Theodore Rex

by Edmund Morris

  Clark, Champ. My Quarter Century in American Politics. New York, 1920.

  Clymer, Kenton J. John Hay: The Gentleman as Diplomat. Ann Arbor, 1975.

  Commons, John R., et al. History of Labor in the United States, 1896–1932. New York, 1935.

  Cornell, Robert J. The Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902. Washington, D.C., 1957.

  Croly, Herbert. Marcus Alonzo Hanna. New York, 1912.

  Cutright, Paul Russell. Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist. Urbana, 1985.

  Davis, Oscar K. Released for Publication: Some Inside Political History of Theodore Roosevelt and His Times, 1898–1918. Boston, 1925.

  Dawes, Charles G. A Journal of the McKinley Years. Chicago, 1950.

  Dennett, Tyler. John Hay: From Poetry to Politics. New York, 1933.

  ———. Roosevelt and the Russo-Japanese War. New York, 1925.

  Dennis, Alfred P. Adventures in American Diplomacy, 1896–1906. New York, 1928.

  Dorwart, Jeffrey M. The Office of Naval Intelligence: The Birth of America’s First Intelligence Agency, 1865–1918. Annapolis, 1979.

  Douglas, George William. The Many-Sided Roosevelt: An Anecdotal Biography. New York, 1907.

  Dunn, Arthur Wallace. From Harrison to Harding. New York, 1922.

  ———. Gridiron Nights. New York, 1915.

  Dunne, Finley Peter. Mr. Dooley’s Philosophy. New York, 1900.

  ———. Observations by Mr. Dooley. New York, 1902.

  Dunne, Philip, ed. Mr. Dooley Remembers: The Informal Memoirs of Finley Peter Dunne. Boston, 1963.

  DuVal, Miles P. And the Mountains Will Move. Stanford, 1947.

  ———. Cadiz to Cathay: The Story of the Long Struggle for a Waterway across the American Isthmus. Stanford, 1940.

  Dyer, Thomas G. Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race. Baton Rouge, 1980.

  Esthus, Raymond A. Theodore Roosevelt and Japan. Seattle, 1966.

  Faulkner, Harold U. The Decline of Laissez-Faire, 1897–1917. New York, 1951.

  Fleming, Thomas. Around the Capitol. New York, 1902.

  Foraker, Joseph Benson. Notes of a Busy Life. Cincinnati, 1916.

  Foraker, Julia Bundy. I Would Live It Again: Memories of a Vivid Life. New York, 1932.

  Fowler, Dorothy Canfield. John Coit Spooner, Defender of Presidents. New York, 1961.

  Fox, Stephen R. John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement. Boston, 1981.

  Gatewood, Jr., Willard B. Theodore Roosevelt and the Art of Controversy: Episodes of the White House Years. Baton Rouge, 1970.

  Gould, Lewis L. The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt. Lawrence, Kans., 1991.

  ———. Reform and Regulation: American Politics, 1900–1916. New York, 1978.

  Grenville, John A. S., and George B. Young. Politics, Strategy, and American Diplomacy: Studies in Foreign Policy, 1873–1917. New Haven, 1966.

  Griscom, Lloyd C. Diplomatically Speaking. Boston, 1940.

  Gwynn, Stephen, ed. The Letters and Friendships of Cecil Spring Rice: A Record. Boston, 1929.

  Hagedorn, Hermann. The Roosevelt Family of Sagamore Hill. New York, 1954.

  Harbaugh, William H. The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt. Rev. ed. New York, 1975.

  Harlan, Louis J. Booker T. Washington: The Wizard of Tuskegee, 1901–1915. New York, 1983.

  Hay, John. Letters and Extracts from His Diary. Ed. Henry Adams. Privately printed, 1908.

  Hays, Samuel P. Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890–1920. Cambridge, Mass., 1959.

  Healy, David. The United States in Cuba: 1898–1902. Madison, 1963.

  Hill, Howard C. Roosevelt and the Caribbean. Chicago, 1927.

  Howe, M. A. De Wolfe. George von Lengerke Meyer: His Life and Public Services. New York, 1919.

  ———. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, 1841–1882. Cambridge, Mass., 1957–1963.

  Jessup, Philip C. Elihu Root. 2 vols. New York, 1938.

  Jusserand, Jean Jules. What Me Befell: The Reminiscences of Jean Jules Jusserand. Boston, 1933.

  Kantrowitz, Stephen. Ben Tillman and the Reconstruction of White Supremacy. Chapel Hill, 2000.

  Kerr, Joan Paterson, ed. A Bully Father: Theodore Roosevelt’s Letters to His Children. New York, 1995.

  Klein, Maury. The Life and Legend of E. H. Harriman. Chapel Hill, 2000.

  Kohlsaat, Herman H. From McKinley to Harding: Personal Recollections of Our Presidents. New York, 1923.

  Kolko, Gabriel. The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 1900–1916. New York, 1963.

  LaFollette, Robert M. LaFollette’s Autobiography (Madison, 1913). Rev. ed. Ed. Allan Nevins. Madison, 1960.

  Lamoreaux, Naomi. The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895–1904. New York, 1985.

  Lane, Ann J. The Brownsville Affair: National Crisis and Black Reaction. Port Washington, N.Y., 1971.

  Lee, Arthur, Viscount of Fareham. A Good Innings. Privately printed, London, 1939.

  Leopold, Richard. Elihu Root and the Conservative Tradition. Boston, 1954.

  Leupp, Francis E. The Man Roosevelt: A Portrait Sketch. New York, 1904.

  Lodge, Henry Cabot. Selections from the Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge, 1884–1918. New York, 1925.

  Longworth, Alice Roosevelt. Crowded Hours: Reminiscences of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. New York, 1933.

  Looker, Earle. The White House Gang. New York, 1929.

  Lowry, Edward G. Washington Close-Ups: Intimate Views of Some Public Figures. Boston, 1921.

  McCullough, David. The Path Between the Seas. New York, 1977.

  Marks, III, Frederick W. Velvet on Iron: The Diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt. Lincoln, Nebr., 1979.

  Martin, Albro. James J. Hill and the Opening of the Northwest. New York, 1976.

  Merrill, Horace, and Marion Merrill. The Republican Command, 1897–1913. Lexington, Ky., 1971.

  Miller, Donald, and Richard E. Sharpless. The Kingdom of Coal: Work, Enterprise, and Ethnic Communities in the Mine Fields. Philadelphia, 1985.

  Miller, Stuart Creighton. “Benevolent Assimilation”: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903. New Haven, 1983.

  Miner, Dwight C. The Fight for the Panama Route. New York, 1940.

  Moore, J. Hampton. Roosevelt and the Old Guard. Philadelphia, 1925.

  Morison, Elting E., ed. Cowboys and Kings: Three Great Letters by Theodore Roosevelt. Cambridge, Mass., 1954.

  Morris, Edmund. The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt. New York, 1979.

  Morris, Sylvia Jukes. Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady. New York, 1980.

  Mowry, George E. The Era of Theodore Roosevelt, 1900–1912. New York, 1958.

  Munro, Dana G. Intervention and Dollar Diplomacy in the Caribbean, 1900–1921. Princeton, N.J., 1964.

  O’Gara, Gordon C. Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of the Modern Navy. Princeton, 1969.

  Palmer, Frederick. With My Own Eyes. Indianapolis, 1932.

  Parsons, Frances Theodora (Smith). Perchance Some Day. Privately printed, New York, 1951 (copy in TRC).

  Pinkett, Harold T. Gifford Pinchot: Public and Private Forester. Urbana, 1970.

  Powers, Samuel Leland. Portraits of Half a Century. Boston, 1925.

  Pringle, Henry F. Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography. New York, 1931.

  Putnam, Carleton. Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years. New York, 1958.

  Putnam, George Haven. Memories of a Publisher. New York, 1915.

  Richardson, James D., ed. A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents. Washington, D.C., 1911.

  Rippy, J. Fred. The Caribbean Danger Zone. New York, 1940.

  Rixey, Lilian. Bamie: Theodore Roosevelt’s Remarkable Sister. New York, 1963.

  Robbins, Roy M. Our Landed Heritage: The Public Domain, 1776–1936. Princeton, N.J., 1942.

  Robinson, Corinne Roosevelt. My Brother, Theodore Roosevelt. New York, 1921.

  Röhl, John
C. G., ed. Kaiser Wilhelm II: New Interpretations—The Corfu Papers. Cambridge, 1982.

  Roosevelt, Kermit. The Happy Hunting-Grounds. New York, 1920.

  Roosevelt, Theodore. An Autobiography. New York, 1913.

  ———. California Addresses, by President Roosevelt. San Francisco, 1903.

  ———. The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt. Ed. Elting E. Morison. Cambridge, Mass., 1951.

  ———. Letters to Kermit from Theodore Roosevelt, 1902–1908. New York, 1946.

  ———. Presidential Addresses and State Papers. New York, 1910.

  ———. The Works of Theodore Roosevelt. Memorial Edition. New York, 1923–1926. [On rare occasions, the National Edition (New York, 1926) is necessarily cited.]

  Rothman, David J. Politics and Power: The Senate, 1869–1901. Cambridge, Mass., 1966.

  Satterlee, Herbert L. J. Pierpont Morgan. New York, 1975.

  Schirmer, Daniel B. Republic or Empire: American Resistance to the Philippine War. Cambridge, Mass., 1972.

  Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M., and Fred L. Israel, eds. History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–1968. New York, 1971.

  Scott, James Brown. Robert Bacon: Life and Letters. New York, 1923.

  Seale, William. The President’s House. Washington, D.C., 1986.

  Simkins, Francis B. Pitchfork Ben Tillman. Baton Rouge, 1944.

  Slayden, Ellen Maury. Washington Wife: Journal of Ellen Maury Slayden from 1897–1919. New York, 1963.

  Spector, Ronald. Admiral of the New Empire: The Life and Career of George Dewey. Baton Rouge, 1974.

  Steffens, Lincoln. The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens. New York, 1931.

  Stephenson, Nathaniel W. Nelson W. Aldrich: A Leader in American Politics. New York, 1930.

  Still, William N. American Sea Power in the Old World: The United States Navy in Europe and Near Eastern Waters, 1815–1917. Westport, Conn., 1980.

  Stoddard, Henry L. As I Knew Them: Presidents and Politics from Grant to Coolidge. New York, 1927.

  Straus, Oscar S. Under Four Administrations: From Cleveland to Taft. Boston, 1922.

  Strouse, Jean. Morgan: American Financier. New York, 1999.

  Sullivan, Mark. Our Times. New York, 1926–1935.

  Teague, Michael. Mrs. L.: Conversations with Alice Roosevelt Longworth. New York, 1981.

  Thayer, William Roscoe. The Life and Letters of John Hay. New York, 1915.

  Thomas, Addison C. Roosevelt among the People: Being an Account of the 14,000 Mile Journey from Ocean to Ocean of Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States. Chicago, 1910.

  Thompson, Charles Willis. Party Leaders of the Time. New York, 1906.

  Thorelli, Hans B. Federal Antitrust Policy. Baltimore, 1955.

  Tilchin, William N. Theodore Roosevelt and the British Empire: A Study in Presidential Statecraft. New York, 1997.

  Trani, Eugene P. The Treaty of Portsmouth: An Adventure in American Diplomacy. Lexington, Ky., 1969.

  Vagts, Alfred. Deutschland und die vereinigten Staaten in der Weltpolitik. New York, 1935.

  Villard, Oswald Garrison. Fighting Years: Memoirs of a Liberal Editor. New York, 1939.

  Wagenknecht, Edward. The Seven Worlds of Theodore Roosevelt. New York, 1958.

  Washington, Booker T. The Booker T. Washington Papers. Ed. Louis R. Harlan. Urbana, 1972–1989.

  Watson, James E. As I Knew Them: Memoirs. Indianapolis, 1936.

  Weaver, John D. The Brownsville Raid. College Station, 1992.

  ———. The Senator and the Sharecropper’s Son: Exoneration of the Brownsville Soldiers. College Station, 1997.

  Welch, Jr., Richard E. Response to Imperialism: The United States and the Philippine-American War, 1899–1902. Chapel Hill, 1979.

  White, William Allen. Autobiography. New York, 1946.

  ———. Masks in a Pageant. New York, 1928.

  Willets, Gibson. Inside History of the White House. New York, 1906.

  Wilson, Woodrow. The Papers of Woodrow Wilson. Ed. Arthur S. Link. Princeton, N.J., 1966–1994.

  Wimmel, Kenneth. Theodore Roosevelt and the Great White Fleet: American Sea Power Comes of Age. Dulles, Va., 1998.

  Wister, Owen. Roosevelt: The Story of a Friendship. New York, 1930.

  Wolf, Simon. The Presidents I Have Known from 1860–1918. Washington, D.C., 1918.

  Wood, Frederick S. Roosevelt As We Knew Him: The Personal Recollections of One Hundred and Fifty of His Friends and Associates. Philadelphia, 1927.

  Zabriskie, Edward H. American-Russian Rivalry in the Far East: A Study in Diplomacy and Power Politics, 1895–1914. Philadelphia, 1946.

  ARTICLES

  Ameringer, Charles D. “Philippe Bunau-Varilla: New Light on the Panama Canal Treaty,” Hispanic American Historical Review 46 (1966).

  Blake, Nelson M. “Ambassadors at the Court of Theodore Roosevelt.” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Sept. 1955.

  Burton, David H. “Theodore Roosevelt and His English Correspondents: A Special Relationship of Friends.” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, vol. 63, pt. 2 (1973).

  Friedlander, Robert A. “A Reassessment of Roosevelt’s Role in the Panamanian Revolution.” Western Political Quarterly 14 (1961).

  Gow, Douglas R. “How Did the Roosevelt Corollary Become Linked to the Dominican Republic?” Mid-America 58 (1976).

  Heffron, Paul T. “Theodore Roosevelt and the Appointment of Mr. Justice Moody.” Vanderbilt Law Review 18.2 (1965).

  Johnson, Arthur M. “Theodore Roosevelt and the Bureau of Corporations.” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Mar. 1959.

  Livermore, Seward W. “Theodore Roosevelt, the American Navy, and the Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903.” American Historical Review, Apr. 1946.

  Meyer, Balthazar H. “A History of the Northern Securities Case.” Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin Economics and Political Science Series 1.3 (1904–1906).

  Morris, Edmund. “ ‘A Few Pregnant Days’: Theodore Roosevelt and the Venezuelan Crisis of 1902.” Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal, winter 1989.

  Murakata, Akiko. “Theodore Roosevelt and William Sturgis Bigelow: The Story of a Friendship.” Harvard Library Bulletin 23.1 (1975).

  Nikol, John, and Francis Holbrook. “Naval Operations in the Panama Revolution of 1903.” American Neptune 38 (Oct. 1977).

  Schoenberg, Philip E. “The American Reaction to the Kishinev Pogrom of 1903.” American Jewish Historical Quarterly, Mar. 1974.

  Schoonover, Thomas. “Max Farrand’s Memorandum on the U.S. Role in the Panamanian Revolution of 1903.” Diplomatic History, fall 1988.

  Wiebe, Robert H. “The Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902: A Record of Confusion.” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Sept. 1961.

  Ziglar, William L. “The Decline of Lynching in America.” International Social Science Review 63 (1988).

  MISCELLANEOUS

  Baer, George. “Statement Regarding the Anthracite Strike,” 10 June 1902. Copy in GWP.

  Dunne, Finley Peter. “Remembrances.” Autobiographical fragment in FPD.

  Eitler, A. T. “Philander Chase Knox.” Ph.D. diss. Catholic University, 1959.

  Fletcher, William Glover. “Canal Site Diplomacy: A Study in American Political Geography.” Ph.D. diss. Yale University, 1940.

  Forman, Henry J. “So Brief a Time.” Oral history conducted by Doyce B. Nunis, Department of Special Collections, Young Research Library, UCLA (1959–1960).

  Hourihan, William J. “Roosevelt and the Sultans: The United States Navy in the Mediterranean, 1904.” Ph.D. diss. Northeastern University, 1975.

  Lacey, Michael J. “The Mysteries of Earth-Making Dissolve: A Study of Washington’s Intellectual Community and the Origins of American Environmentalism in the Late Nineteenth Century.” Ph.D. diss. George Washington University, 1979.

  Larsen, Peter. “Theodore Roosevelt and the Moroccan Crisis, 1904–1905.” Ph.D. diss. Princeton University, 1984.

  Rinke, Stefan H. “Between S
uccess and Failure: The Diplomatic Career of Ambassador Hermann Speck von Sternburg and German-American Relations, 1903–1908.” M.A. thesis. Bowling Green State University, 1989.

  Shoemaker, Fred C. “Alton B. Parker: The Image of a Gilded Age Statesman in an Era of Progressive Politics.” M.A. thesis. Ohio State University, 1983.

  Wheaton, James O. “The Genius and the Jurist: The Presidential Campaign of 1904.” Ph.D. diss. Stanford University, 1964.

  NOTES

  The names of Theodore and Edith Kermit Roosevelt are abbreviated below as TR and EKR.

  Citations of the Washington Evening Star often imply official, if “off-the-record” authority, because that newspaper’s daily “At the White House” column amounted to a court circular for the Roosevelt Administration.

  Except where otherwise indicated, all French translations are by the author. Quotations from oral sources—i.e., stenographic transcripts—have on rare occasions been repunctuated for clarity.

  PROLOGUE: 14–16 SEPTEMBER 1901

  1 THEODORE ROOSEVELT became For a day-by-day chronology of TR’s presidency, see the appendix of vols. 4 and 6 of TR, The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, ed. Elting E. Morison (Cambridge, Mass., 1951–1954), 8 vols. (hereafter TR, Letters).

  2 He was bouncing This account of TR’s descent from Mount Marcy is based on the following sources: TR to John J. Leary, Leary Notebooks (TRC); Orin Kellogg [driver] interview, unidentified news clip (TRB); Mike Cronin [driver] interview, New York Herald, 15 Sept., and New York World, 29 Sept. 1901. There are further reminiscences by these men and other contemporary witnesses in Eloise Cronin Murphy, Theodore Roosevelt’s Night Ride to the Presidency (Adirondack Museum, N.Y., 1977), and Christina Rainsford, “A Momentous Ride,” Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal, summer 1981. Richmond B. Williams explains the impromptu communications network that sprang up along the slope of the mountain in “TR Receives His Summons to the Presidency,” Bell Telephone Magazine, autumn 1951. Supplemental details come from The New York Times, New York Press, and New York Sun, 14 Sept. 1901, and from a reconnaissance made by the author in October 1979. Route 28N, resurfaced and renamed “Roosevelt-Marcy Memorial Highway,” now connects many of the places mentioned, so smoothly as to cast doubt on old accounts of the difficulties and dangers TR faced. However, a film of local wet-weather conditions, ca. 1910, preserved in the Adirondack Museum, proves these accounts were not exaggerated. (Rain had been falling continuously for three days preceding TR’s ride.)