Orderly and Humane: The Expulsion of the Germans After the Second World War

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by R. M. Douglas


  Goering, Hermann, 49

  Gollancz, Victor, 241, 289, 368

  Goltermann, Svenja, 351

  Gomułka, Wladysław, 83, 155, 261, 273

  Gorochov, S. N., 186

  Gottwald, Klement, 30, 182, 348

  Grass, Günter, Im Krebsgang (Crabwalk), 359

  Great Britain, see Britain

  Great Depression, 12

  Great War, see World War I

  Greece: Communist Party of, 72; and League of Nations, 330; Macedonian Slavs in, 331; Nazi occupation of, 287; temporary camps in, 74; and Turkey, 18, 31, 47, 70–72, 73, 76, 85

  Greiser, Arthur, 50–51, 55, 59

  Grew, Joseph, 209

  Grigg, Sir James, 79–80

  Gronowo internment camp, 236

  Grossman, Marc, 327

  Grotius, Hugo, 327, 328

  Growse, Lieutenant Colonel P. F. A., 173, 369

  Grzeszczak, Pawel, 276

  Guderian, Heinz, 54

  Gyöngyösi, János, 208, 209

  Gypsies: persecution of, 15, 39; property of, 112

  Haake, Claudia, 68

  Hácha, Emil, 15, 16

  Haffner, Sebastian, 293

  Hagibor internment camp, 146, 151–52, 238, 240, 292

  Hague Conventions, 328–29, 330, 333, 343

  Haider, Jörg, 359

  Halifax, Lord Edward, 15

  Hankel, Gerd, 329

  Hankey, Robin, 182–83, 201, 272, 346–47

  Hanley, M., 216

  Hapsburg Empire, 12

  Harmon, Ernie, 107

  Harriman, Averell, 83–84

  Harris, Sir Arthur, 156

  Harris, David, 126

  Hartmann, Ida, 250

  Harvey, Oliver, 88

  Hauk, Lydia, 249–50

  Havel, František, 103

  Havel, Václav, 356–57

  Healey, Denis, 30, 370

  Heimann, Mary, 15

  Heim ins Reich, 46–52, 60, 124

  Henderson, Sir Nevile, 72

  Henlein, Konrad, 12–13, 25, 26, 27, 34, 35

  Henry VIII, king of England, 269

  Herrenvolk, 63

  Heydrich, Reinhard, 21–23, 50, 51, 56, 59

  Hilberg, Raul, 59

  Himmler, Heinrich, 21, 41, 45, 47, 48–49, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56, 60, 69, 230, 231

  Hindenburg, Paul von, 39

  Hindus, Maurice, 291

  Hirsch, Helga, 361

  Hitler, Adolf, 309, 360; anti-Semitism of, 183; and Czechoslovakia, 7, 13, 14, 18, 25, 34, 208; and Heim ins Reich, 46–52; Mein Kampf, 42; opposition to, 26, 35, 293; and Poland, 45, 46–47, 82, 233; and population transfers, 21, 31, 32, 39, 40–43, 46, 49, 64, 65, 72, 73, 94, 156, 160; rise to power, 12, 13, 17, 301, 305; “second book” of, 42; and World War II, 19, 33, 42, 87, 296

  Hitler Youth, 236–37, 245

  Hohne (Bergen-Belsen) displaced persons camp, 185

  Holliday, Leonard, 262, 270–71, 276–77

  Holocaust, 159, 161, 267, 347; and final solution, 39; revisionists, 3–4, 156; survivors, 182, 185, 199, 234–35, 274

  Holocaust Memorial, Berlin, 359

  Hook, Sidney, 294

  Hoover, Herbert, 28

  Horkheimer, Max, 369

  Hrabáček, Josef, 96

  Hrabčĺk, František, 119

  Hrabovec, Emilia, 268

  Hradišt’ko internment camp, 146, 239

  Hrdlička, Josef, 120–21

  Hrneček, Wenzel, 130, 132–34, 139, 154–55

  Hughes, Michael, 319

  Hull, Cordell, 83

  humanitarian agencies, 94, 221–22; and payback to Germans for war, 296; Red Cross, see CICR

  Hungary: and ACC(H), 166–68, 207, 209, 210, 212–14; Communist Party of, 208, 210, 215–16; fifth column fears in, 61, 323; and League of Nations, 330; as Nazi client state, 51, 207, 209; and population transfers, 1, 63, 90, 192, 198, 206, 208–17, 223, 338, 356, 366; and Potsdam, 111, 207, 209; property confiscated in, 207–10, 215, 216, 255, 260; Volksdeutsche in, 38, 61, 91, 125, 207–10; and war reparations, 259

  Hus, Jan, 268

  Hynd, John, 199, 219, 243

  Ignatieff, Michael, 365

  Industrial Revolution, 67

  International Covenant on Human Rights and its Optional Protocol, 339–40

  International Criminal Court, the Hague, 327, 344

  International Declaration on the Rights of the Child, 240

  International Refugee Organization (IRO), 240–41, 252, 296

  International Transfer Commission, 89, 91

  Iran, ethnic Germans in, 111

  Iraq, forced migration in, 68

  Ireland: and Act of Resettlement, 67; neutrality of, 296; Northern, Catholics in, 331

  Israel: Ministry of Justice, 156; West Bank and Gaza, 371

  Italy, 41, 48, 331

  Jaksch, Wenzel, 13, 15, 20, 21, 25–26, 33–36, 37–38, 114, 117, 291, 292–93

  Janisch, Johanna, 109

  Janjetović, Zoran, 4

  Janko, V., 113

  Jaworzno internment camp, 138–39, 141, 145, 154, 250

  Jenkins, Gareth, 71

  Jews: and anti-Semitism, 24, 32, 182; in concentration camps, 22, 35, 156, 274; and ethnic cleansing, 39, 49, 50, 51, 60; forced migration of, 68, 101, 211, 334, 367; and Holocaust, see Holocaust; identification of, 45; Kristallnacht, 361; and League of Nations, 330; massacres of, 45, 58, 60, 182, 199, 267, 356, 362; in mixed marriages, 248; and “organized expulsions,” 158–59, 181–85; persecution of, 15, 40, 243, 255, 297; property confiscated, 49, 52, 53, 255, 260, 267; and written history, 349

  John Paul II, Pope (Karol Wojtyła), 356

  John XXIII, Pope, 356

  Jordan, Edgar, 190

  Joubert de la Ferté, Sir Philip, 289

  Jowitt, Lord William, 124

  Junkers, 80

  Kaczyński, Lech, 360

  Kaisersteinbruch reception camp, 306

  Kaławsk assembly camp, 175, 177, 180, 218, 219, 223, 224, 226, 293

  Kanaar, Adrian, 117–18

  Kapoun, Josef, 98

  Kardelj, Edvard, 281

  Karp, William, 214

  Katyń Forest massacre, 87, 256

  Kaufmann, Chaim, 372

  Keating, Frank, 222

  Kemal, Mustafa “Atatürk,” 70, 329

  Kenchington, Arthur G., 202

  Kent, Martha, 249, 353

  Key, William, 213

  Kielce, pogrom in, 182, 199

  Kilgore, Harley, 294

  Kimche, Jon, 291

  Kinsner, Edmund, 179, 180

  Klapálek, Karel, 188

  Klaus, Václav, 2, 326–27, 342

  Kleist, Ludwika von, 60

  Klingler, Evžen, 292–93

  Klug, Frau, 309

  Klukowski, Zygmunt, 57, 58, 61, 62

  Kohl, Helmut, 356, 357, 358

  Kołakowski, Leszek, 360

  Konev, Ivan, 63

  Koppe, Wilhelm, 52–53

  Kopřiva, Ladislav, 242

  Kostka, Gertrud, 284–85

  Kostka, Johannes, 284–85

  Koszalin internment camp, 137, 176

  Kovács, Imre, 207–8

  Kraft, Claudia, 116

  Kraft, Waldemar, 316, 317–19

  Kraków, pogrom in, 182

  Krauss, Marita, 325

  Krejčí, Jaroslav, 259

  Kreysa, Miroslav, 186

  Kristallnacht, 361

  Kruppstrasse camp (Berlin), 303

  Kručevlje internment camp, 137, 145, 237, 238

  Krut, Aleksy, 140

  Kučera, Antonín, 185, 187

  Kundt, Ernst, 35

  Kunert, H. and J., 101–2

  Kuśmicki, Kazimierz, 179

  Kvashnin, Aleksandr Petrovich, 202–3

  Kwaśniewski, Aleksander, 341, 360

  Lambert, H. W., 188, 189

  Łambinowice detention camp, 134, 141, 155

  Landrock, Kurt, 155

  Landsmannschaften (Homeland Societies), 316–
20, 348

  Lane, Arthur Bliss, 126–28

  Laner, Anna, 189

  Lange, Gunter, 103

  Langenbacher, Eric, 353

  Lansing, Robert, 329

  Lančkroun, “People’s Tribunal” in, 96

  Laski, Harold, 29

  Lausanne, Treaty of, 18, 70–72, 73, 74, 78

  law: bills of indictment, postwar, 334; and crimes against humanity, 327, 329–30, 334; Czech law No. 115 (1946), 370; doctrine of estoppel, 342–43; doctrine of universal jurisdiction, 327–28; grounds of admissibility, 344; Hague Conventions, 328–29, 330, 333, 343; and humanitarian agencies, 328, 333; international human rights, 327–33, 344, 371; and jus cogens (“customary international law”), 335–36; legal claims for restitution, 326, 336–43, 360; and Lisbon Treaty, 326–27; Minority Protection Treaties, 330–32, 333; and precedent, 344–45; Rome Statute of ICC, 344; and September 11; attacks, 345; and state sovereignty, 328; “Sudeten corollary,” 344–45; takings by the state, 326, 337–38, 340; two-tier justice system, 371–72; Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 332–33, 334–35, 336; and warfare, 328–30, 334, 343

  League of Nations, 14, 26, 29, 42, 71, 72, 88, 182, 330–33; Minority Protection Treaties, 330–32, 333

  Lebedev, Viktor, 273

  Lehndorff, Hans von, 351

  Leipzig, Reichsbericht in, 329

  Leśáky massacre, 22, 23

  Lias, Godfrey, 262–63, 291

  Liberec detention center, 190–91

  Lidice massacre, 22–23, 231, 370

  Lieberman, Avigdor, 371

  Linek, Bernard, 4

  Linzervorstadt concentration camp, 132–34, 139, 152, 154

  Lipiśski, Józef, 180, 181

  Lipski, Jan Józef, 355

  Lisbon Treaty (2009), 2, 326–27

  Lithuania: German occupation of, 41; Soviet control of, 46, 51; Volksdeutsche in, 40–41; and World War I, 68

  Litoměřice children’s camp, 237

  Llewellin, J. J., 1st Baron, 241

  Lloyd George, David, 8

  Loch, Doctor, 194–96

  Łoziński, Kazimierz, 58

  Lublin, Polish government in, 81–83, 87, 88, 259, 260

  Lutomski, Pawel, 356

  Mabbott, John, 73–74

  Macardle, Dorothy, 251

  Macartney, C. A., 28

  Magyars, 8, 9, 10, 14

  Majdanek detention camp, 134

  Malik, Gerhard, 339–41, 342, 344

  Mann, Michael, 372

  Mann, Walter, 308–9

  Manstein, Erich von, 54

  Marek, Bohuslav, 236

  Mareč, Michael, 95

  Marienthal transit camp, 158–59, 177, 194–97, 217–18

  Marshall Plan, 317

  Martin, Magdalena, 250

  Martin, Terry, 40

  Masaryk, Jan, 27, 150, 182, 242–43

  Masaryk, Tomáč Garrigue, 7–8, 9, 10, 11, 17, 18, 147, 355

  Maschmann, Melita, 52–53

  Matthews, Harrison Freeman “Doc,” 118

  Mauthausen concentration camp, 22, 211, 235

  Mayer, Eric, 223

  Mayhew, Christopher, 154

  Mazower, Mark, 69, 331

  McCormick, Anne O’Hare, 294, 295, 298–99

  McLaren, Meryn, 311

  McNeil, Hector, 241–42

  Mearsheimer, John, 371

  Melina, Emilie, 103–4

  Menzel, Walter, 150

  Merkel, Angela, 360–61

  Mevius, Michael, 216

  Meziměstĺ assembly camp, 188

  Miklós, Béla, 166, 208, 214

  Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 81, 84, 86, 87, 102, 275, 293

  Milik, Karol, 268

  Minc, Hilary, 258

  Mindszenty, Jószef Cardinal, 211, 249

  Miročov detention camp, 139–41, 143, 146

  Mitrany, David, 32–33

  Mlynárik, Jan “Danubius,” 354–55, 357

  Mock, Pierre W., 144–45

  Modřany internment camp, 229

  Modzelewski, Zygmunt, 220

  Moeller, Robert, 349, 351, 352

  Molotov, Vyacheslav, 215, 217, 257, 274

  Mommsen, Hans, 349

  Montandon, Willy, 229

  Moorhouse, Roger, 161, 280

  Moravia: deportations into, 15; German occupation of, 15, 19, 22; provisional government, 8; Sudetendeutsche in, 58

  Morel, Salomon, 140, 155–56

  Morzycki, Jerzy, 262

  Moscow Conference (1944), 83, 84, 112

  Mountevans, E. E., 1st Baron, 241

  Moynier, Gustave, 329

  Mulaj, Klejda, 116

  Müller, Heiner, The Resettler Woman, 348

  Muller, Jean-Léon, 209

  Müller, Karl Valentin, 354

  Munich Conference (1938), 7–9, 11, 14–18, 26, 27, 35, 40, 61, 117, 290, 292, 320, 367

  Murdock, Caitlin, 283

  Murphy, Robert, 118, 126, 127

  Mussolini, Benito, 41, 48

  Mydlovary labor colony, 134

  Nagy, Ferenc, 208, 214

  Nagy, Imre, 210

  Naimark, Norman, 355

  Namier, Lewis, 290

  National Peace Council, 287

  Nationalsozialistische Arbeitsbewegung, 43

  nation-state, rise of, 67

  “nations” vs. “states,” 30–31

  Nazi-Soviet Pact, 27, 39, 41, 45, 48, 52, 81, 256

  neo-Nazis, 353

  Netherlands: fifth column fears in, 43, 60; Free Netherlands forces, 60

  Neubauer, Mgr. Josef, 133

  Neu-Gablonz (new town), 311–12

  Nicholas II, tsar of Russia, 39, 328

  Nichols, Philip, 18, 21, 34, 115, 147, 149, 235, 243, 266

  Nickel, James, 373

  Nicolson, Harold, 8

  Nigeria, slavery in, 67

  Nitschke, Bernadetta, 4, 108, 128, 224

  Noel-Baker, Philip, 26, 29

  Norway, 245, 298

  Nosek, Václav, 97, 98–99, 138, 223, 235, 238, 279

  Novák, Zdeněk, 147

  Nováky internment camp, 144–45, 239

  Novotný, Antonín, 348

  Nuremberg, refugee camps in, 311

  “Nuremberg defense,” 329–30

  Nuremberg Laws, 293, 318, 336, 343

  Nuremberg trials, 288–89, 329–30, 334, 343

  Oberländer, Theodor, 319

  observation camps, 60

  Old Testament, 67

  Olejnik, Leszek, 148

  Olejník, Milan, 4

  O’Neill, Con, 81, 201, 211

  Operation Barbarossa, 51

  Operation Honeybee, 125

  Operation Swallow, 168–74, 183, 184–85, 196–206, 212, 217–22, 264, 369

  Ordzhonikidze, Sergo, 40

  “organized expulsions,” 158–93; and ACC agreement, 125, 160, 162, 164, 166–68; of aged and “undesirables,” 168–69, 171, 172–76, 188–90, 200, 226; of antifascists, 191–92, 338; to British zone, 161, 162–64, 168–70, 173–75, 177, 180, 192; chaos in, 159–61, 171, 173–76, 178, 180, 181, 187, 210–11; Combined Repatriation Executive (CRX), 160–63, 172–74, 177, 192; and deaths, 160, 165, 168, 169, 178–79, 180, 187, 190–91, 394; and disease, 174, 177, 179, 188, 303; end of, 187, 192–93, 217, 226–28; and food, 166, 167, 168, 169–70, 171, 173, 177, 178, 210; hazards in, 178–81, 188, 224; media observers of, 166–67, 171; negotiations for, 161–66; Operation Swallow, 168–74, 183, 184–85, 196–206, 212, 217–22, 264, 369; “out of turn,” 176–77, 178; poor treatment in, 168–69, 170, 173, 190; procedures in, 175, 186, 188; and Red Cross, 165, 184, 191; rejections of, 166, 177, 225; and resettlement, 160–61, 165, 186, 254–83; scams in, 159, 177, 179, 181, 189–90, 200–201, 276–77; to Soviet zone, 161–62, 163, 164, 169, 170–71, 175, 177, 186–88, 192, 223–26; start dates for, 161–63, 165, 187; to transit camps, 163, 165, 168, 170, 173–74, 175, 176, 178–81, 186, 190, 192–93, 303–6; transport in, 158–59, 160–64, 167, 169, 172, 174, 175, 177–78, 180, 187–88, 190,
191–92; to U.S. zone, 159, 164–66, 182, 186, 187, 189–90, 192; “young thugs” involved in, 170; and Zionists, 158–59, 181–85

  Orwell, George, 86, 280

  Osóbka-Morawki, Edward, 183

  Ottoman Empire, 68, 70

  Palestine: Arabs and Jews in, 72; destination for bogus expellees, 159, 181–85

  Paris Peace Conference, 7, 8, 9, 13–14, 18, 31

  Paris Reparations Conference, 259

  Parker, John, 29

  Parker, Ralph, 291

  Parragi, György, 211

  Patrónka internment camp, 137, 141

  Patton, George S., 37, 63

  Pazúr, Karol, 155

  Peace of Westphalia, 328

  Peace Pledge Union, 288

  Pearl Harbor, 59, 73

  Pechman, Bohumil, 143

  Peel Commission (1936), 72

  Pepper, Claude, 292

  Perkins, Harold, 96

  Pethick-Lawrence, Frederick, 86

  Petržalka internment camp, 144, 239

  Pfeiffer, Jean, 123

  Phayer, Michael, 44, 297

  Philip II of Macedonia, 67

  Piłsudski, Józef, 42

  Pitter, Přemsyl, 234–35, 242–43, 244, 368

  Pius XII, Pope, 297

  Pogány, István, 340, 343

  Pohořelice, internment camps, 99

  Poland: borders of, 24, 74, 82–83, 86, 88, 90, 274, 356; Church in, 267–68, 297, 356; Communist Party in, 83, 244, 261, 270, 274, 324, 366; and Curzon Line, 72, 87; ethnic cleansing in, 267–68, 349; euthanasia in, 49; fifth column fears in, 43–44, 59–60, 323; Generalgouvernement, 46, 51, 57–58, 63, 82, 135, 260, 334; German invasion of, 35, 42–44, 45, 360, 367; German occupation of, 45, 46, 108, 230, 259, 268, 275, 370; government in exile, 24, 25, 75, 81, 84, 87, 259, 334; Incorporated Eastern Territories, 46, 49–50, 52–55, 57, 61, 63, 233, 260, 275; memory and forgetting, 355–56, 358–60; minority populations in, 330–32; National Security Office, 104–5; and Oder-Neisse line, 24, 81, 82, 89, 91, 128, 267, 324, 356; People’s Militia, 136, 224; Population Transfer Commission, 77–79; population transfers from, 1, 2, 23–25, 32, 45–47, 49–50, 52, 62–63, 74–75, 78–85, 86, 87, 90, 93, 94, 103–5, 108–10, 112, 116–17, 123–24, 126–28, 167–82, 192, 198, 203, 206, 217–21, 224–26, 369; population transfers to, 44, 47, 258; and postwar planning, 258, 259; and Potsdam, 111; and propaganda, 293, 348, 350; property confiscated in, 49–50, 52, 255, 258, 259–60, 275–78, 282, 337; PUR agency, 174–76, 179, 181, 224, 226, 276, 278, 282; Recovered Territories, see Recovered Territories; revenge against, 45; Selbstschutz militias in, 58; “September Campaign” in, 43–44; and Soviet Union, 24, 41, 45–46, 48, 75, 81–83, 87, 225–26, 256; territories ceded to, 11, 23, 25, 74–75, 81, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 93; underground in, 60; Volksdeutsche in, 38, 41, 42–45, 47, 48, 49, 69, 73, 91, 125, 135, 366; Warsaw Ghetto rising (1943), 360; Warsaw Uprising (1944), 256

 

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