 9, 1948, FO 1049/1514.
3. S. Casey, Cautious Crusade: Franklin D. Roosevelt, American Public Opinion, and the War against Nazi Germany (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 222; G. MacDonogh, After the Reich: From the Liberation of Vienna to the Berlin Airlift (London: John Murray, 2007), p. 11. See also A. Capet, “Deux regards antinomiques sur l’Allemagne, 1933–1946,” in J.-P. Pichardie, ed., Contre le nazisme ou contre l’Allemagne: Le débat sur l’anti-germanisme en Grande-Bretagne depuis la Deuxième Guerre mondiale (Rouen: Centre d’études en littérature et civilisation de langue anglaise, 1998), esp. pp. 7–16.
4. H. Ripka, “Czechoslovakia’s Attitude to Germany and Hungary,” Slavonic and East European Review 23 (1945): 48.
5. Daily Herald, September 19 and 20, 1945.
6. G. Rees, “Problems of Germany,” Spectator, November 2, 1945.
7. A. Jones, Honorary Secretary, Peace Pledge Union, Coventry, to Bevin, September 11, 1945; unsigned minute, September 27, 1945, FO 371/46812; minute by Troutbeck, October 7, 1945, FO 371/48612.
8. Chichester to Attlee, September 4, 1945; minute by Troutbeck, September 8, 1945, FO 371/46812; Daily Herald, September 14, 1946; The Times, October 26, 1945; M. Frank, Expelling the Germans: British Opinion and Post-1945 Population Transfer in Context (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 157–8.
9. The Times, October 23, 1946.
10. V. Gollancz, In Darkest Germany (Hinsdale, IL: Regnery, 1947), p. 19.
11. Daily Herald, November 27, 1945.
12. Church of England, Synod of York, The York Journal of Convocation, Containing the Acts and Debates of the Convocation of the Province of York in the Sessions of 11th and 12th October, 1945 (York: W. H. Smith, 1945), p. 54.
13. The Times, January 3, 1946.
14. J. Farquharson, “‘Emotional but Influential’: Victor Gollancz, Richard Stokes, and the British Zone of Germany, 1945–9,” Journal of Contemporary History 22:3 (July 1987): 505–6, 511.
15. Observer, January 13, 1946.
16. M. Frank, “The New Morality—Victor Gollancz, ‘Save Europe Now’ and the German Refugee Crisis, 1945–46,” Twentieth Century British History 17:2 (2006): 255.
17. A. Orzoff, Battle for the Castle: The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe, 1914–1948 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 71.
18. Ibid., p. 74.
19. Circular letter from Gen. Josef Bartík, Ministry of the Interior, October 13, 1945, ÚPV-T, box 11, item 782; Interior Ministry to Zdeněk Fierlinger, September 19, 1945, ÚPV-T, box 11, item 831; same to same, November 30, 1945, ÚPV-T, box 11, file 1064. A useful overview of the Czechoslovak intelligence services during this period can be found in I. Lukes, “The Czechoslovak Special Services and Their American Adversary During the Cold War,” Journal of Cold War Studies 9:1 (Winter 2007): 3–28.
20. P. Knightley, The First Casualty: From the Crimea to Vietnam—The War Correspondent as Hero, Propagandist, and Myth Maker (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975), pp. 251–2, 266.
21. Postal censorship transcript of letter from Parker to Barrington-Ward, July 9, 1945, FO 371/47090.
22. M. G. Hindus, We Shall Live Again (New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1939).
23. G. Bilainkin, Second Diary of a Diplomatic Correspondent (London: Sampson Low Marston, 1947), p. 380 (entry of November 16, 1945).
24. L. Steinhardt to J. Byrnes, November
3, 1945; same to same, December 6, 1945, Records of the U. S. Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of Czechoslovakia 1945–1949, RG 59, LM 84, 860F.00, reel 1, NARA.
25. See, e.g., New Statesman and Nation, October 27, 1945.
26. Bilainkin, Second Diary of a Diplomatic Correspondent, pp. 263–4 (entry of September 28, 1945).
27. Quoted in J. B. Schechtman, Postwar Population Transfers in Europe 1945–1955 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1962), p. 69.
28. Frank, Expelling the Germans, pp. 188–9.
29. Ibid., p. 189.
30. Svobodné noviný, October 17, 1945.
31. For particulars of Haffner’s attitude to “pan-Germanism,” see his prewar (but posthumously published) memoir, Geschichte eines Deutschen: Die Erinnerungen 1914–1933 (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2000).
32. J. Bartl, “Internaĉní tábory: Lživá propaganda o týraní Němců,” Pravda (Plzeň), December 28, 1945.
33. Dziennik polski, October 18, 1945.
34. See text of alleged interview with Lt.-Col. P. F. A. Growse in P. Lippóczy and T. Walichnowski, eds., Przesiedlenie ludności Niemieckiej z Polski po II Wojnie Światowej w świetle dokumentów (Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1982), p. 203; telegram from CCG (BE), Berlin to 508 (R) Detachment, Military Government, April 20, 1946, concerning statements allegedly made by Capt. Thomson, Szczecin, to the Kurier Szczeciński; same to 709 (R) Detachment, April 22, 1946, concerning statements attributed to Growse, Kaławsk, telegram from 508 (R) Detachment to CCG (BE), May 9, 1946; CCG (BE) to War Office, May 11, 1946, FO 1052/323.
35. New York Times, October 23, 1946.
36. Circular letter from C. T. Emmet, June 30, 1947; Dr. Alexander Boeker to Prof. Ferdinand A. Hermens, Notre Dame University, November 24, 1947, Christopher T. Emmet papers, acc. 74105 8M.47/48, box 19, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
37. Committee Against Mass Expulsions, Men Without the Rights of Man: A Report on the Expulsion and Extermination of German Speaking Minority Groups in the Balkans and Prewar Poland (New York: The Committee, 1948), p. 3.
38. See S. Casey, “The Campaign to Sell a Harsh Peace for Germany to the American Public, 1944–1948,” History 90:1 (January 2005): 62–92.
39. Wm. Jay Schieffelin and Brackett Lewis, American Friends of Czechoslovakia, to Oswald Garrison Villard, March 22, 1946, Emmet papers, acc. 74105 8M.47/48, box 19.
40. Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th ser., vol. 413, cols. 83–4 (August 13, 1945).
41. Daily Herald, March 6, 1946.
42. United States, Congress, House of Representatives, Expellees and Refugees of German Ethnic Origin: Report of a Special Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Pursuant to H. Res. 238, A Resolution to Authorize the Committee on the Judiciary to Undertake a Study of Immigration and Nationality Problems (Report No. 1841) (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1950), p. 6.
43. Mercury (Hobart), October 16, 1945.
44. See Constitution of the International Refugee Organization, January 14, 1947. Annex I, part II: “Persons Who Will Not Be the Concern of the Organization.”
45. Dr. H. G. Beckh to G. W. von Fleckenstein, German-American League, Montrose, CA, March 10, 1947; Dr. R. Voegeli, chief, Division des Délégations, CICR, Geneva, to Dr. K. Laupper, Linz bureau, September 20, 1946, Archives Générales 1918–1950, G. 97/IV, box 1155, CICR.
46. See letters of thanks from German expellees for Irish aid, Department of External Affairs records 419/4/22, 419/4/22/2A, National Archives of Ireland, Dublin; Beckh to Roger Gallopin, director-delegate, CICR, May 18, 1949, Archives Générales 1918–1950, G. 97/IV, box 1156, CICR.
47. U.S. Congress, Displaced Persons in Europe and their Resettlement in the United States.
48. M. Phayer, “Pius XII and the Genocides of Polish Catholics and Polish Jews During the Second World War,” Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 15:1 (January 2002): 261–2.
49. See J. Pietrzak, “Działalność kard. Augusta Hlonda jako wysłannika papieskiego na Ziemiach Odzyskanych w 1945 r,” Nasza Przeszlość 42 (1974): 195–249; V. C. Chrypinski, “Church and Nationality in Postwar Poland,” in S. P. Ramet, ed., Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1988), pp. 244–6.
50. See, e.g., The Economist, March 22, 1947.
51. Memorandum by P. B. Nichols, October 10, 1945, FO 817/14.
52. Minute by A. W. H. Wilkinson, November 29, 1947, FO 371/64225.
53. “Memorandum Concerning an Immigration to Sweden of Displaced Persons from Austria, Written in Consequence of Lieutenant General J. Balmer’s Letter to Sweden’s Chargé d’Affaires in Vienna, Malling, June 17, 1947,” FO 371/66754.
54. Maj. H. Jacobsen, Norwegian Military Mission, to W. W. Schott, Chief, Allied Liaison and Protocol Section (U.S. Element), Berlin, July 19, 1947, Office of Military Government for Germany, Records of the Civil Administration Division, Prisoners of War and Displaced Persons Branch: Records Relating to Expellees in the U. S. Zone, 1945–49, RG 260/390/42/26/1-2, box 189, “Expellees (Czech) 1947” file, NARA.
55. W. B. Bradshaw, Ministry of Labour and National Service, to T. J. Bligh, Treasury, October 18, 1948, LAB 9/193.
56. Memorandum by the Committee for Christian Action, n.d. (c. January 1951), Displaced Persons Commission, Legal Division General Records, Subject File, RG 278/350/C/48/02, box 63, “German Ethnic” file, NARA.
57. New York Times, March 17, 1947.
58. G. E. C. Ball, Ministry of Labour and National Service, to W. B. Bradshaw, December 16, 1948, LAB 9/13.
59. C. Lieb, “Moving West: German-Speaking Immigration to British Columbia, 1945–1961” (Ph.D. diss., University of Victoria, 2008), p. 106.
60. Speech by Gibson, October 1, 1951, Records of the Displaced Persons Commission, Legal Division General Records, Subject File, RG 278/350/C/48/02, box 63, “German Ethnic” file, NARA.
CHAPTER 11. THE RESETTLEMENT
1. G. M. Trevelyan, British History in the Nineteenth Century (1782–1901) (London: Longmans, Green, 1922), p. 292.
2. See S. J. Wiesen, West German Industry and the Challenge of the Nazi Past, 1945–1955 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), pp. 60–64.
3. S. Schraut, Flüchtlingsaufnahme in Württemberg-Baden 1945–1949: Amerikanische Besatzungsziele und demokratischer Wiederaufbau im Konflikt (Munich: Oldenbourg, 1995), p. 45.
4. “Outline Sketch of British Military Government in Germany,” n.d. (c. May 1945), FO 371/46974.
5. See, e.g., T. R. Vogt, Denazification in Soviet-Occupied Germany: Brandenburg, 1945–1948 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).
6. Quoted in J. Farquharson, “‘Emotional but Influential’: Victor Gollancz, Richard Stokes, and the British Zone of Germany, 1945–9,” Journal of Contemporary History 22:3 (July 1987): 511.
7. M. Balfour and J. Mair, Four-Power Control in Germany and Austria 1945–1946 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956), p. 76.
8. Manchester Guardian, October 15, 1945.
9. R. R. Plimmer, Manpower Division, Military Government, “Report on Visits to German Refugee Camp, Krupp Strasse, Tiergarten, 17th and 18th Sept. 1945,” September 20, 1945; Plummer, “Refugees: The Position As It Affects Berlin,” September 22, 1945, FO 1049/205.
10. Brig. W. R. N. Hinde, Deputy Military Governor, British Troops, Berlin, to Main HQ, CCG (BE), Lübbecke, November 7, 1945, FO 1032/2298.
11. The Economist, November 16, 1945.
12. Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th ser., vol. 414, col. 370 (October 26, 1945).
13. Col. J. H. Fye, “Final Report—Transport of German Populations from Czechoslovakia to U.S. Zone, Germany,” November 30, 1946, p. 7, Margaret Eleanor Fait papers, accession no. 84040–9.02, box 4, file 16, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University.
14. I. T. M. Pink, Political Division, CCG (BE) to Kenchington, February 4, 1
946; Robertson to Street, February 23, 1946, FO 1049/492.
15. Lt.-Col. H. S. Messec, PW & DP Division, OMGUS, to Brig. A. C. Kenchington, PW & DP Division, CCG (BE), January 9, 1948; “Minutes of Second Meeting of U. S. and British Military Government Representatives on Expellees and Dislodged Germans,” February 6, 1948, Office of the Military Government for Germany, Prisoners of War and Displaced Persons Branch, RG 260/390/42/24–25/7–1, box 131, “Meetings General” file, NARA.
16. P. Ther, “Expellee Policy in the Soviet-Occupied Zone and the GDR: 1945–1953,” in D. Rock and S. Wolff, eds., Coming Home to Germany? The Integration of Ethnic Germans from Central and Eastern Europe in the Federal Republic (Oxford: Berghahn, 2002), p. 60.
17. News Chronicle, January 31, 1946.
18. Manchester Guardian, October 19, 1945.
19. Ibid., November 5, 1945.
20. The Economist, November 10, 1945.
21. News Chronicle, August 30, 1945.
22. Balfour and Mair, Four-Power Control in Germany and Austria, pp. 7–8.
23. Text of address by Werner Middelmann, Assistant Director, Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, Bonn, at the Conference of the Red Cross Societies, Hanover, April 9–14, 1951, United Nations High Commission for Refugees papers, series 1, Classified Subject Files 1951–1970, fond 11: Records of the Central Registry, box 265, File 15/4/1 (part I), UNHCR.
24. Letter from A. Richter, April 17, 1946, FO 1052/324.
25. British Zone Review 1:17 (May 11, 1946).
26. H. Lukaschek, Federal Expellee Minister, “Die Bedeutung der Heimatvertriebenen in der Deutschen Bundesrepublik (Westdeutschland), n.d. (c. April 1950), Bundeskanzleramt papers B 136/805, Bundesarchiv, Koblenz (BAK).
27. I. Connor, Refugees and Expellees in Post-War Germany (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007), p. 206.
28. Frau Oehler, German Red Cross, Hanover, “Report on the Inspection of Refugee Accommodation,” November 8, 1946, FO 1032/2293; Maj. S. L. Hatch, Chief, Public Welfare and Displaced Persons Division, OMGUS, Hesse, “Weekly Summary Report of Public Welfare and Displaced Persons Division of Week 14–20 September 1946,” September 21, 1946; same title, week of January 5–11, 1947, January 13, 1947, Office of Military Government, Hesse, Civil Administration Division: Correspondence re. Public Welfare Branch Activities, 1945–48, RG 260/390/49/26–27/4–5, box 1113, “Weekly Summaries” file, NARA.
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