Descent Into Chaos
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28 The meeting with President Musharraf took place in Islamabad on August 11, 2005.
29 Murray Brewsyer, “Dutch Tally Cost of Afghanistan,” Amsterdam, Globe and Mail, October 28, 2007.
30 Ann Scott Tyson, “Pentagon Critical of NATO Allies,” The Washington Post, December 12, 2007.
31 See International Crisis Group, “Afghanistan: The Need for International Resolve,” Brussels, February 6, 2008.
32 Tyson, “Pentagon Critical of NATO Allies.”
33 William Byrd, “Responding to Afghanistan’s Development Challenge,” World Bank, Washington, D.C., October 2007.
34 See also Anthony Cordesman, “The Missing Metrics of Progress in Afghanistan and Pakistan,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, paper presented at a conference on Afghanistan in Ottawa attended by the author, December 10, 2007. William Byrd of the World Bank was also at the conference.
35 Stephen Blank, "Afghanistan’s Energy Future,” EurasiaNet.org, August 3, 2006.
36 Agence France-Presse, “Afghanistan Trailing Badly on Development,” Kabul, November 18, 2007. The report for Afghanistan was drawn up by the Centre for Policy and Human Development at Kabul University, supported by the United Nations Development Programme.
37 Joseph Stiglitz and Linda Bilmes, “The Three Trillion Dollar War,” London, The Times, February 23, 2008.
38 Michael Gordon, “New Weight in Army Manual on Stabilization,” The New York Times, February 8, 2008.
39 Lakhdar Brahimi, speech to the German Association of the UN, Munich, July 8, 2004. Text provided by the author.
40 “Rice Admits Mistakes in Iraqi Reconstruction,” Reuters, March 13, 2008.
41 For the elaboration of some of these ideas, see Hussain Haqqani, “Democracy in Pakistan,” Yale Global, February 22, 2008.
SUGGESTED READING
Books
Abrams, Dennis. Hamid Karzai. Modern World Leaders. New York: Chelsea House, 2007.
Ahmad, Ishtiaq. Gulbuddin Hekmatyar: An Afghan Trail from Jihad to Terrorism. Lahore: Society for Tolerance and Education, 2004.
Allen, Charles. God’s Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad. London: Abacus, 2006.
Atwan, Abdel Bari. The Secret History of al Qaeda. London: Saqi Books, 2006.
Baer, Robert. See No Evil: The True Story of a Ground Soldier in the CIA’s War on Terrorism. New York: Crown, 2002.
Banerjee, Indranil, ed. India and Central Asia. London: Brunel Academic Publishers, 2004.
Bengelsdorf, Carollee, Margaret Cerullo, and Yogesh Chandrani. The Selected Writings of Eqbal Ahmad. Pakistan: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Benjamin, Daniel, and Steven Simon. The Age of Sacred Terror. New York: Random House, 2002.
———. The Next Attack: The Failure of the War on Terror and a Strategy for Getting It Right. New York: Times Books, 2005.
Berntsen, Gary, and Ralph Pezzullo. Jawbreaker: The Attack on Bin Laden and al-Qaeda—A Personal Account by the CIA’s Key Field Commander. New York: Crown, 2005.
Blumenthal, Sidney. How Bush Rules: Chronicles of a Radical Regime. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2006.
Brzezinski, Zbigniew. The Choice: Global Domination or Global Leadership. New York: Basic Books, 2004.
Burke, Jason. On the Road to Kandahar: Travels Through Conflict in the Islamic World. London: Allen Lane Books, 2006.
Chayes, Sarah. The Punishment of Virtue: Inside Afghanistan After the Taliban. New York: The Penguin Press, 2006.
Chomsky, Noam. Failed States: The Abuse of Power and the Assault on Democracy. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006.
Clarke, Richard A. Against All Enemies: Inside America’s War on Terror. New York: Free Press, 2004.
Cohen, Stephen Philip. The Idea of Pakistan. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2004.
Coll, Steve. Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. New York: Penguin Press, 2004.
Corera, Gordon. Shopping for Bombs: Nuclear Proliferation, Global Insecurity, and the Rise and Fall of the A. Q. Khan Network. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Darwin, John. After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire Since 1405. London: Allen Lane, 2007.
DeYoung, Karen. Soldier: The Life of Colin Powell. New York: Knopf, 2006.
Dobbins, James, et al. America’s Role in Nation Building: From Germany to Iraq. Washington, D.C.: RAND, 2003.
Dorronsoro, Gilles. Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present. London: Hurst and Company, 2005.
Einfeld, Jann. The History of Nations: Pakistan. Chicago: Greenhaven Press, 2004. Forsyth, Frederick. The Afghan. London: Corgi Books, 2006.
Fouda, Yosri, and Nick Fielding. Masterminds of Terror: The Truth Behind the Most Devastating Terrorist Attack the World Has Ever Seen. London: Mainstream Publishing, 2003.
Franks, Gen. Tommy, with Malcolm McConnell. American Soldier. New York: Regan Books, 2004.
Friedman, George. America’s Secret War: Inside the Hidden Worldwide Struggle Between America and Its Enemies. New York: Little, Brown, 2004.
Fukuyama, Francis. After the Neocons: America at the Crossroads. London: Profile Books, 2006.
———. State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century. London: Profile Books, 2004.
Gannon, Kathy. I is for Infidel: From Holy War to Holy Terror—Eighteen Years Inside Afghanistan. New York: Public Affairs, 2005.
Haqqani, Hussain. Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005.
Hersh, Seymour. Chain of Command: The Road from 9 /11 to Abu Ghraib. New York: HarperCollins, 2004.
Hussain, Zahid. Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam. London: I. B. Tauris, 2007.
Jaffrelot, Christophe, ed. Pakistan: Nationalism Without a Nation? London: Zed Books, 2002.
Johnson, Chalmers. The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2004.
Jones, Ann. Kabul in Winter: Life Without Peace in Afghanistan. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006.
Kampfner, John. Blair’s Wars. London: The Free Press, 2003.
Kaplan, Robert D. Imperial Grunts: On the Ground with the American Military, from Mongolia to the Philippines to Iraq and Beyond. New York: Random House, 2005.
Kassir, Samir. Being Arab. London: Verso, 2006.
Kepel, Gilles. The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 2004.
Khattak, Mohammed Aslam Khan. A Pathan Odyssey. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Khosrokhavar, Farhad. Suicide Bombers: Allah’s New Martyrs. London: Pluto Press, 2005.
Kinzer, Stephen. Overthrow: America’s Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq. New York: Times Books, 2006.
Kolhatkar, Sonali, and James Ingalls. Bleeding Afghanistan: Washington, Warlords, and the Propaganda of Silence. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2006.
Kumar, Radha. Making Peace with Partition. New Delhi: Penguin, 2005.
Leach, Hugh, with Susan Maria Farrington. Strolling About on the Roof of the World: The First Hundred Years of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs. London: Routledge Curzon, 2003.
Mabry, Marcus. Twice as Good: Condoleezza Rice and Her Path to Power. New York: Modern Times, 2007.
MacDonald, David. Drugs in Afghanistan: Opium, Outlaws, and Scorpion Tales. London: Pluto Press, 2007.
Mackey, Chris, and Greg Miller. The Interrogators: Inside the Secret War Against Al Qaeda. London: John Murray, 2004.
Maley, William. Rescuing Afghanistan. London: Hurst and Co., 2006.
Meyer, Christopher. DC Confidential: The Controversial Memoirs of Britain’s Ambassador to the U.S. at the Time of 9 /11 and the Run-up to the Iraq War. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005.
Moore, Robin. The Hunt for Bin Laden: Task Force Dagger. New York: Random House, 2003.
Mush
arraf, Pervez. In the Line of Fire: A Memoir. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006.
Naylor, Sean. Not a Good Day to Die: The Untold Story of Operation Anaconda. London: Penguin/Michael Joseph, 2005.
Noman, Omar. The Political Economy of Pakistan, 1947-85. London: Kegan Paul International, 1988.
Odom, William E., and Robert Dujarric. America’s Inadvertent Empire. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2004.
Olcott, Martha Brill. Central Asia’s Second Chance. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005.
Packer, George. The Assassins’ Gate: America in Iraq. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005.
Pearl, Mariane, with Sarah Crichton. A Mighty Heart: The Brave Life and Death of My Husband, Danny Pearl. London: Virago Press, 2003.
Pressfield, Steven. The Afghan Campaign: A Novel. New York: Doubleday, 2006.
Prestowitz, Clyde. Rogue Nation: American Unilateralism and the Failure of Good Intentions. New York: Basic Books, 2003.
Priest, Dana. The Mission: Waging War and Keeping Peace with America’s Military. New York: W. W. Norton, 2003.
Rana, Muhammad Amir. A to Z of Jehadi Organizations in Pakistan. Lahore: Mashal Books, 2004.
Rand, Robert. Tamerlane’s Children: Dispatches from Contemporary Uzbekistan. Oxford: Oneworld, 2006.
Randal, Jonathan. Osama: The Making of a Terrorist. New York: Knopf, 2004.
Rashid, Ahmed. Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2002.
———. The Resurgence of Central Asia: Islam or Nationalism? London: Zed Books, 1994.
———. Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2000.
Ratner, Michael, and Ellen Ray. Guantánamo: What the World Should Know. Moreton, Eng.: Arris Books, 2004.
Rehman, Shahid ur. Pakistan: Sovereignty Lost. Islamabad: Mr. Books, 2006.
Ricks, Thomas E. Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq. New York: Penguin Press, 2006.
Risen, James. State of War: The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration. New York: Free Press, 2006.
Robinson, Linda. Masters of Chaos: The Secret History of the Special Forces. New York: Public Affairs, 2004.
Rose, David. Guantánamo: America’s War on Human Rights. London: The New Press, 2004.
Rubin, Barnett R. Afghanistan’s Uncertain Transition from Turmoil to Normalcy. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, March 2006.
Saikal, Amin. Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival. London: I. B. Tauris, 2004.
Sattar, Abdul. Pakistan’s Foreign Policy, 1947-2005: A Concise History. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Scheuer, Michael. Imperial Hubris: Why the West Is Losing the War on Terror. Washington, D.C.: Brassey’s Inc., 2004.
Schroen, Gary C. First In: An Insider’s Account of How the CIA Spearheaded the War on Terror in Afghanistan. New York: Ballantine Books, 2005.
Shah, Zulfiqar. Sectarian Violence in Karachi (1994-2002). Lahore, Pakistan: Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, 2004.
Siddiqa, Ayesha. Military, Inc.: Inside Pakistan’s Military Economy. London: Pluto Press, 2007.
Simons, Thomas W., Jr. Islam in a Globalizing World. Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2003.
Simpson, William. The Prince: The Secret Story of the World’s Most Intriguing Royal, Prince Bandar bin Sultan. New York: Regan Books, 2006.
Singh, Jaswant. A Call to Honour: In Service of Emergent India. New Delhi: Rupa and Co., 2006.
Smith, Gen. Sir Rupert. The Utility of Force: The Art of War in the Modern World. London: Allen Lane, 2005.
Suskind, Ron. The One Percent Doctrine: Deep Inside America’s Pursuit of Its Enemies Since 9 /11. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006.
Tenet, George. At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA. London: HarperPress, 2007.
Thompson, Paul. The Terror Timeline: Year by Year, Day by Day, Minute by Minute. New York: Regan Books, 2004.
Traub, James. The Best Intentions: Kofi Annan and the UN in the Era of American World Power. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2006.
Unger, Craig. House of Bush, House of Saud: The Secret Relationship Between the World’s Two Most Powerful Dynasties. London: Gibson Square Books, 2004.
Warde, Ibrahim. The Price of Fear: The Truth Behind the Financial War on Terror. London: I. B. Tauris, 2007.
Whitlock, Monica. Land Beyond the River: The Untold Story of Central Asia. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2002.
Williams, Paul L. Osama’s Revenge: The Next 9/11. New Delhi: Viva Books, 2005.
Woodward, Bob. Bush at War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002.
———. Plan of Attack. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004.
———. State of Denial: Bush at War, Part III. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006.
Wright, Lawrence. The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9 /11. New York: Knopf, 2006.
Zahab, Mariam Abou, and Olivier Roy. Islamist Networks: The Afghan-Pakistan Connection. London: Hurst and Co., 2004.
Reports
The 9 /11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. New York: W. W. Norton, 2004.
Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Strategic Communication. Department of Defense. Washington, D.C., September 2004.
Reports from the International Crisis Group, the United Nations, the UN Office on Drugs and Crime, the United States Institute of Peace, the Brookings Institution, the Council on Foreign Relations.
Securing Tyrants or Fostering Reform? U.S. Internal Security Assistance to Repressive and Transitioning Regimes. RAND Corporation. Washington, D.C., 2006.
Media
Pakistani newspapers: Daily Times, Dawn, The Nation, The News, The Post
Pakistani magazines: Friday Times, Herald, Newsline
International publications: The Daily Telegraph, Der Spiegel (English edition), Financial Times, The Guardian, International Herald Tribune, Le Monde, Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, The Times (London), The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post.
Press agencies: Agence France-Presse, Associated Press, Reuters.
Radio and television: BBC, Radio Free Liberty, Voice of America.
Map Sources
Maps are by Jeffrey L. Ward, drawing on the following sources:
“Countries and Cities of Central Asia” (pp. xvi-xvii), after John Manley et al., report of the Independent Panel on Canada’s Future Role in Afghanistan, Canada: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 2008, p. 44; Ann Peters, ed., Peters Atlas of the World, New York: Harper & Row, 1990.
“Ethnic Distribution Within Pakistan and Afghanistan” (p. xviii), after Anthony H. Cordesman, “The Afghan-Pakistan War: A Status Report,” Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2007; “An Ethnic Patchwork,” The Washington Post, 2008, based on CIA, www.achrweb.org; Manley, report of the Independent Panel on Canada’s Future Role in Afghanistan, p. 41.
“Afghan Provinces and Federally Administered Tribal Areas” (p. xix), after Kamran Bokhari, “The Jihadist Insurgency in Pakistan,” Stratfor Strategic Forecasting, 2008; Manley, report of the Independent Panel on Canada’s Future Role in Afghanistan, p. 42.
“NATO Deployment and Provincial Reconstruction Team Locations in Afghanistan, 2007” (p. xx) after International Institute for Strategic Studies, “Strategic Survey 2007: The Annual Review of World Affairs,” Routledge, p. xiv; Manley, report of the Independent Panel on Canada’s Future Role in Afghanistan, p. 43.
“Opium Poppy Cultivation in Afghanistan, 2007” (p. xxi), after International Institute for Strategic Studies, “Strategic Survey 2007: The Annual Review of World Affairs,” Routledge, p. xv.
“Military Offensives Launched by the Taliban in Pakistan and Afghanistan, 2007-2008” (p. xxii), after Seth E. Jones, “Pakistan’s Dangerous Game,” Survival 49:1 (2007), p. 20; Ashley
J. Tellis, Pakistan and the War on Terror, Carnegie Endowment, 2008, p. 8.
INDEX
Abdali, Ahmad Shah
Abdullah, Abdullah
Abdul Rehman, king of Afghanistan
Abe, Shinzo
Abizaid, John
Abu Ghraib prison
“accelerated success,”
Afghan Assistance Coordination Authority (AACA)
Afghanistan-
agriculture of
army of-
banking system of
borders -
British relations with -
budget of
George W. Bush’s policies on -
business sector in
census of ()
civil war in
communist regime of
Constitutional Commission for
Constitutional Loya Jirga (CLJ) of-
constitution of ()
constitution of ()
constitution of ()
corruption in
crime rate in
currency of
customs revenue for
Defense Ministry of
democracy in
drought in
economy of
education in
electricity supplies of
European relations of
as “failed state,”
famine in
Finance Ministry of
foreign aid to -
foreign investment in
foreign trade of
geography of
Afghanistan (cont.)
government of -
gross domestic product (GNP) of
health care in
heroin production in
history of
human rights abuses in-
income levels in
India’s relations with
infrastructure of
intelligence services of
interim government of
Interior Ministry of
international involvement in
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in
Iranian relations of
Iraq compared with
irrigation in
Islamic fundamentalism in