Pomerania: interim camps in, 51, 144; as Polish territory, 93
Popovice (Pfaffendorf) internment camp, 137
Pöppendorf transit camp, 163, 168, 170, 369
population transfers, 1–6; aftershocks of, 225–28; Allied complicity in, 23–25, 27–33, 36, 64, 65, 66–67, 73, 78–79, 88, 125, 127, 193, 286, 296, 302, 332, 333–34, 343, 363, 368–69, 373; chaos of, 66, 89, 198, 303, 305–6; and cultural identity, 316; death toll in, 1–2, 44, 62, 195–97, 218, 225, 306; Dokumentation of, 348–50, 352, 361; economic effects of, 77, 78, 101, 193, 227, 279–83, 301–3, 364, 372–73; as ethnic cleansing, 39–41, 68–69, 96–99, 227–28, 230–31, 267–68, 373; failures of program, 60, 186–87, 364; and food, 89, 195, 204; and forced labor, 54, 111, 112, 120–21, 180, 181, 193, 208, 277, 337; future probability of, 348; Heim ins Reich, 46–52; human rights abuses in, 227–28, 368, 373; human suffering in, 63, 94, 116, 194–97, 211, 224, 373; and incoming colonists, 39, 41, 43, 47, 48, 49, 53–55, 60, 88, 313–15; inefficiency of, 49, 50–52, 304; “inevitability” thesis, 364–66; international reaction to, 284–300; to internment camps, 96, 99, 104, 106–7, 112, 117–18, 122, 123, 127, 130–57; and jobs, 66, 311–13, 320–21; lack of preparation for, 65–66, 74, 94, 302–5; and the law, see law; memory and forgetting, 350–62; and mixed marriages, 48, 231–32, 244–48; and moral issues, 118–19, 127, 289, 294, 352, 365, 368–70; numbers of, 195, 201–4, 217, 219–23, 225–26; opposition to, 32–33, 46–47, 288, 294–95, 359–62, 372–73; “orderly and humane,” 90, 91, 93, 129, 204–6, 211, 219, 226, 285, 296, 372; overlooked in history, 2–6, 62, 325, 352–54; and political mobilization, 315–20; and property confiscation, 30, 47–48, 49–50, 52–55, 65, 78, 98, 101, 105–6, 112, 148, 161, 186, 248, 254–61, 319, 337–38, 364; and resettlement, 66, 160–61, 165, 186, 254–83, 301–25; rewriting history, 371–72; and right of return, 319, 373; the scheme, 65–92; scholarly defense of, 364; solving minority problems via, 371–72; statistics unreliable on, 63, 65, 99, 201–4, 209–10, 219–20; transport for, 66, 74, 78, 89, 198, 223–24; and vigilante violence, 59–60, 95–96, 104, 105; in wartime, 47, 62; see also “organized expulsions”; “wild expulsions”
Postoloprty internment camp, 96, 236–37
Potsdam Conference (1945), 89–92, 188, 223, 350; and Czechoslovakia, 101, 111, 115; fifth anniversary of, 316–17; and Hungary, 111, 207, 209; and the law, 327, 334, 343; “orderly and humane” transfers under, 90, 91, 93, 129, 204–6, 211, 219, 226, 285, 296, 372; and resettlement, 274; and “wild expulsions,” 107, 115, 116, 117, 119, 123–24, 126, 127
Potulice internment camp, 138, 141–42, 143–44, 238, 240, 249, 346, 353
“Prague Spring” (1968), 354
Prášil, Karel, 96
Prawin, Jakub, 205, 220–21, 223
Přerov massacre, 155
Přĺhoda, Petr, 281
Putin, Vladimir, 327
Qing Empire, China, 67
Quinn, Marjorie, 96
Raack, R. C., 82
racial purity, 32–33, 41, 43, 45, 47
Rădescu, Nicolae, 111, 112
Radio Warsaw, 201
Rákosi, Mátyas, 211, 215, 217
Randolph, A. Philip, 294
Ranzenhoferová, Marie, 99
Rapp, Wilhelm, 313
Račka, Francis, 25
Rau, Heinrich, 323
Recovered Territories, Poland: children in, 234; and Czechoslovakia, 107; denial of expulsions in, 350; expellees’ claims in, 341; German occupation of, 108; and internment camps, 135, 150; and numbers, 192, 202–4, 219, 258, 261–62, 279; and “organized expulsions,” 159, 161, 164, 167–68, 169, 170–71, 174, 178, 192, 199, 200; and “wild expulsions,” 104–5, 109, 117, 119, 124, 126, 128, 293; and “Wild West,” 254, 258, 263, 269, 271–75, 279, 280–81, 282
Red Army: civilian flight from, 1, 61, 62, 75, 79, 81, 88, 103, 350; Czechoslovakia liberated by, 37, 257; in Hungary, 208; and internment camps, 135, 141, 226; and Katyń Forest massacre, 87, 256; and “organized expulsions,” 169, 171, 175, 178, 187, 188, 225; and Warsaw Uprising (1944), 256; and “wild expulsions,” 105, 107–9, 111, 119, 121, 128, 270; and “Wild West,” 264, 267, 270, 271–74
Red Army Faction, 2
Red Cross, see CICR
Rees, Goronwy, 287
Reich citizenship, 61
Reich Commissariat for the Strengthening of Germandom (RKFDV), 47, 49, 50, 56
Reichsdeutsche, 54, 55, 57–58, 61–62
religion, as mark of identity, 71
Renaissance, 327
Rendel, Sir George, 184
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 41
Riđica labor camp, 141, 145
Ripka, Hubert, 14, 18, 25, 26, 34, 37, 258, 287, 292, 332
Roberts, Frank, 25, 35
Robertson, Sir Brian, 185, 205, 297
Rokossovsky, Konstantin, 273
Roman Empire, end of, 49
Romania: citizenship in, 112; Communist Party in, 112; evacuations from, 63; fifth column fears in, 59–60, 61; forcible removals from, 1, 93, 110, 111; land lying idle in, 278–79; and League of Nations, 330; minority populations in, 330; Soviet control of, 41; territory ceded by, 51–52; Volksdeutsche in, 61, 111–13, 153
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 294, 334–35
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 17, 24, 27–28, 75, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 94
Rosenberg, Alfred, 41
Rothfels, Hans, 361
Rothschild, Joseph, 2
Rudolfsgnad (Kničanin) internment camp, 137, 154, 156
Runge, Max, 250
Rupa (Prague) internment camp, 239
Russell, Bertrand, 288–89
Russian Revolution, 40
Ruthenia, 8, 36, 208
Rwanda, Radio Mille Collines, 366
Ryan, Stephen, 372
Salem witch trials, 115
Salzgitter concentration camp, 222
Samokhvalov, Nikita S., 104
Sargent, Sir Orme, 76, 111, 149, 200
Sassie, C., 216–17
Save Europe Now, 289, 293
Savery, Frank, 172
Saxony, interim camps in, 51
Scandinavia, German invasion of, 245
Schechtman, Joseph, 48
Schieder, Theodor, 348–50, 351
Schily, Otto, 361
Schimanski, Stefan, 369
Schindler, Oskar, 101
Schoenfeld, Rudolf, 84
Schröder, Gerhard, 358, 360
Schulze, Rainer, 352
Schwelb, Egon, 334
Schwiebus, expulsions from, 109
Second Vienna Award, 51
Sekič (Lovčenac) internment camp, 146, 153
September 11 attacks, 345
Seton-Watson, Robert, 290
Sěvres, Treaty of, 70
Shirer, William, 294
Shotwell, James T., 295
Sicherheitsdienst, 43
Sikawa internment camp, 250
Sikorski, Władysław, 24
Silesia, 24, 88, 93, 124, 226, 274, 330
Skerniewice prison, 250
Skowyra, Tadeusz, 140
slavery, and international law, 335
Slavs, ethnic cleansing of, 39
Slovakia: anti-Czech stance of, 15, 35; antifascists in, 191; fifth column fears in, 61; as German client state, 232, 367; internment camps in, 236; judicial system of, 343; minority populations in, 8, 14, 137; and Munich, 15, 367; and population transfers, 338, 357; Republic of, 15; Sudetendeutsche in, 61, 136
Slovenia, evacuations from, 63
Smutný, Jaromír, 11
Smyrna, sack of, 70, 73
Sobkó, Michał, 271
social engineering, 30, 231, 257, 265–66, 372
Society for the Prevention of World War III, 294–95
Sokolovsky, Vasily, 111, 322
Soviet Union: and ACC agreement, 124, 125, 201–3, 305–6; Bolshevik Revolution, 40; Communism in, 17, 355; and Czechoslovakia, 14, 16, 17, 24, 27, 34, 37, 257, 291; ethnic cleansing in, 39–40, 42, 46, 68; expansionism of, 36, 41;
Five Year Plans, 273; German invasion of, 35, 287, 367; labor forces in, 76, 111, 112, 135, 208; and Munich, 14; Nazi-Soviet Pact, 27, 39, 41, 45, 48, 52, 81, 256; occupation zone, see Germany: Soviet zone; and “organized expulsions,” 124–25, 161–62, 163, 164, 169, 170–71, 175, 177, 186–88, 192, 206; and Poland, 24, 41, 45–46, 48, 75, 81–83, 87, 225–26, 256; postwar expectations, 87, 88; Red Army, see Red Army; support for expulsion, 26, 27, 29, 73, 74, 90, 92, 93, 111–12; and “wild expulsions,” 100, 104–6, 107–8, 111–12, 119–24, 128; and World War II, 20, 73, 87
Spina, Franz, 11
Spottswood, A. D., 210
Spychalski, Marian, 182
Stalag IV C (Wistritz), 101
Stalin, Joseph, 39, 45; and Baltic states, 48–49; and Churchill, 75, 81, 88, 112; and ethnic Germans, 29, 40, 42, 65, 72, 76; and population transfers, 23, 27, 29, 40, 81–84, 90, 261; at Potsdam, 206; and territorial expansion, 24, 36, 41–42, 46, 51; and World War II, 14, 87; at Yalta, 89
Stalingrad, Battle of, 59, 207
Stanĕk, Tomáš, 4, 115, 128, 239
Steinbach, Erika, 359, 360, 361
Steinberg, Elan, 156
Steinhardt, Laurence, 149, 166
Sternberg, Günther, 158–59
Stettinius, Ed, 86, 88, 332
Stokes, Richard, 151–52, 237, 286
Stout, Rex, 294
Strahovský; internment camp, 137
Strang, Sir William, 217
Strauss, George, 32
Stresemann, Gustav, 11
Stuckart, Wilhelm, 318
Suchdol nad Odrou camp, 235, 239–40
Sudetendeutsche, 8–15, 17–38; activists among, 10–11, 12–13; anti-Nazi, 15, 33, 35–36; craftsmen, 135; evacuations of, 63, 76, 117; expulsion of, 15, 18–33, 46, 76, 99–103, 105, 107, 113–15, 199, 332, 338, 354–55; in internment camps, 132–34; jobs for, 311–13; murders of, 96–97, 113; as passive war criminals, 33, 34, 38, 367; Reich citizenship of, 61, 232; women and children, 247–48
Sudetenland: and Czechoslovakia, 8–15, 18, 25; ethnic manipulation in, 10, 40; German takeover of, 7–8, 130; interim camps in, 51; recolonization of, 186, 263, 265–66, 281, 282, 283; and Transfer Commission, 77
Svidnĺk internment camp, 137
Sviridov, Vladimir Petrovich, 213
Svoboda, Ludvík, 98, 102
Svoboda, V., 120
Swanstrom, Msgr. Edward, 221, 230, 252
Sweden: neutrality of, 296; skilled workers imported to, 298
Świdwin assembly camp, 179
Świerczewski, Karol, 108, 109
Świętochłowice-Zgoda concentration camp, 138, 140, 155–56
Switzerland, neutrality of, 296
Szczeciń-Gumience assembly camp, 168, 172, 173–74, 175, 178, 179, 197, 218, 219, 234, 293
Szczepanik, Jerzy, 226
Taborsky, Edward, 364
Tanner, Marcus, 67
Targosz, Adam, 181
Târgu Jiu detention camp, 134, 136
Taylor, A. J. P., 28
Tehran Conference (1943), 75
Tenz, Maria, 156
Terrell, Stephen, 117
Teutonic Knights, 350
Ther, Philipp, 306, 323, 324
Theresienstadt concentration camp, 130, 134, 155
Thicknesse, Ralph, 185, 192
Thirty Years’ War, 328
Thomas, Norman, 294
Thompson, Dorothy, 294, 295
Thornberry, Patrick, 333, 336
Tito (Josef Broz), 110–11, 116, 122, 136, 151
Tobin, E. M., 195, 196
torture, taboo against, 345
Toynbee, Arnold, 80–81
Tragelehn, B. K., 348
Treffling refugee camp, 311
Trevelyan, G. M., 301
Troutbeck, Jack, 74, 80, 172, 288
Truman, Harry S., 90, 94, 332
Trzciński, Kazimierz, 254–55, 256
Tuplice (Lubusz) assembly camp, 175, 223, 226
Turkey: and Armenian genocide, 70, 329; and Cyprus, 72; ethnic Germans in, 111; and Greece, 18, 31, 47, 70–72, 73, 76, 85; “guest workers” in Germany from, 325; and Soviet Union, 39
Turnu Măgurele camp, 237
Uganda, expulsions from, 336
Ukraine, evacuations from, 63
Ukrainians, Aryanized, 41
United Nations, 77, 88; Charter of, 332; Commission on Human Rights, 334–35, 338, 341, 342, 344; establishment of (1945), 332; Genocide Convention, 335; Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), 78, 182, 184–85, 187, 229, 240, 243, 296; UNICEF, 241; Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 332–33, 334–35, 336
United States: and ACC agreement, 124–28, 164–66, 198, 203–4, 214, 222; and Atlantic Charter, 86; black Americans in, 331, 335; complicity of, 3, 27–28, 32, 73, 74, 81, 83, 84, 86, 92, 93, 94, 296; immigrants assimilated in, 73, 125, 299; and international law, 329, 334–35; Japanese incarcerated in, 73; and Munich, 8, 15, 17; and Native Americans, 67, 73; neutrality of, 17; occupation zone, see Germany: U.S zone; OMGUS, 198, 206–7, 211–12, 222–23; and “organized expulsions,” 124–25, 159, 164–66, 182, 186, 187, 189–90, 192, 206–7, 211; and postwar expectations, 87; public opinion in, 293–98; and “wild expulsions,” 106, 107, 118, 120–21, 126–28; and World War II, 20, 73, 87
Upper Silesia, 76, 77–78, 88
Ústínad Labem massacre, 114–16, 365
Vansittart, Lord Robert, 29
Vatican: as court of international arbitration, 328; and expulsions, 297
Veltrusy children’s camp, 240
Versailles, Treaty of, 11, 13, 15, 70, 301, 329, 330, 331
Veselý, Alois, 132
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 335
Villard, Oswald Garrison, 294
Vinogradov, Vladislav, 111, 112
Vogl, E., 235
Voigt, Frederick A., 97, 293
Volksbund, 209
Volksdeutsche, 3, 38, 40–64, 79, 91, 110–11, 150–51, 207, 286, 349, 364
Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle (VoMi), 47
Vollmar, Antje, 361
Voroshilov, Kliment, 166
Vukosavljević, Sreten, 279
Vyvyan, Michael, 346
Walter, Francis E., 296, 297
Wanderbund, 43
Wannsee Conference (1942), 318
war crimes, 3–4, 92; changing definitions of, 73, 329–30; Nuremberg trials, 288–89, 329–30, 334, 343; passive, 33, 34, 38, 60
Warthegau district, 46, 50, 51, 52, 53, 62–63, 81
waterboarding, 345
Waters, Timothy, 344, 345
Weems, George “Pappy,” 213–14
Wehler, Hans-Ulrich, 349
Weimar Republic, 11
Welles, Sumner, 28
Wells, H. G., 14
Werewolves, 113–16, 265
Westphalian system, and state sovereignty, 328
Wiedemann, Andreas, 266
Wiesenthal, Simon, 182
“wild expulsions,” 91, 93–128, 176, 193; and ACC agreement, 124–28, 202; Allied backlash, 117–19, 126–27; and antifascists, 101–2, 105, 106; arbitrary selections for, 101–3; attempts to return home, 103–4, 128; at border crossings, 104, 107–8, 119, 120–23; “Brno Death March,” 98–100, 105, 365; chaos of, 103, 104–6, 111, 112–13, 288, 305; compared to Nazi atrocities, 96–97, 98, 108, 116, 117–19, 126–27, 228, 369; deaths in, 96, 99, 101, 109–10, 117, 120, 122, 129; difficulties of, 99, 100, 104–5, 107–8, 119–23; and disease, 99, 106, 110, 117; humanitarian crisis in, 119–20; to internment camps, 96, 99, 104, 106–7, 112, 117–18, 122, 123, 127, 136–37, 176; and journalists, 117–18, 348; local initiatives in, 104–5; and loss of citizenship, 101, 112–13; myth of, 94–95; and “organized expulsions,” 125, 173, 176; pace of, 116–17, 125; passivity of victims in, 113, 115–16, 373; by police and military, 94, 96–97, 100, 105, 106, 107–9, 111, 112, 113, 116, 119–20, 124; and property confiscation, 101, 105–6, 112, 270; and public opinion, 125, 288, 293; and revenge-seeking, 95–96, 287–88; transport for, 109–10, 11
7–20, 121–24, 125; unclear data on, 96, 99, 128; violence of, 94–98, 104, 105–7, 108, 114–16; and Werewolves, 113–16
“Wild West”: churches in, 267–69; economic disruption in, 279–83; gold diggers in, 267, 269–70, 355; lawlessness in, 263–65, 266–67, 270, 277–78; name of, 256–57; population shortages in, 261–66, 278–79, 282; returnees to, 265, 273, 274, 276;
Williamson, Tom, 292
Wilson, Duncan, 206
Wilson, Woodrow, 8, 88, 329
Wilsonianism, 14, 29, 63
Winch, Michael, 272
Wingfield, Nancy, 2
Witte, Eugen de, 33
Wojtyła, Karol (Pope John Paul II), 356
Wolfe, James, 343
Wolff, Stefan, 251, 359, 362
Wolski, Władysław, 161–62, 170, 179, 204, 206, 223, 225
World Council of Churches, 297
World Jewish Congress (WJC), 156
World War I: aims of Allies in, 13, 18; Czechoslovak Legion in, 12; forced migrations of, 68–69; passive civilians in, 367–68; postwar shifts in boundaries, 30–31, 70; and Versailles, 11, 13, 15, 70, 301, 329, 330, 331; and war crimes, 328–29
World War II: Allies in, 17–18, 287; and appeasement, 87; and bills of indictment, 334; and border disputes, 18; destruction in, 90, 259, 359; Dunkirk in, 19; duration of, 37, 95; ethnic cleansing in, 39–41; expansion of, 20; fifth column fears in, 43–44; narratives of, 353–54; onset of, 16, 42, 333; passive civilians in, 368; Peace Conference, 116; population exchanges in, 71, 160; postwar flux, 93–94; reparations for, 77, 259, 337–38, 371; “September Campaign” (1939), 43–44; Stalingrad, 59, 207; V-E Day, 95, 103; and war crimes, 330, 334, 343
World War III, prevention of, 294–95, 366–67
Wrocław assembly camps, 179, 180, 181
Yalta Conference (1945), 81, 87–88, 89
Yugoslavia: ethnic cleansing in, 2, 60, 344, 365; Extraordinary Review Commissions, 136; fifth column fears in, 61, 110; forcible removals from, 1, 63, 68, 93, 110–11, 116, 122–23, 281, 327, 344; German invasion of, 61; lands confiscated in, 279; and League of Nations, 330; Prinz Eugen division in, 60; state dissolved, 61; Volksdeutsche in, 38, 61, 63, 91, 93, 110–11, 116, 136, 150–51, 200
Ząbkowice Sląskie (Frankenstein) camp, 179
Zahra, Tara, 10, 231
Zámostí internment camp, 134
Zayas, Alfred-Maurice de, 336, 343
Zeman, Miloš, 327, 358, 371
Zeman, Zbyněk, 10
Zhukov, Georgy, 119, 120, 162, 273, 322
Zimne Wody (Kaltwasser) camp, 141
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