The Knockoff Economy
Page 32
Cookbooks, 67
Cooper, James Fenimore, 60
Copying
advertising through, 199, 201
as brand advertisement, 199, 201
cocktails, 91-95, 181
competition and, 5-6, 168-70
Congressional changes in protections against, 35
creativity affected by, 7-8, 17, 45, 49, 167-68, 173, 211
culinary. See Culinary copying
databases, 162-66
difficulties in, 180
digital, 84-85, 182
fads created through, 175
fashion. See Fashion copying
fonts, 147-52
future of, 8
of ideas, 108
importance of rules on, 17, 202
induced obsolescence caused by, 43-47, 49
innovation affected by, 6, 15-16, 90, 166, 192, 207
joke. See Joke copying legal regulation of, 6
moral issues associated with, 6
perfect, 84
premise of laws against, 167
prevalence of, 232
profiting from, 172
social norms effect on, 177-79. See also Social norms
trends and, 174-75
Copyright(s)
architectural drawings, 65
computer database industry, 14-15
Constitutional protection of, 5
holders of, difficulties in finding, 144
infringement of, 108
media protected by, 6
notice of, 145
purpose of, 10, 89, 195, 203
term of, 144
Copyright Act of 1909, 140
Copyright law
Congressional changes in, 35
creative ideas and, 103, 105
cuisine copying and, 64, 81
database protections under, 165
duration of protection under, 7
fashion designs not protected by, 5, 20-21, 30
fonts and, 147-49
importance of, 168
magic tricks and, 120
original expression protected by, 103, 105
property rights added to, 35
purpose of, 4, 191
sheet music protection under, 67, 139
Statute of Anne, 145
subconscious appropriation, 111
substantial similarity, 83
tweaking and, 143-45
useful articles, 27
Corinna, Anna, 19-21, 38, 45
Cosby, Bill, 106
Council of Fashion Designers of America, 35
Counterfeiting, 199-200
Cover bands, 183
Cover songs, 139, 141
Creation
costs of, 210-11
distribution costs’ effect on, 209
motivators of, 203
Creativity
of chefs, 78-90
complexity associated with, 202
copying effects on, 4, 7-8, 17, 45, 49, 167-68, 173, 211
copyright effects on, 10
costs associated with, 171, 203, 208-210
culinary copying effects on, 89
distribution and, 171
in financial services industry, 156-57
of font design, 150
in food culture, 10
historical examples of, 167
improvements on, 15
open source and, 190
in pharmaceutical industry, 171
of recipes, 66
social norms about, 115
technological influences on, 210
tweaking as form of, 142
Creators
advertising effect on, 200-201
chefs as, 86-87
monopoly over creations of, 6
rival, 177
Credit Suisse, 160
Crif Dogs, 91
Cronkite, Walter, 102
Crowd-sourcing, 208
Cuisine. See also Chef(s); Food
as art form, 190
attribution of, 79-80, 87, 178-79
creativity of, 61
experience associated with eating of, 85-86, 180
fads in, 175-76
foreign, 62
innovation in, 9-10, 62
local, 60
modernist movement in, 62-63
remaking of, 74
in United States, 60-61
Culinary copying. See also Chef(s); Food
advertisement benefits of, 86
benefits of, 90
“built food,” 59, 64, 67-68
case law, 65-66
chefs’ views on, 88
communication of, 82
copyright law and, 64, 81
creativity and, 89
debate about, 72-78
detection of, 83
difficulties associated with, 180
enforcing legal protections against, difficulties in, 81
examples of, 57-58, 63-64, 72-77
in France, 79-80
global issues, 82
innovation and, 90
Internet effects on, 68-69
limits on, 69-72
molten chocolate cake as example of, 63-64
perfect copying, 84
prevalence of, 68
self-policing of, 78
social norms and, 78-83
technology effects on detection of, 83
“trade dress” protections, 69-70, 198
trade secrets protection, 71, 79
“unfair competition” protections, 70-71
Culinary industry. See also Restaurant industry
annual sales in, 58
creativity in, 63
fads in, 175-76
history of, 59-63
innovation in, 62, 88, 90, 189
open-source elements in, 189-90
restaurant reviews, 62
staging in, 73, 75, 190
“trade dress” disputes in, 70
trademarks in, 69
Daily Show, 102
Dark’n Stormy, 93
Databases
contract law applications to users of, 165
copying of, 162-66
copyright protections for, 14-15, 165
copyrightable content in, 162
definition of, 162
in Europe, 15, 162-66
examples of, 162, 164
facts-based, 162-63
fee-based, 193
Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service case law, 162-63, 165
first-mover advantage of, 193-94
growth of, 163
legal, 162, 193-94
tweaking of, 165-66
U.S. Supreme Court case law, 126
Dave Mathews Band, 225
Davis, Darrel “Mouse,” 133-34, 189
Death & Co., 92
Debreq, Jean Francois, 24
Delahunt, Bill, 35
Derivative works, 36, 45, 143
Design patents for fashion designs, 28
Design Piracy Prohibition Act, 35
Deutsche Bank, 160
Devil Wears Prada, The, 47
Diffusion lines, 54-55
Digital copies, 84-85, 182
Diller, Phyllis, 100
Discover Dannone—50 Fabulous Recipes with Yogurt, 65-66
Distribution
changes in, 208-9
creativity and, 171
films, 230
Doors, The, 141
Dow Jones, 164
Drinks. See Cocktails
Drive, 185
Dubner, Stephen J., 145
Dun & Bradstreet, 164
Dylan, Bob, 141
Eataly, 64
eBay, 165
Economic growth
of financial services industry, 155-56
innovation’s role in, 15
Edible paper, 71-72
Edison, Thomas, 15, 132, 167
Ed’s Lobster Bar, 57-58, 69, 201
eGullet Society, 73-74, 76, 82-83
El Bulli, 62, 190
Elbaz, Alber, 3
8 Elle, 25
Ellickson, Robert, 78
Emcee, 99
Encarta, 185
Encyclopedias, 185
Escoffier, Auguste, 59
Europe
databases in, 15, 162-66
fashion copying in, 30-31, 39
Exchange-traded funds, 159
Experience/experiential nature
of movie watching, 231
music as, 222-23
of restaurants, 85-86, 180
of theaters, 181-82
Facebook, 194-95, 227
Fads, 174-75
Fan fiction, 143
Fanning, Shawn, 216
Fashion brands
counterfeiting effects on, 199
diffusion lines’ effect on, 55
dilution of, 54-55
tarnishing of, 55
trademark protection for, 29
types of, 24-25
Fashion copying
acceptance of, 38
copyright law and, 20-21, 27-30
creativity effects of, 45, 49, 173
description of, 173
of design features, 37, 45
differing views on, 34
diffusion of fashion styles caused by, 43
economic studies of, 45-47
efforts to amend American law to prevent, 34-35
in Europe, 30-31, 39
examples of, 1-2, 19-20
by famed designers, 37
fashion cycle affected by, 44, 55
fast, 53
historical attempts to restrain, 30-34
as homage, 37
industry effects of, 5, 21, 27-30
job losses caused by, 35
lag time in, 54
lawsuits for, 38-39
norms against, 50-52
piracy paradox of, 44, 49, 174, 193
prestige associated with, 37
product improvement benefits of, 43-44
roles of, 44, 49
scope of, 37
social norms and, 51-52
speed of, 52-53, 193
status and, 39
timing of, 37
trends created by, 48-49, 54
useful articles concept, 27
Fashion cycle
copying effects on, 43-44, 55, 174
description of, 39-42, 173
Fashion designers
brand protection by, 54
copying by, 37, 50-51
lead time for, 192-93
self-knockoffs created by, 54-55
Fashion designs
copying of select features of, 37, 45
copyright law and, 5, 20-21, 30
design patents for, 28
exclusivity of, 41
expressive element of, 28
functional use issues associated with, 27
induced obsolescence of, 43-47, 49, 173
jewelry appliqué added to, 28
positional nature of, 40
rapid diffusion of, 42-43
sketches of, 27
status associated with, 39-40
trademark law and, 29
Fashion industry
anchoring in, 47-49, 174
annual sales in, 22
brand names in, 24-25, 199
competition in, 24
copying in, 5, 21, 27-30
creativity in, 5, 45
diversification of, 23-24
fast fashion, 25-26
first-mover advantage in, 52-54, 192-93
globalization of, 24
history of, 22-27, 239n6
intellectual property in, 29
in Italy, 24
in London, 23
media coverage of, 26, 48
modern conception of, 25
Parisian influences on, 22
piracy effects on, 44
social norms in, 49-52
in 21st century, 26
status in, 39
“trade dress” protections, 29-30, 198
trends in, 40-41, 47-49, 54, 155, 174
in United States, 23-24
as winer-take-most market, 207
Fashion knockoffs
derivative works versus, 36
description of, 192
diffusion lines, 54-55
economic studies of, 45-47
media coverage of, 20, 36
prevalence of, 36
quality of, 240n20
self-knockoffs, 54-55
Fashion magazines, 48
Fashion Originators’ Guild of America, 30-34, 241n32
Fashion Originators’ Guild of America v. FTC, 33
Fashion styles, 41-42
Fashion trademarks
importance of, 29
protection of, 5, 29
Fast fashion, 25-26
Fast-food restaurants, 61
Fat Duck, 190
“Fat-washing,” 93
Fauchart, Emanuelle, 78-80, 84, 86, 115
Faviana, 1-2, 20
Fear Factor, 97
Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service, 162-63, 165
Fidelity, 125
File-hosting sites, 218
Filene’s Basement, 32-33, 241n33
Filesharing, 213, 216, 229, 255n4
Film distribution, 230
Financial services industry
asset securitization, 159
bank market share, 160-61
copying in, 125-26
creativity in, 156-57
exchange-traded funds, 159
growth of, 155-56
index funds, 124-25, 159
innovations in, 155-61
junk bonds, 159
mutual funds, 123-25
nondisclosure agreements in, 160
over-the-counter derivatives, 159-60
patents in, 157-60
profits in, 156
research and development spending in, 158
societal benefits of, 156
trade secrecy in, 157-58
First-mover advantage
copyright and, 195
in databases, 193-94
definition of, 191
description of, 173, 191-95
in fashion industry, 52-54, 192-93
in football industry, 132, 192
patents and, 195
in software, 194
Flay, Bobby, 84
Foley + Corinna, 19-20, 37, 45
Foley, Dana, 19-21, 38, 45
Font(s)
Arial, 147
bundling of, with software, 153
calligraphic, 146, 250n13
in computer code, 149-50
copying of, 147-52
copyright law and, 147-49
description of, 14, 126
digitization of, 150-51
distinctiveness of, 250n17
“functional” classification of, 148
Georgia, 148
graphic designers use of, 153
Helvetica, 146-47, 154
history of, 146, 149
messages conveyed through, 146
patent protection for, 149
printing technology effects on, 152-53
steampunk-inspired, 155-55
technological advances that affected, 149-53
Times New Roman, 147-48, 152
trademark law and, 149, 250n17
trends in, 154-55
Font design
amateurs involved in, 151-52
creativity of, 150
fads in, 175
growth of, 150
innovation in, 150-53
trends in, 154-55
tweaking in, 151
Font designers, 151
Food. See also Chef(s); Recipes
aesthetic appeal of, 245n25
American law’s view of, 67-68
“built,” 59, 64, 67-68
clothing and, similarities between, 68
cocktails and, similarities between, 93-94
creativity of, 61
experience associated with eating of, 85-86, 180
as functional item, 67-68
innovation associated with, 179-80
reproduction of, 59
transitory duration of, 244n16
“useful articles doctrine” application to, 68
variations in, 84
Food & Wine, 81
Food culture, 10
Food editors, 62
Food Network, 59, 87
Food recipe, 64-65
Food trucks, 9
Football
Ault’s contributions to, 135-36
barriers to copying in, 131-32
college, 126-27
copying in, 131-32, 139
first-mover advantage in, 132, 192
formations in, 130, 133, 192
history of, 126-27
“I-bone” offensive formation in, 128, 130
innovations in, 12-14, 127-31
“No Huddle Offense” in, 13, 129-30
passing in, 13, 127
patent protections in, 131
pioneers in, 132-36, 189
“pistol” formation in, 135-36
Rodriguez’s contributions to, 130, 134-35
“run-and-shoot” offense in, 133-34
Spread Offense in, 130, 134
“spread-option” formation in, 135
Theodore Roosevelt’s changes to, 127
tweakers in, 132-36, 138, 189
Walsh’s contributions to, 128-29
West Coast Offense in, 128-29
wishbone formation in, 133
Zone Blitz in, 129
Ford, Tom, 26-27, 38
Foreign cuisine, 62
Forever 21, 20-21, 25-26, 37-38, 45, 192
Fragmentation of audiences, 225
France
cuisine in, 60, 78-80
fashion in, 23, 31, 35, 39
Freakonomics, 145, 231
Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything, 145
Fred Segal, 42
Free, 188
Freeman, Eben, 92-93
French Chef, The, 60
French Laundry, 77, 85, 190
Friend, Tad, 42
Friendster, 195
Frugal Gourmet, 65
Fry, Blake, 151
Furthurnet, 226
Galifianakis, Zach, 101
Galliano, John, 51
Georgia font, 148
GFT, 25
Ghesquiere, Nicholas, 37, 50-51
Gilhart, Julie, 51
Gladwell, Malcolm, 142, 249n10
Glamour, 48
“Gloria,” 141
Gold, Jonathan, 92
Goldin, Horace, 120
Goldman, William, 51
Goldman Sachs, 160
Gone With The Wind, 74, 144
Google, 188-89
Google +, 194
Google Books, 144
Gosline, Renee, 199-200
Gosling’s Black Seal rum, 93
Grand Central Oyster Bar, 58
Grateful Dead, 225-26
Grokster, 217-18
Gruden, Jon, 129, 138
Gucci, 5, 24
Gulley, Ned, 137-38
Gunzburg, Baron Nicolas de, 24
Gutenberg, Johannes, 145-46
Halford, Rob, 182
Halston, 24, 55
Hard Shake technique, 94
Hathaway, Anne, 47
Helvetica font, 146-47, 154
Hendrix, Jimi, 141
Henri Bendel department store, 34
Hilton, Paris, 19-20