18. Gilmer to Douglas, Greensboro, 17 Apr. 1861, Douglas Papers, University of Chicago.
19. Herman Kreismann to E. B. Washburne, Washington, 27 Dec. 1860, Washburne Papers, DLC; Albany Evening Journal, 24 Dec. 1860.
20. Leonard Swett to the editor, Chicago, 13 July, Chicago Tribune, 14 July 1878.
21. Charles Francis Adams diary, 27 Dec. 1861, Adams Family Papers, MHi.
22. Seward to his wife, [Washington], 28 Dec. 1860, 10 Aug. 1861, and to his daughter, 21 August 1862, Frederick W. Seward, Seward at Washington as Senator and Secretary of State: A Memoir of His Life, with Selections from His Letters (2 vols.; New York: Derby and Miller, 1891), 1:487, 610, 2:124; Seward to Weed, Washington, 22 Jan. 1862, Weed Papers, University of Rochester.
23. Seward told this to a New York Democrat. Henry Winter Davis to S. F. Du Pont, [Washington], 15 Jan. 1865, transcript, Du Pont Papers, Hagley Museum.
24. Trumbull to Lincoln, Washington, 20 Jan. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
25. Fogg to Lincoln, Washington, 13 Dec. 1860, ibid.
26. Fogg to E. D. Morgan, New York, 8 Feb. 1861, Edwin D. Morgan Papers, New York State Library, Albany.
27. J. Warren Bell to Andrew Johnson, Springfield, 16 Feb. 1861, LeRoy P. Graf and Ralph W. Haskins, eds., The Papers of Andrew Johnson (16 vols.; Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1967–2000), 4:291.
28. Lincoln to Seward, Springfield, 29 Dec. 1860, CWL, 4:164.
29. Gilmer to Lincoln, Greensboro, 29 Dec. 1860, AL MSS DLC.
30. David Davis to Gideon Welles, Bloomington, Illinois, 27 July 1872, Abraham Lincoln Collection, Beinecke Library, Yale University; Henry Winter Davis to Samuel Francis Du Pont, [Washington], [Feb. or Mar. 1861], transcript, S. F. Du Pont Papers, Hagley Museum.
31. Joshua Speed, interview with Herndon, [1865–1866], Douglas L. Wilson and Rodney O. Davis, eds., Herndon’s Informants: Letters, Interviews, and Statements about Abraham Lincoln [hereafter HI] (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 475.
32. CWL, 4:150.
33. Illinois State Journal (Springfield), 17 Dec. 1860.
34. Frank Blair to Montgomery Blair, St. Louis, n.d. [15 Dec. 1860], Blair and Lee Family Papers, Princeton University.
35. Joshua Speed to Gideon Welles, Louisville, 8 Aug. 1872, Abraham Lincoln Collection, Beinecke Library, Yale University.
36. Charles H. Ambler, Francis H. Pierpont, Union War Governor of Virginia and Father of West Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1937), 157.
37. John G. Nicolay, memorandum, 15 Dec. 1860, Burlingame, ed., With Lincoln in the White House, 17–19; Silas Noble to E. B. Washburne, Springfield, 17 Dec. 1860, Washburne Papers, DLC.
38. Medill to Colfax, ca. Dec. 1862, in O. J. Hollister, Life of Schuyler Colfax (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1886), 200.
39. Hannibal Hamlin to Lincoln, Hampden, Maine, 27 Dec. 1860, AL MSS DLC.
40. McClure to Ward Hill Lamon, Philadelphia, 8 May 1871, Jeremiah Black Papers, DLC.
41. David Wilmot to Lincoln, Towanda, Pennsylvania, 12 Dec. 1860, AL MSS DLC.
42. Medill to Charles Henry Ray, Washington, 13 Jan. 1861, Ray Papers, CSmH.
43. Henry C. Whitney to Herndon, n.p., 23 June 1887, HI, 620.
44. Gideon Welles, “Recollections in regard to the Formation of Mr Lincoln’s Cabinet,” undated manuscript, Abraham Lincoln Collection, Beinecke Library, Yale University.
45. Elihu B. Washburne to Lincoln, Washington, 7 Jan. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
46. Kreismann to Charles H. Ray, Washington, 16 Jan. 1861, Ray Papers CSmH.
47. Medill to Charles H. Ray, Washington, 13 Jan. 1861, ibid.
48. Swett to David Davis, Washington, 1 Jan. 1861, Davis Papers, IHi.
49. Cameron, interview with John G. Nicolay, 20 Feb. 1875, Michael Burlingame, ed., An Oral History of Abraham Lincoln: John G. Nicolay’s Interviews and Essays (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996), 42.
50. Memorandum of S. W. Crawford’s conversation with Cameron, Bedford Springs, Pennsylvania, July 1883, typescript, S. W. Crawford Papers, IHi.
51. Howard K. Beale, ed., The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866 (Annual Report of the American Historical Association for 1930, vol. 4; Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1933), 164 (entry for 16 Dec. 1860).
52. Cameron, interview with John G. Nicolay, 20 Feb. 1875, Burlingame, ed., Oral History of Lincoln, 42.
53. CWL, 4:168.
54. Elihu B. Washburne to Lincoln, Washington, 10 Jan. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
55. Jackson to Francis P. Blair, Hermitage, 7 and 9 Apr. 1845, in John Spencer Bassett, ed., Correspondence of Andrew Jackson (7 vols.; Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1926–1935), 6:395, 397.
56. The Diary of James K. Polk during His Presidency, 1845–1849, ed. Milo Milton Quaif (4 vols.; Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1910), 1:426 (entry for 25 May 1846).
57. Buchanan to Jefferson Davis, Wheatland, 16 Mar. 1850, and to William R. King, Wheatland, 20 Mar. 1850, John Bassett Moore, ed., The Works of James Buchanan, Comprising His Speeches, State Papers, and Private Correspondence (12 vols.; Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1908–1911) 8:373, 376.
58. Joseph Medill to Lincoln, Washington, 18 Dec. 1860, AL MSS DLC.
59. Hamlin to William P. Fessenden, n.p., n.d., paraphrased in Joseph Medill to Horace White, Washington, 4 Jan. 1861, and Elihu B. Washburne to Charles H. Ray, Washington, 2 Jan. 1861, Ray Papers, CSmH; Hamlin to Lyman Trumbull, Hampden, Maine, 27 Dec. 1860, Trumbull Papers, DLC.
60. Fessenden to Lincoln, Washington, 20 Jan. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
61. Trumbull to Lincoln, Washington, 3 and 20 Jan. 1861, ibid.; Trumbull to David Dudley Field, Washington, 3 Jan. 1861, copy, Trumbull Family Papers, IHi.
62. John Covode to Samuel Galloway, Washington, 3 Jan. 1861, Galloway Papers, Ohio Historical Society.
63. Trumbull to Norman B. Judd, Washington, 18 Jan. 1861, Lincoln Collection, RPB.
64. Medill to Horace White, Washington, 4 Jan. 1861, Charles H. Ray Papers, CSmH; Medill to Scripps and Ray, Washington, 6 Jan. 1861, ibid.
65. Medill to Charles H. Ray, Washington, 13 Jan. 1861, ibid.
66. Horace White to Charles H. Ray, n.p., n.d., ibid. White to Lyman Trumbull, Chicago, 10 Jan. 1861, Trumbull Papers, DLC; White to E. B. Washburne, Chicago, 5 Jan. 1861, Washburne Papers, DLC.
67. Bayard Taylor to Horace Greeley, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, 10 Nov. 1860, Greeley Papers, New York Public Library.
68. John D. Defrees to David Davis, Indianapolis, 26 Nov. 1860, Davis Papers, IHi; John D. Defrees to Henry S. Lane, Washington, 18 Jan. 1861, typed copy, Lane Papers, InU.
69. Elihu B. Washburne to Lincoln, Washington, 1 Jan. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
70. Washburne to Charles H. Ray, Washington, 2 Jan. 1861, Ray Papers, CSmH.
71. John P. Verree to Lincoln, Washington, 1 Jan. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
72. Edward Joy Morris to Lincoln, Washington, 5 Jan. 1861, ibid.
73. William D. Kelley to Lincoln, Philadelphia, 7 Jan. 1861, ibid.
74. Medill to Horace White, Washington, 4 Jan. 1861, Charles H. Ray Papers, CSmH.
75. Ibid. 4.
76. William C. Bryant to Lincoln, New York, 4 Jan. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
77. James H. van Alen to Lincoln, New York, 5 Jan. 1861, ibid.
78. McClure to Lincoln, Harrisburg, 29 Dec. 1860, AL MSS DLC; Alexander K. McClure, Our Presidents and How We Make Them (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1900), 178–179.
79. McClure to Thaddeus Stevens, Harrisburg, 10 Jan. [1861], Stevens Papers, DLC.
80. McClure to Ward Hill Lamon, Philadelphia, 8 May 1871, Jeremiah Black Papers, DLC; Alexander K. McClure, Abraham Lincoln and Men of War-Times (Philadelphia: Times, 1892), 157.
81. Medill to Horace White, Washington, 4 Jan. 1861, Charles H. Ray Papers, CSmH.
82. Seward to Weed, Washington, 21 Jan. 1861, Weed Papers, University of Rochester.
83. Lincoln to Simon Cameron, Springfield, 3 Jan. 1861, CWL, 4:170.
> 84. Trumbull to Lincoln, Washington, 20 Jan. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
85. Lincoln to Lyman Trumbull, Springfield, 7 Jan. 1861, CWL, 4:171.
86. Thomas J. McCormack, ed., Memoirs of Gustave Koerner, 1809–1896 (2 vols.; Cedar Rapids, IA: Torch Press, 1909), 2:114.
87. Reynolds to McPherson, Springfield, 12 Jan. 1861, McPherson Papers, DLC.
88. Caleb B. Smith to David Davis, Washington, 5 Feb. 1861, David Davis Papers, IHi.
89. Fogg to Lincoln, Washington, 5 Feb. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
90. Tappan to Fogg, Washington, 5 Jan. 1861, Tappan Papers, New Hampshire Historical Society.
91. Lincoln to Cameron, Springfield, 13 Jan. 1861, enclosing a letter backdated 3 Jan. 1861, CWL, 4:174.
92. Ray to Washburne, n.p., Thursday [ca. 10 Jan. 1861], filed at the end of 1861, Elihu B. Washburne Papers, DLC.
93. Lincoln to Seward, Springfield, 12 Jan. 1861, CWL, 4:173.
94. Barney to William Cullen Bryant, Chicago, 17 Jan. 1861, Bryant-Godwin Papers, New York Public Library.
95. C. H. Ray to E. B. Washburne, Springfield, Illinois, 16 Jan. 1861, Washburne Papers, DLC; C. H. Ray to Lyman Trumbull, Springfield, Illinois, 16 Jan. [1861], Trumbull Papers, DLC.
96. Fogg to Lincoln, Washington, 2 Feb. 1861, draft, Fogg Papers, New Hampshire Historical Society.
97. Moorhead interview with Nicolay, Washington, 12–13 May 1880, in Burlingame, ed., Oral History of Lincoln, 41; Trumbull to Lincoln, Washington, 20 Jan. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
98. A. G. Riddle, Recollections of War Times: Reminiscences of Men and Events in Washington, 1860–1865 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1895), 179.
99. CWL, 4:180–181.
100. McClure to Thaddeus Stevens, Harrisburg, 21 Jan. [1861], Stevens Papers, DLC.
101. Herndon to Lyman Trumbull, Springfield, 27 Jan. 1861, Trumbull Papers, DLC.
102. William Butler to Lyman Trumbull, Springfield, 7 Feb. 1861, Trumbull Papers, DLC; William Larimer to Cameron, Pittsburgh, 6 Feb. 1861, Cameron Papers, DLC.
103. Albany Evening Journal, 9 Jan. 1861.
104. Fogg to Lincoln, Washington, 5 Feb. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
105. Blair to Mrs. Norman B. Judd, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20 Jan. 1861, Lincoln Collection, RPB.
106. CWL, 4:168.
107. Amos Tuck to Lincoln, Exeter, New Hampshire, 14 Jan. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
108. John D. Defrees to David Davis, Washington, 18 Jan. 1861, ibid.
109. William M. Wilson to Lincoln, Drake County, Ohio, 19 Jan. 1861; Benjamin Stanton to Lincoln, Washington, 12 Jan. 1861., ibid.
110. David Davis paraphrased in Jonathan Renick to Benjamin F. Wade, Circleville, Ohio, 17 Feb. 1861, Wade Papers, DLC.
111. J. W. Schuckers, The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase (New York: D. Appleton, 1874), 201.
112. Chase to James Shepherd Pike, Columbus, 10 Jan. 1861, Pike Papers, University of Maine.
113. C. H. Ray to E. B. Washburne, Springfield, 7 Jan. 1861, Elihu B. Washburne Papers, DLC.
114. Thomas D. Jones to William Linn McMillen, Springfield, 30 Dec. 1860, Lincoln Collection, Lilly Library, InU.
115. Hiram Barney to William Cullen Bryant, Chicago, 17 Jan. 1861, Bryant-Godwin Papers, New York Public Library; George S. Boutwell, Reminiscences of Sixty Years in Public Affairs (2 vols.; New York: McClure, Phillips, 1902), 1:275.
116. Chase to N. P. Banks, Springfield, 7 Jan. 1861 [misdated 1860], Abraham Lincoln Collection, Beinecke Library, Yale University; Chase to James T. Worthington, Columbus, 14 Jan. 1861, Lincoln Collection, RPB; Chase to Joshua Giddings, Columbus, 15 Dec. 1860, Giddings-Julian Papers, DLC.
117. Chase to Lizzie Pike, Columbus, 27 Jan. 1861, James S. Pike Papers, University of Maine.
118. Chase to John Jay, Columbus, 16 Jan. 1861, Jay Family Papers, Columbia University.
119. Washington correspondence by “Potomac,” 21 Mar., Baltimore Exchange, 23 Mar. 1861.
120. Medill to Charles H. Ray, Washington, 13 Jan. 1861, Ray Papers, CSmH.
121. Medill to Colfax, ca. December 1862, in Hollister, Colfax, 200; Medill to E. B. Washburne, Chicago, 13 Jan. 1862, Washburne Papers, DLC.
122. Cincinnati Commercial, 7, 8, 12, 18 Jan. 1861.
123. Schuyler Colfax to [Alfred] Wheeler, [Washington], 11 Jan. 1861, Forest H. Sweet, manuscript dealer, list no. 89, clipping from an undated catalogue, David Rankin Barbee Papers, Georgetown University.
124. Gayle Thornbrough et al., eds., The Diary of Calvin Fletcher (7 vols.; Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1972–1981), 7:49 (entry for 19 Feb. 1861).
125. Josiah M. Lucas to Lincoln, Washington, 10 Jan. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
126. Springfield correspondence by Henry Villard, 10 Jan., Cincinnati Commercial, 14 Jan. 1861; Springfield correspondence by Henry Villard, 29 Dec. 1860, 12 Jan. 1861, New York Herald, 3, 18 Jan. 1861.
127. John D. Defrees to David Davis, Indianapolis, 26 Nov. 1860, Davis Papers, IHi.
128. James C. Veatch to Lincoln, Indianapolis, 18 Feb. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
129. Lincoln to Smith, Springfield, 26 May 1860, CWL, 4:55.
130. Jesse W. Weik, The Real Lincoln: A Portrait, ed. Michael Burlingame (1922; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002), 294.
131. David Davis to Lincoln, Danville, 19 Nov. 1860, AL MSS DLC.
132. Springfield correspondence by Henry Villard, 31 Jan., New York Herald, 7 Feb. 1861.
133. John G. Nicolay, memorandum, 11 Dec. 1860, Burlingame, ed., With Lincoln in the White House, 15.
134. Israel Washburn to Elihu B. Washburne, Boston, 9 Feb. 1861, Washburn Papers, Washburn Family Library, Norlands, Maine.
135. W. M. Winslow to Lincoln, Muncie, 9 Jan. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
136. George W. Julian to Lincoln, n.p., 23 Jan. 1861, ibid.
137. Colfax to [Alfred] Wheeler, [Washington], 11 Jan. 1861, Forest H. Sweet, manuscript dealer, list no. 89, clipping from an undated catalogue, David Rankin Barbee Papers, Georgetown University.
138. Colfax to George Washburn, Washington, 26 Dec. 1860, George Washburn Papers, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland.
139. Colfax to Charles M. Heaton, Washington, 12, 27 Dec. 1860, 8 Jan., 7, 16 Feb. 1861, Colfax Papers, Northern Indiana Center for History, South Bend.
140. Swett to Lincoln, Washington, 31 Dec. 1860, AL MSS DLC.
141. Swett to Lincoln, Washington 5 Jan. 1861, ibid.
142. Richard C. Parsons to John Sherman, Cleveland, 12 Dec. 1860, John Sherman Papers, DLC.
143. Undated memo by Welles, Lincoln’s Cabinet Collection, LMF.
144. Summary of a letter from William Butler, who had spoken with Lincoln, to Judd, n.p., n.d., in Judd to Lyman Trumbull, Chicago, 3 Jan. 1861, Trumbull Papers, DLC.
145. “Lincoln’s Time of Agony,” reminiscences of Joseph Gillespie, Springfield correspondence, 2 Feb., New York Tribune, 5 Feb. 1888.
146. Judd to Lyman Trumbull, Chicago, 24 Dec. 1860, Trumbull Papers, DLC.
147. Swett to Lamon, Bloomington, 7 Apr. 1861, Ward Hill Lamon, Recollections of Abraham Lincoln, 1847–1865, ed. Dorothy Lamon Teillard (2nd ed.; Washington, DC: Privately published, 1911), 318.
148. Barnes, Autobiography of Weed, 611.
149. Joseph Medill to Norman B. Judd, Washington, 20 Jan. 1861, Medill Papers, ICHi.
150. CWL, 4:161.
151. Charles Eugene Hamlin, The Life and Times of Hannibal Hamlin (Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press, 1899), 370.
152. Andrew to Lincoln, Boston, 20 Jan. 1861, copy, Andrew Papers, MHi.
153. George S. Boutwell to Banks, Boston, 8 Mar. 1861, Banks Papers, IHi.
154. Reminiscences of George B. Loring, New York Tribune, 9 Aug. 1885.
155. Gideon Welles, “Recollections in Regard to the Formation of Mr Lincoln’s Cabinet,” undated manuscript, Abraham Lincoln Collection, Beinecke Library, Yale University.
156. Washington correspondence, 11 Feb., New York Times, 12 Feb. 1861.
157. Lincoln to Lyman Trumbull, Springfield, 24 Dec
. 1860, CWL, 4:162.
158. John Covode to Lincoln, Washington, 16 Jan. 1861, AL MSS DLC; Frank Blair to Henry L. Dawes, St. Louis, 9 Feb. 1861, Dawes Papers, DLC.
159. Henry Winter Davis to Samuel Francis du Pont, [Washington], 20 Feb. 1861, transcript, S. F. Du Pont Papers, Hagley Museum, Wilmington, Delaware.
160. Lincoln to Seward, Springfield, 3 Jan. 1861, CWL, 4:170.
161. Preston King to John Bigelow, Washington, 21 Dec. 1860, John Bigelow, Retrospections of an Active Life (5 vols.; New York: Baker & Taylor, 1909–1913), 1:318.
162. Washington correspondence by Henry Adams, 31 Jan., Boston Daily Advertiser, 2 Feb. 1861.
163. Seward to his wife, Washington, 18 Jan. 1861, Seward, Seward at Washington, 1:497.
164. Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Richard Henry Dana, 28 Feb. 1861, Dana Papers, MHi.
165. Seward to his wife, Washington, 23 Jan. 1861, Seward, Seward at Washington, 1:497.
166. Seward to his wife, Washington, 3 Jan. 1861, ibid., 1:491.
167. Seward to his wife, Washington, 13 Jan. 1861, ibid., 1:496.
168. Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., Washington, 17 Jan. 1861, J. C. Levenson, ed., Letters of Henry Adams (6 vols.; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982–1988), 1:223.
169. Charles Francis Adams diary, 15 Jan. 1861, Adams Family Papers, MHi.
170. Carl Schurz to his wife, Springfield, 9 Feb. 1861, Joseph Schafer, ed., Intimate Letters of Carl Schurz, 1841–1869 (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1928), 247.
171. Lyons to John Russell, Washington, 4 Feb. 1861, James J. Barnes and Patience P. Barnes, eds., The American Civil War Through British Eyes: Dispatches from British Diplomats (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2003), 28.
172. Weed to Seward, Albany, 9 Jan. 1861, Seward Papers, University of Rochester.
173. Seward to Lincoln, Washington, 26 Dec. 1860, AL MSS DLC.
174. Charles Francis Adams diary, 21 Dec. 1860, Adams Family Papers, MHi.
175. Henry Adams, The Great Secession Winter of 1860–61, and Other Essays, ed. George Hochfield (New York: Sagamore Press, 1958), 18.
176. Adams to Richard Henry Dana, Washington, 9 Feb. 1861, Dana Papers, MHi.
177. Mason Tappan to George G. Fogg, Washington, 30 Dec. 1860, Tappan Papers, New Hampshire Historical Society.
178. Washington correspondence, 7 Jan., New York Tribune, 9 Jan. 1861.
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