The Indus Civilization

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by Gregory L. Possehl


  Jansen, M. and G. Urban. 1985. Mohenjo Daro: Report of the Aachen University Mission 1979—1985. Section one: Data collection. volume one: Catalogue and concordance of the field registers, 1924—38. Part one: The HR-area field register, 1925—27. E. J. Brill, Leiden.

  Jansen, M., M. Mulloy, and G. Urban. 1991. Forgotten cities on the Indus: Early civilization in Pakistan from the 8th to the 2nd millennium B.C. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz.

  Jarrige, C. 1984. Terracotta human figurines from Nindowari. In South Asian archaeology 1981, edited by B. Allchin, pp. 129—34. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

  ————. 1991. The terracotta figurines from Mehrgarh. In Forgotten cities on the Indus: Early civilization in Pakistan from the 8th to the 2nd millennium B.C., edited by M. Jansen, M. Mulloy, and G. Urban, pp. 87—94. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz.

  Jarrige, C., J.-F. Jarrige, R. H. Meadow, and G. Quivron. 1995. Mehrgarh: Field reports 1974—1985, from Neolithic times to the Indus Civilization. Department of Culture and Tourism of Sindh, Pakistan, Department of Archaeology and Museums, French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Karachi.

  Jarrige, J.-F. 1985. Continuity and change in the north Kachi plain (Baluchistan, Pakistan) at the beginning of the second millennium B.C. In South Asian archaeology 1983, edited by J. Schotsmans and M. Taddei, pp. 35—68. Instituto Universitario Orientale, Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici, Series Minor 23, Naples.

  ————. 1988. Excavation at Nausharo. Pakistan Archaeology 23:149—203.

  ————. 1989. Excavation at Nausharo, 1987—88. Pakistan Archaeology 24:21—68.

  ————. 1995. Introduction. In Mehrgarh: Field reports 1974—1985, from Neolithic times to the Indus Civilization, edited by C. Jarrige, J.-F. Jarrige, R. H. Meadow, and G. Quivron, pp. 51—103. Department of Culture and Tourism of Sindh, Department of Archaeology and Museums, French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Karachi.

  Jarrige, J.-F. and M. U. Hassan. 1989. Funerary complexes in Baluchistan at the end of the third millennium in the light of recent discoveries at Mehrgarh and Quetta. In South Asian archaeology 1985, edited by K. Frifelt and P. Sorensen, pp. 150—66. Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies, Occasional Papers no. 4.

  Joshi, J. P. 1984. Harappa culture: Emergence of a new picture. Puratattva 13—14:51—54.

  ————. 1986. Settlement patterns in the third, second and first millennia in India—with special reference to recent discoveries in Punjab. Rtambhara: Studies in Indology, pp. 134—39. Society for Indic Studies, Ghaziabad, India.

  ————. 1993. Excavation at Bhagwanpura 1975—76 and other explorations and excavations 1975—81 in Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab. Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, no. 89, Delhi.

  Joshi, J. P. and A. Parpola. 1987. Corpus of Indus seals and inscriptions. vol. 1, Collections in India. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian Toimituksia Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, Sarja, series B, NIDE, tome 239, Helsinki.

  Joshi, R. V. 1978. Stone Age cultures of central India. Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute, Poona, India.

  Kennedy, K. A. R. 1977. A reassessment of the theories of the racial origins of the people of the Indus Valley Civilization from recent anthropological and archaeological data. (Paper read at the 6th University of Wisconsin South Asia Conference, Madison, November 4—6).

  ————. 1982. Skulls, Aryans and flowing drains: The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan Civilization. In Harappan Civilization: A contemporary perspective, edited by G. L. Possehl, pp. 289—95. Oxford & IBH and the American Institute of Indian Studies, Delhi.

  ———. 1984. Trauma and disease in the ancient Harappans. In Frontiers of the Indus Civilization, edited by B. B. Lal and S. P. Gupta, pp. 425—36. Books and Books, Delhi.

  ————. 1990. Reconstruction of trauma, disease, and lifeways of prehistoric peoples of South Asia from the skeletal record. In South Asian archaeology 1987, edited by M. Taddei, pp. 61—77. Instituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, Serie Orientale Roma, 66(1), Roma.

  ————. 1994. Identification of sacrificial and massacre victims in archaeological sites: The skeletal evidence. Man and Environment 19(1—2):247—51.

  ————. 1995. Have Aryans been identified in the prehistoric skeletal record from South Asia? Biological anthropology and concepts of ancient races. In The Indo-Aryans of ancient South Asia: Language, material culture and ethnicity, edited by G. Erdosy, pp. 32—66. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.

  ————. 2000. God-apes and fossil men: Paleoanthropology of South Asia. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.

  Kennedy, K. A. R. and P. C. Caldwell. 1984. South Asian prehistoric human skeletal remains and burial practices. In The people of South Asia: The biological anthropology of India, Pakistan and Nepal, edited by J. R. Lukacs, pp. 159—97. Plenum Press, New York.

  Kennedy, K. A. R., J. R. Lukacs, and B. Hemphill. In press. The people of Harappa.

  Kennedy, K. A. R., J. Chiment, T. Disotell, and D. Meyers. 1984. Principal-components analysis of prehistoric South Asian crania. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64(2):105—18.

  Kenoyer, J. M. 1984. Shell working industries of the Indus Civilization: A summary. Paleorient 10(1):49—63.

  ———. 1991. The Indus tradition of Pakistan and western India. Journal of World Prehistory 5(4):331—85.

  ————. 1992. Harappan craft specialization and the question of urban segregation and stratification. Eastern Anthropologist 45(1—2):39—54.

  ————. 1993. Lithic studies. In Harappan Civilization: A recent perspective, 2d ed., ed. Gregory L. Possehl, p. 512. Oxford & IBH and the American Institute of Indian Studies, Delhi.

  ————. 1998. Ancient cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Oxford University Press, Karachi.

  Kenoyer, J. M. and R. H. Meadow. 2000. The Ravi Phase: A new cultural manifestation at Harappa Pakistan. In South Asian Archaeology, 1997, ed. M. Taddei and G. De Marco, pp. 55—76. Instituto Italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente and Instituto Universitario Orientale, Roma.

  Kenoyer, J. M. and H. M.-L. Miller. 1999. Metal technologies of the Indus Valley tradition in Pakistan and western India. In The archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World, edited by V. C. Pigott, pp. 107—51. University Museum Monograph 89, MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology, vol. 16. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

  Khan, F. A. 1965. Excavations at Kot Diji. Pakistan Archaeology 2:11—85.

  Khan, F., J. R. Knox, and K. D. Thomas. 1991. Explorations and excavations in Bannu District, North-west Frontier province, Pakistan, 1985—88. British Museum, Department of Oriental Antiquities, Occasional Paper no. 50, London.

  ————. 2000. The Bannu Archaeological Project: Archaeological explorations and excavations in Bannu Division, Northwest Frontier Province, Pakistan, 1985—2000. Journal of Central Asian Civilizations 23(2):1—6.

  Khatri, J. S. and M. Acharya. 1995. Kunal: A new Indus-Saraswati site. Puratattva 25:84—86.

  ————. In press. Kunal. In South Asian archaeology, an encyclopaedia, edited by G. L. Possehl and B. M. Pande. Oxford & IBH, Delhi.

  Kohl, P. L. 1975. Carved chlorite vessels: A trade in finished commodities in the mid-third millennium. Expedition 18(1):18—31.

  Koskenniemi, K. and A. Parpola. 1982. A concordance to the texts in the Indus script. Research Reports no. 3. Department of Asian and African Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki.

  Koskenniemi, S., A. Parpola, and S. Parpola. 1973. Materials for the study of the Indus script, I: A concordance to the Indus inscriptions. Acta Academiae Scientarium Fennicae B 185, Helsinki.

  Lahiri, N., ed. 2000. The decline and fall of the Indus Civilization. Permanent Black, Delhi.

  Lal, B. B. 1970—71. Perhaps the earliest ploughed field so far excavated anywhere in the world. Puratattva 4:1—3.

  ————. 1979. Kalibangan and Ind
us Civilization. In Essays in Indian protohistory, edited by D. P. Agrawal and D. Chakrabarti, pp. 65—97. B. R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi.

  ————. 1981. Some reflections on the structural remains at Kalibangan. In Indus Civilization: New perspectives, edited by A. H. Dani, pp. 47—54. Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad.

  ————. 1989. Faience. In An encyclopaedia of Indian archaeology, edited by A. Ghosh, pp. 321. vol. 1. Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi.

  ————. 1992. Antecedents of the signs used in the Indus script: A discussion. In South Asian archaeology studies, edited by G. L. Possehl, pp. 54—56. Oxford & IBH, Delhi.

  Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C. 1975. Third millennium modes of exchange and modes of production. In Ancient civilization and trade, edited by C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky and J. A. Sabloff, pp. 341—68. School of American Research/University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

  ————. 1986a. Death in Dilmun. In Bahrain through the ages, the archaeology, edited by S. H. A. A. Khalifa, and M. Rice, pp. 157—64. KPI Limited, New York.

  ————. 1986b. Third millennium structure and process: From the Euphrates to the Indus and the Oxus to the Indian Ocean. Oriens Antiquus 25(3—4):189—219.

  ———. 1996. Beyond the Tigris and Euphrates: Bronze Age civilizations. Studies by the Department of Bible and Ancient Near East, vol. 9. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva.

  Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C. and M. Tosi. 1973. Shahr-i Sokhta and Tepe Yahya: Tracks on the earliest history of the Iranian plateau. East and West 23(1—2):21—57.

  Lambrick, H. T. 1964. Sind: A general introduction. History of Sind series, vol. 1. Sindhi Adabi Board, Hyderabad, Pakistan.

  ————. 1967. The Indus flood-plain and the “Indus Civilization.” Geographical Journal 133:483—94.

  Langdon, S. H. 1931a. The Indus script. In Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, edited by J. Marshall, pp. 423—55. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ————. 1931b. A new factor in the problem of Sumerian origins. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, pp. 593—96.

  Lechevallier, M. 1984. Flint industry of Mehrgarh. In South Asian archaeology 1981, edited by B. Allchin, pp. 41—51. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

  Leshnik, L. S. 1968. Prehistoric explorations in North Gujarat and parts of Rajasthan. East and West 18(3—4):295—310.

  Lukacs, J. R. 1982. Dental disease, dietary patterns and subsistence at Harappa and Mohenjodaro. In Harappan Civilization: A contemporary perspective, edited by G. L. Possehl, pp. 301—7. Oxford & IBH and the American Institute of Indian Studies, Delhi.

  ————. 1985. Dental pathology and tooth size at Mehrgarh: An anthropological assessment. In South Asian archaeology 1983, edited by J. Schotsmans and M. Taddei, pp. 121—50. Instituto Universitario Orientale, Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici, Series Minor 23, Naples.

  ————. 1989. Biological affinities from dental morphology: The evidence from Neolithic Mehrgarh. In Old problems and new perspectives in the archaeology of South Asia, edited by J. M. Kenoyer, pp. 75—88. Wisconsin Archaeological Reports, no. 2, Madison.

  ————. 1990. On hunter-gatherers and their neighbors in prehistoric India: Contact and pathology. Current Anthropology 31(2):183—86.

  Mackay, D. 1945. Ancient river beds and dead cities. Antiquity 19:135—44.

  Mackay, E. J. H. 1925a. Report on the excavations of the “A” cemetery at Kish, Mesopotamia. Part 1. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropology Memoirs, 1(1), Chicago.

  ————. 1925b. Sumerian connections with ancient India. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, pp. 697—701.

  ————. 1925—26. Exploration, Western Circle, Mohenjo-daro (area DK). Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India, 1925—26: 87—93.

  ————. 1928—29. Excavations at Mohenjo-daro. Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India, 1928—29:67—75.

  ————. 1929. A Sumerian palace and the “A” cemetery at Kish, Mesopotamia. Part II. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropology Memoirs, 1(2), Chicago.

  . 1930—34. Excavations at Mohenjo-daro. Annual Reports of the Archaeological Survey of India for the Years 1930—31, 1931—32, 1932—33, and 1933—34. Part One: 51—71.

  ————. 1931a. SD area: The Great Bath and adjacent buildings. In Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, edited by J. Marshall, pp. 131—50. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ————. 1931b. L area. In Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, edited by J. Marshall, pp. 151—75. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ————. 1931c. DK area. In Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, edited by J. Marshall, pp. 233—61. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ————. 1931d. Architecture and masonry. In Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, edited by J. Marshall, pp. 262—86. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ————. 1931e. Plain and painted pottery with tabulation. In Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, edited by J. Marshall, pp. 287—337. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ————. 1931f. Figurines and model animals. In Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, edited by J. Marshall, pp. 338—55. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ————. 1931g. Statuary. In Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, edited by J. Marshall, pp. 356-64. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ————. 1931h. Faience and stone vessels. In Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, edited by J. Marshall, pp. 365—69. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ————. 1931i. Seals, seal impressions and copper tablets, with tabulation. In Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, edited by J. Marshall, pp. 370—405. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ————. 1931j. Household objects, tools and implements. In Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, edited by J. Marshall, pp. 456—80. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ————. 1931k. Copper and bronze utensils and other objects: Technique and description of metal vessels, tools, implements and other objects. In Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, edited by J. Marshall, pp. 488—508. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ———. 19311. Personal ornaments. In Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, edited by J. Marshall, pp. 509—48. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ————. 1931m. Games and toys. In Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, edited by J. Marshall, pp. 549—61. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ————. 1931n. Ivory, shell, faience and other objects of technical interest. In Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, edited by J. Marshall, pp. 562—88. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ————. 1931o. Further links between ancient Sind, Sumer and elsewhere. Antiquity 5(20):459—73.

  ————. 1933. India: Technology. Decorated carnelian beads. Man 33:143—46.

  ————. 1937. Bead making in ancient Sind. Journal of the American Oriental Society 57:1—15.

  ————. 1937—38. Further excavations at Mohenjo-daro. 2 vols. Government of India, Delhi.

  ————. 1943. Chanhu-daro excavations 1935—36. Vol. 20. American Oriental Society, American Oriental Series, New Haven, Conn.

  ————. 1948. Early Indus Civilizations. 2d ed. Revised by Dorothy Mackay. Luzac & Co., London.

  Mahadevan, I. 1977. The Indus script: Texts, concordance and tables. Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, no. 77.

  Majumdar, N. G. 1934. Explorations in Sind. Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, no. 48, Delhi.

  Marshall, J. 1922. The monuments of ancient India. In The Cambridge history of India, edited by E. J. Rapson, pp. 612—49. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

  ————. 1923—24. Exploration and research, Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India, 1923—24: 47—51.

  ————. 1924. First light on a long forgotten civilization. Illust
rated London News, September 20, pp. 528—32, 548.

  ————. 1925—26. Exploration, Western Circle, Mohenjo-daro. Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India, 1925—26:72—98.

  ————. 1926—27. The Indus culture. Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India, 1926—27: 51—60.

  ————. 1931a. The country, climate and rivers. In Mohenjodaro and the Indus Civilization, edited by J. Marshall, pp. 1—7. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ————. 1931b. The site and its excavation. In Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, edited by J. Marshall, pp. 8—14. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ————. 1931c. The buildings. In Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, edited by J. Marshall, pp. 15—26. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ————. 1931d. Other antiquities and art. In Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, edited by J. Marshall, pp. 27—47. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ————. 1931e. Religion. In Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, edited by J. Marshall, pp. 48-78. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ————. 1931f. Disposal of the dead. In Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, edited by J. Marshall, pp. 79—90. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ————. 1931g. Extent of the Indus Civilization. In Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, edited by J. Marshall, pp. 91—101. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ———. 1931h. The age and authors of the Indus Civilization. In Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, edited by J. Marshall, pp. 102—12. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ————, ed. 1931i. Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization. 3 vols. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  ————. 1931j. The Stupa area. In Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, ed. J. Marshall, 3 vols., pp. 113—30. Arthur Probsthain, London.

  Masson, V. M. 1988. Altyn Depe. Translated by Henry Michael. University Museum, Philadelphia.

  Masson, V. M. and V. I. Sarianidi 1972. Central Asia: Turkmenia before the Achaemenids. Praeger, New York.

 

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