Eastern Inferno
Page 1
Published in the United States of America in 2010 by
CASEMATE
908 Darby Road, Havertown, PA 19083
and in Great Britain by
CASEMATE
17 Cheap Street, Newbury RG14 5DD
Copyright 2010 © Christine Alexander and Mason Kunze
ISBN 978-1-935149-47-7
eISBN 978-1-61200-0244
Cataloging-in-publication data is available from the Library of Congress and the British Library.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing.
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Contents
Dedication
Preface
Foreword
Journal I:
OPERATION BARBAROSSA AND THE BATTLE FOR KIEV
Journal II:
MARCH TO THE EAST AND THE WINTER OF 1941–42
Journal III:
FRONTLINE WARFARE AND THE RETREAT AFTER STALINGRAD
Final Documents
Suggested Reading
Dedication
This book is dedicated to my grandfather, Hans Roth—a man who, in the midst of a horrendous war, thought it important to leave a legacy behind for all those who would never have a chance to meet him. Because of his diaries his child, grandchildren and generations to come will have a tiny glimpse into the life of this man. For this, I am truly grateful.
May these diaries prompt the reader to think about how they too can leave a legacy for those who come after them.
Mom… to you, may you one day read the words of your father in this book, and may it bring a deep peace that makes your heart complete. From your children Marc, Mason and me, you have been the best mother one could ever have. We love you more than words can express.
Avana Fullerton and Matthew Fullerton—may the words in this book give you a connection to your great grandfather. I love you both so very deeply and am so proud of you both. May you carry on an incredible legacy of your own and pass this book to all who come after you. Taylor Alexander, Jordan Alexander and Whitney Alexander—words cannot express the joy of sharing my life with you. I love you all. May God continue to bless our lives together.
Frank Alexander, my husband and the man of my dreams—you have captivated my heart completely. I love you! Thank you for putting all the pieces of the diary in order.
Special thanks to:
Jeff Rogers for digging into the diaries and giving us the valuable information needed to put this book together. Jeff, I am so thankful for all your time and passion you put into reading the diaries and helping us get this book in order.
Jan and Ada Goerike, thank you for your hard work in translating the diaries from German to English.
We also owe special appreciation to Håkan Henriksson in Sweden, and to John Calvin of wwiiphotos-maps.com for their expertise and generous assistance with additional photographs to illuminate the path and experiences of Hans Roth during the war.
And last but not least—I want to thank our special friends at WW2 Forums (www.ww2f.com) Carl Evans, Eric Brown, Christopher Jensen, Slava Gurdzhi and David Mitchell who so willingly shared with us their knowledge of the Second World War which helped us decipher some of the meanings and information needed to bring a perspective on the events in which my grandfather was a part.
CHRISTINE ALEXANDER
Granddaughter of Hans Roth
Preface
War stories have always fascinated me. As a young boy, I would sit in front of the television for hours, completely mesmerized by old black and white footage of World War I and World War II. I must have seen “Tora Tora Tora” and “The Guns of Navarrone” a hundred times—I could never get enough.
But never could I have imagined that a firsthand account of World War II, which no movie or footage could match, was collecting dust in my very own home. It wasn’t until I helped my mother move, 30 years later, that I discovered this hidden treasure.
My mother grew up during the 1930s and 40s and has always been reluctant to tell me, my brother, and my sister anything about her childhood in wartime Germany.
It was with the same apprehension that she handed me the set of three diaries, in perfect condition. She told me they were my German grandfather’s personal journals. They were written in German, which I could not read, so I had the first five pages translated as soon as possible. I could hardly wait to see what the diaries contained—and the results were nothing short of amazing.
Even the translator, a native German speaker, was shocked after translating only a few pages.
I was holding a firsthand account of brutality, carnage and death, combined with the hope that, one day, life would return to the way it was before the war.
They weren’t just the words of a German soldier on the frontlines of the Eastern Front; they were also the words of my grandfather, Hans Roth. A grandfather I would never have the privilege to know, except through the contents of his diaries.
Hans Roth was in his early thirties when he was drafted into the German Army. His life had previously consisted of all a young man could dream of. He was the owner of a successful graphic design office in downtown Frankfort, husband to a lovely wife, and father of a beautiful, five-year-old daughter named Erika.
His wife, my grandmother, was forced to work in an ammunition factory, as were many other German women during the war. They were sometimes left there for days at a time, so children were left alone at home to fend for themselves. The Red Cross took my mother to a large farm, along with other children, where a family watched over them.
It has taken over five years, and multiple translators, to decode the contents of the three diaries.
One of the translators could only bear to complete a small bit of her translation before retiring from the project. She told me the diaries were too vivid and emotional for her to continue translating them.
I soon discovered that my mother hadn’t read most of the diaries. They were the words of her dad, a dad she really never had the opportunity to get to know.
Her only memory of her father was of a figure bending down to kiss her while she slept and whispering, “Auf wiedersehen, liebling Erika,” as he left for war.
For my mother, reading these diaries meant meeting the father she never had met and reviving all the grief and pain of his absence.
Still, to this day, she has chosen not to read them.
MASON KUNZE
Gandson of Hans Roth
Foreword
The German Army's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II became the largest and bloodiest land conflict in history. Its huge numbers of men—at least seven million involved in the initial onset—and thousands of tanks and aircraft stretched across endless expanses of steppe. Just as a television picture is composed of millions of dots, the campaign's vast savagery was the product of countless acts of brutality by millions of individual men. Yet lengthy recollections of this conflict are rare: few participants tried to record their experiences at length, and few of those who did lived long enough to do so.
Hans Roth took the time to keep a journal of his service in the Wehrmacht, while fighting in some of the fie
rcest battles that characterized the war on the Eastern Front. His insights provide a stirring glimpse into the daily life of Germans soldiers as they fought a desperate war.
Hans Roth loved his wife and his daughter, the latter whom he had seen very little of since he was called up for duty in the Wehrmacht to serve in the Panzerjäger (anti-tank) battalion of the 299th Infantry Division. His love for family was expressed often in the journals he kept, and he longed to see them, mentioning them regularly as he wrote. While Hans did write home as often as he could (he mentions these letters throughout his diaries), I must suspect he withheld in these letters most of the horrors he experienced, saving them instead for the detailed journals he privately maintained.
Hans’s story begins in the late spring days of 1941, as the 299th Infantry Division, assigned to the German Sixth Army, prepares to invade the Soviet Union. As Operation Barbarossa unfolds, the 299th finds itself entangled in the desperate fighting south of the Pripyat Marshes. Roth sees firsthand the waste of human lives, by both the German and Soviet armies. Later that summer, he is involved in the reduction of the Kiev Pocket, becoming one of the first German troops to enter the Ukrainian capital. After a dire winter of bitter cold, he and the men of his division support the northern shoulder of Sixth Army, as it makes its drive to Stalingrad and gets locked into that desperate struggle. When the Red Army launches a massive counteroffensive, trapping Sixth Army against the Volga, the 299th Division and Hans Roth are outside the pincers of the Soviet envelopment. As Soviet hammerblows continue, Roth witnesses the collapse of the Italian Eighth, Hungarian Second, and Romanian Third Armies on the northern flank, as the men of these formations melt into the countryside. His unit is ultimately transferred to Second Army, then Second Panzer Army, in their attempts to hold the southern flank of Army Group Center after the destruction of Sixth Army at Stalingrad. He then participates in the fierce battles for Kharkov, Voronezh, and the Orel salient while detailing the horrendous fighting that characterized combat on the Eastern Front.
Throughout his narratives of the German campaigns, Gefreiter (private), later Feldwebel (corporal), Roth takes great effort to describe his surroundings, writing much about the Ukrainian and Russian people, including their hardships, and the contrasts between their lives and the one he knew before the war. At first their lifestyle seemed foreign to him, but after living among them for nearly two years, he grew accustomed to their pastoral ways. He was witness to the summary execution of captured partisans, expressing some remorse at their deaths, but fully understanding that the nature of the war meant that these same people could have been the cause of his death.
While lacking the polish of later published personal accounts, Roth’s monograph has the advantage of being written as the events happened and not after the war, when memories can be muddled and remembrances altered by later experience. This is the strength of Roth’s work, as his thoughts are unaltered; the stark events recorded don’t undergo a metamorphosis to fit later sensibilities.
Hans Roth eventually disappeared into the cauldron that became known as the Destruction of Army Group Center. He undoubtedly was working on his fourth journal when he lost contact with his family in summer 1944. His three completed ones had been placed in safekeeping back home, with the last one ending in July 1943. Little is known of his service after that date, except what was included in letters home, but these did not cover the horrors of the war as his journals did. The location of Hans Roth’s grave is unknown.
However, the journals he kept provide a memorial for him and the millions of soldiers whose lives came to a horrific end in a war far from home.
JEFFERY W. ROGERS
The Iron Cross, Second Class, awarded to Hans Roth on November 3, 1941, along with its accompanying certificate.
(Photos courtesy of Christine Alexander and Mason Kunze)
The War Merit Cross, 2nd Class, with Swords, awarded to then-Corporal (Feldwebel) Hans Roth on November 15, 1943, with certificate.
(Photos courtesy of Christine Alexander and Mason Kunze)
JOURNAL I
OPERATION BARBAROSSA AND THE BATTLE FOR KIEV
Editors’ Note:
In Hans Roth’s first journal, the 299th Infantry Division, in which he served under General Willi Mosel, is poised at the Bug River in Poland, waiting for the launch of Operation Barbarossa, Germany’s massive surprise attack on the Soviet Union. The division is part of Walter von Reichenau’s Sixth Army, which will comprise the left flank of Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt’s Army Group South.
The Germans had arrayed three army groups: North, with Leningrad as its ultimate objective; Center, aimed straight at Moscow; and South, with its first objective Kiev, and then the industrial regions beyond. Army Group North had one panzer group, which was assisted by the proximity of the Baltic Sea in cutting off Soviet forces. Army Group Center had two panzer groups deployed on each wing, which performed an impressive series of encirclement battles at Brest-Litovsk, Minsk, and Smolensk, propelling the Army Group halfway to Moscow within weeks.
The German high command underestimated the challenge for Army Group South, however, as it only had one panzer group, with a huge expanse of territory to cover and no natural obstacles against which to pin enemy concentrations. Further, the Soviet forces in the south, under Marshal Semen Budenny, were the largest of any sector, consisting of over a million men, not counting reserves. All across the front, the Germans were shocked by the numbers of artillery pieces, tanks, and planes the Soviets developed, which far exceeded pre-war estimates, as well as by the ferocity of Soviet resistance. This was especially true in the south.
The result was that while spectacular gains were quickly made by Army Groups North and Center, Army Group South found itself in a difficult, confrontational slog against Budenny’s forces. The First Panzer Group, under von Kleist, could not effect encirclements by itself, even as the vast expanse of the steppe diluted its fighting strength. The initial stage of Operation Barbarossa in the south relied primarily on infantry divisions, which forged gradually across the territory, snowballing numerically superior Soviet forces before them until finally arriving before Kiev, where scenes reminiscent of the trenches of World War I were reprised.
Reichenau’s Sixth Army was the primary instrument of the advance, until in July the high command decided to employ the panzers, along with Seventeenth Army, in a subsidiary encirclement battle against a Soviet salient at Uman. Successfully completed on August 8, with the capture of over 100,000 prisoners, this truncation of Budenny’s forces opened the door to further advances near the lower Dniepr and the Black Sea, including the entranceway to the Crimea.
Meantime, Sixth Army had fought its way through Korosten, Zhitomir and other towns to the outskirts of Kiev, where it found itself in a veritable death-grip with the Soviets’ Southwest Front, which was considerably larger in both men and firepower. While most accounts of the onset of Barbarossa describe spectacular advances by the German panzer divisions, Roth describes the pure hell undergone by the infantry divisions of Sixth Army, as they waited for their high command to devise a solution to their original miscalculation.
In the journals that follow, which were translated from the hand written versions, occasional punctuation and paragraph breaks have been added for clarity. For certain idioms or technical references, explanations have been added [in brackets] where possible. The titles assigned to the journals themselves are the editors’ and were not part of the originals.
Gefreiter (Private) Hans Roth.
(Photo courtesy of Christine Alexander and Mason Kunze)
[ON THE JOURNAL’S FIRST PAGE]
Once again we are close to being deployed on another difficult assignment. I am hoping that what follows will become my diary. In it, I will recount the daily events just as they occur, without any embellishment. I am still not permitted to write such things to my wife, but will tell her later.
12 June 1941, Łasków, Poland
12 June, 1941: After an e
xtremely exhausting journey that lasted several days, we arrived in łasków [Poland], about 8 kilometers from the Russian border. Our march went from Kiacz-Wielki via Opatów Lublin-Krasnistaw-Zamosc-Hrubiczo, to our current location. The dust and heat are terrible.
Łasków, which is nothing more than a small hick-town with an unmistakable Ukrainian feel to it, is populated by friendly and clean people. The houses [blockhüssen] are small, single-story constructions with thatched roofs. As wood and straw are the most common construction materials, both the barns and the houses are made from woven willow. The rooms, small but cozy, are always whitewashed or painted light blue with woven straw mats and beautiful local flowers decorating the ovens, walls, and ceilings. Vibrant embroidered pillows and curtains in their blaze of color create a warm but simple atmosphere in the tiny rooms. We pitch our tents in the barn and enjoy some well-deserved peace and quiet.
13 June: Drive to Zamosc in order to take position. The beauty of the town’s market is remarkable. The rich baroque façades of the town hall and center, though unfamiliar to me, are delightful. Truly a wonderful style! Russian churches with their onion domes are found everywhere along the way. The street signs and store fronts are mostly bi-lingual—German and Ukrainian.
14 June: Received orders to drive to the Bug River. With the main intelligence unit [Offz.-Erkundungstrupp] already on location there, I am ordered to map out our observations of the enemy’s positions. On my way there, the construction and support units [bau-und-pionierentrupps] were feverishly working on the roads in disrepair, rushing to build a corduroy road across the swamps and mud.