The Second Shift: Working Families and the Revolution at Home

by Arlie Hochschild, Anne Machung

  I asked them if they wanted to talk about the problem in their marriage. They said they did; it might help. What was the problem? The problem was not their child. They were profoundly pleased with their exuberant, bright, winsome, curly-headed daughter and wanted another child just like her. For different reasons, both were unhappy in their present jobs, but neither lived for career, anyway. They never fretted or quarreled about money, and neither one spent much. (“Barbara will call from the store and ask me whether she should buy a blouse, and I’ll tell her, sure, but why are you asking?”) Many of the usual causes of trouble didn’t bother the Livingstons.

  They said the problem was partly that they lacked time together. Softhearted people, they opened their home to dozens of kin and friends in need. Barbara’s father stayed with them for six months when Barbara was pregnant with Cary, gradually gaining weight and getting off the bottle. Shortly after that, they invited Barbara’s mentally retarded cousin to live with them. On a regular basis two or three nights a week, they invite friends or out-of-town colleagues to dinner.

  In addition to the continual rounds of hospitality, they heaped loving attention on Cary, and this, too, effectively prevented them from talking to each other. As Barbara explained: “We were in a bad habit for a while. One of us would lie down with Cary and then fall asleep. Whoever was awake would drag the other to bed half-dozing. Now we’re trying to get Cary to sleep earlier so we can have some time together. But it’s a slow process, and scary, because we got so far apart.”

  They both recognized a pattern of avoidance. But what were they avoiding? Barbara said: “I’ll say something critical. He’ll withdraw. We’re afraid that we won’t know what to say to each other, and we’ll have to face some things. I felt that he was holding things back from me. But he wasn’t. He’s just like that. And in my hurt, I developed a shell that just got thicker and thicker. I lost touch with what makes me happy. I just knew something was wrong.”

  I asked John, “How much do you feel the problems you’ve had communicating and feeling close with Barbara are related to having two careers and a family?” He answered:

  It probably all stems from that. The problem started with Cary being born. The sex part of our relationship diminished a lot after Cary was born, mostly on my part. It was nil for a long time. Maybe I was jealous of Cary, because for the six years Barbara and I were married before the baby, I was the most important person to her. Maybe I just depended on Barbara too much and then when she had to share herself with Cary, the problem started.

  When Cary was four months old, Barbara went back to fulltime work at her old job, and Consuela came from eight-fifteen until six o’clock. At this point, John got some time with Cary but not under the relaxed condition he would have liked. And now the pressures on Barbara had slowly escalated as well. As John put it:

  I don’t know if I resented it, but for several months while Barbara was working those long hours I would come home and spend most of the night with Cary, which was okay. But I resented Barbara not being there because I wanted a few minutes to myself. Then I felt that Cary was being cheated by her not being here. And I wanted Barbara to spend more time with me. I think I withdrew, then. I didn’t want to complain, to make her feel guilty about working long hours.

  Sometimes when I get angry I don’t talk. And when I don’t talk, that makes her mad. It led to our not communicating.

  John had found in Barbara the one person who could communicate with him in a way that his mother and father never had, and now depended on her for that. When Cary was born, Barbara focused on the baby. John focused on Barbara, feeling excluded, hurt, and angry.

  At the same time, John felt these weren’t the “right” feelings: he wanted to have as much paternal feelings toward Cary as Barbara had maternal ones. But perhaps because Barbara unconsciously crowded him out, perhaps because he didn’t know how to feel paternal, that’s not how it worked out. On the surface, the idea was “we are equally involved in parenting Cary.” But in reality, it didn’t feel that way. Given John’s belief that his wife’s career should be as important to her as his career was to him, John felt too guilty to complain about her long hours. In the face of this conflict, he withdrew and began working longer hours at his own job:

  The first year after Cary was born, I worked sixty, seventy hours a week. If I walked out [of the office] before seven o’clock, I’d get dirty looks. I really got involved in advertising for our products. The first year they said I was the greatest thing. Blah blah blah. Don’t let us down. Blah blah blah. I felt insecure; I wanted to please them. But I also felt this anger building inside me, like I could have been spending more time with Cary.

  My bosses were jerks, workaholic lawyers. I wasn’t an attorney, and to them you were nothing if you weren’t an attorney. When the market for our plastics declined, they completely lost interest in me. Later, when I quit, they hired two people to replace me.

  Both my bosses had babies Cary’s age. Their wives had part-time interests. One was a potter. The other sold Mary Kay products. After seven o’clock each night, each wife would start telephoning the office. One guy was devastated for months because he had a girl instead of a boy. What a jerk!

  Finally, John quit his job and was quickly hired by another company, where once again his work situation was difficult: “There are three vice presidents. None of them trust me, because I’m not Japanese. I’m getting nasty telexes from my boss in Tokyo asking ‘Where’s this?’ and ‘Where’s that?’ Then my boss in Los Angeles is talking to the people who work under me about my Tokyo boss’s complaints.”

  Feeling abandoned at home and criticized at work, John began to suffer anxiety attacks. As he described:

  The first attack I had was at work. I was on my way out of the office to go to lunch and all of a sudden I just got dizzy and passed out. When I woke I was on the floor. I thought I’d had a heart attack. From then on, it happened just about every day, for almost a year. My hyperventilation starts when I wake up in the morning. It happens when I’m getting up, taking a shower, getting dressed. Sometimes I sit down for an hour before I can leave, because I’m hyperventilating. It hasn’t happened for a number of months. But like yesterday morning, I just sat here for twenty minutes. I was on my way out the door, ready to go, but I felt the anxiety building up. I shake. I can’t breathe. I just thought, “No, I can’t drive.”

  For his anxiety, his doctor prescribed Xanax, but now John had gradually become dependent on it: “They do control my anxiety, but they’re downers. They make me lose sexual interest. I used to take about two a day. I wanted to get off them; every time I’d call for a refill I’d hope they’d say no. I’m still taking them, but not nearly as often.”

  Desperate for a nonchemical solution to his anxiety, John went to a biofeedback institute, where his instructor told him he was suffering from “male menopause.” But John was doubtful: “I don’t think that was it. I felt my anxiety had more to do with my home life and my work. I didn’t go back.”

  Never in his life had he so needed someone to talk to and never had it seemed so hard. Barbara was trying her level best to take care of Cary and her job; beyond that she felt trapped in the heavy silence between them.

  In the eighteenth century, young parents like John and Barbara might have been faced with a bad crop of corn, a fire in the barn, a child’s colic. And one might have suffered a “nervous disorder,” said to be caused by diet and damp weather. Each might have found it hard to communicate. Each might have felt alone. But they wouldn’t have dreamed of divorce.

  As a late-twentieth-century couple, the Livingstons required of their marriage a higher standard of human happiness. A marriage without talk or sex is, by modern measure, a marriage that need not be. The question of divorce was haunting Barbara and John when they thought of seeing a counselor.

  The counselor suggested that they ask the mentally retarded cousin to leave the house, that they put Cary to bed earlier, that John wean himself from the
Xanax, and that they both give more time to their marriage. But where would the time come from? The first shift, or the second? John thought this:

  I think Barbara should consider a part-time job, or—yes, quitting. I know she enjoys working. I don’t know if she wants to be home. Maybe I’m placing too much of a burden on her to ask her to quit. I’d be willing to stay home. It’s not necessary that she be here, just that one of us be here to spend more time with Cary. I think deep down Barbara would like not to have to work so much. But she won’t admit that. I guess we don’t know what she wants to do.

  I asked him, “You’d be willing to quit your job?”

  Yes, it seems less natural for me, but if Barbara decided she wanted to work full time, and if we could arrange it financially, I’d quit my job and stay home with Cary, and if we have another child, stay home with both of them. It would take a little time to adjust, but I could do it. I think I would need to have some interest, some part-time work and make some financial contribution too, as little as it might be.

  John said he wanted Barbara to quit because of Cary. But it was he, not Cary, who was feeling deprived.

  I asked Barbara if she would be willing to quit her job to stay home with Cary. She looked vague. “I don’t know. I can’t feel my feelings.” When she gave her reasons for working, she mentioned such things as “wanting to be able to spend twenty dollars for lunch with friends rather than three dollars for a sandwich at Bill’s.” The work itself, she went on to explain, was a little boring just now. Then, dissatisfied with her answer, she repeated, “I don’t know what I’m feeling.”

  Barbara and John’s family myth had been: Barbara can’t stop to talk to John because she’s a busy working mother. The counselor had begun to show them that Barbara’s perpetual motion had also become a way to avoid conflict with John. Now she didn’t dare stop.

  This fear of conflict struck me during a certain episode that occurred in the kitchen one evening I was with them. John was preparing a delicious baked chicken from his own recipe. Barbara was sitting at the kitchen table, teaching Cary Spanish names for the parts of the body. (“Where are your manos? Where is your cabeza? Where are your ojos?”) Consuela spoke little English, and Barbara was trying to create some consistency. They had invited Ann, an acquaintance in town on business from Kansas, to dinner. Ann turned out to be a dog fancier (“rather have a dog than a child”) who was two weeks past the signing of her divorce. Daisy, meanwhile, had been banished to the cellar, where she was silently cutting teeth on Cary’s old dolls. Occasionally looking toward the cellar door, the guest held a polite smile while Cary tied a chair to the garbage can with a long rope. I was also a guest that evening, talking for the moment with Cary.

  Barbara asked me if I’d read the book How to Be a Better Parent. I said I hadn’t. In what little time she and John had available, she was eager that they learn how to be the best parents they could. In particular, she’d noticed that she was more often the disciplinarian, John more often the “softy.” One thing they already did well was parenting; feeling confident, perhaps, that they could build on that strength, she said to John: “You’ll want to read How to Be a Better Parent. It’s really good. We need to work on being more consistent.” John looked doubtful. She remarked about another parenting book, which he had liked. “It was okay,” John replied. She urged him a bit more to read Better Parent. Feeling pressed at work, and perhaps accused of being not quite up to snuff in the one area of life he did feel good about, John turned on her. “Do they have lessons on how to be a bitch?” There was a long, painful silence. “I didn’t mean that,” he said softly, “I really didn’t.” “There’s truth in sarcasm,” Barbara replied. They saw no way to undo the harm and, with the two visitors, the embarrassment. Almost against their will, the marital machine had punched out regrettable words that could not be taken back. Finally, the child improvised a new rope game with the guest, amused us all, and the rest of the dinner was fine.

  The last I’d heard, the owner had moved Barbara’s beauty salon to Stockton, adding a two-hour commute to her workday. Yet, reporting this news, Barbara was curiously relaxed. “So, it will be a long drive,” she said. John philosophically added, “We’ll have to see what the counselor says.”

  Two months later, they invited me to dinner again. I said I’d bring dessert. John answered the door. “Nothing’s changed,” he said right away. “We had twelve for dinner two nights ago. And three friends of Barbara’s from New York have been staying overnight.” One friend who was moving to San Jose placed an ad in the newspaper for an apartment, listing their home phone number, so the phone rang day and night. I asked if they didn’t feel imposed on. “No,” John said. “We’re happy doing it.” Their openheartedness to others, their sociability, their love of commotion was continuing, as John thought it probably always would. “When Cary grows up, I hope she invites friends over.”

  But despite what John said, something had changed. They had not created more time for themselves; they were beginning to fear it less. I noticed that the house looked more fixed up and settled in. For the first time, John mentioned the idea of a vacation without Cary. On an afterthought, Barbara had decided to keep the dog. Still for the most part the dog was in the yard or basement—set aside, like the marriage. But now they wanted to keep her and she was allowed to frolic excitedly in the kitchen with Cary for a while and urged to calm down before she was sent outside.

  Barbara voiced the feeling that, as the grand arranger of the second shift and primary parent to Cary, sometimes she felt like John’s mother. Their counselors had assigned John the task of trying to feel and act more like Barbara’s father. Before he died, John’s father had not put his hand on John’s shoulder, had not talked to John about things on his mind. Since John’s mother had been uncommunicative as well, there was little in John’s childhood he could draw on for this task. But he had a hopeful, exuberant manner as he described trying to feel and act fatherly toward Barbara. It was fun to try. And if Barbara wanted him to, he was pleased to try his very best. It was an “exercise” the counselors had given them, a little embarrassing, but already Barbara looked pleased.

  Compared to the time of Barbara’s grandmother, Barbara and John lived in an era in which the demands on marriage had increased, expectations of it had risen, and support for it declined. At the very least, one long-range solution for modern marriage probably lies in reducing demands and boosting support. In the meantime, I asked Barbara what advice she would pass on to younger couples. As one who had looked over the brink and returned, she said with feeling, “See a good counselor and work on it.”

  CHAPTER

  12

  Sharing Showdown and Natural Drift: Pathways to the New Man

  EIGHT out of ten of the men in my study of two-job couples had one thing in common. Like Evan Holt, Peter Tanagawa, Seth Stein, and Ray Judson, they didn’t share the care of the home and children. This introduced extra work for their wives and often tension in their marriages. The two men I describe here believe in sharing, and take care of their children as a “primary parent” does. Their starting points differ drastically, as do their means of arrival, but the influence on their marriage and children is the same.

  Michael Sherman

  As the only son of an immigrant who began work at the age of twelve and rose to the top of the scrap-metal business in New Jersey, Michael Sherman became the repository of all his father’s ambition. The reading of Michael’s school report cards was a family event, while the cards of his two older sisters received little notice. From kindergarten through high school, he was always first in his class. Now, as a man of thirty, he recalls still with a touch of bitterness how his father would dangle him on his lap, showing him off to admiring old men, and between report cards lose interest in him.

  He grew up, therefore, more in the company of his mother, his two older sisters, and a maid. When Michael was eighteen and left for college, his father suffered a nervous breakdown so serious that h
e never recovered. Having been alternately idolized and neglected as a child, Michael early vowed that he would never treat his own children as his father had treated him. But, he told me, he initially expected his marriage to Adrienne to be like his father’s marriage to his mother: he would get the “A’s” at work, she would raise a lovely family.

  He wanted Adrienne to be well educated and, in the phrase circulating in his parents’ circle, a “brilliant mother.” Unlike his own mother, though, she “might also work.” When Michael was courting Adrienne, he made it clear: “It’s fine if you work, but my career will come first.” He planned a career in microbiology.

  Adrienne had been the adored only daughter of older parents. Her father had walked her into the parlor after dinner—past the dinner dishes—to read together from the encyclopedia. A gifted student, she had intended to have “some sort” of career, perhaps as an anthropologist. Previous boyfriends had shown polite admiration for this plan; but by comparison, Michael seemed genuinely interested in it. His views were more traditional than hers, but he seemed more flexible than other men she’d met. She agreed to put his career first. He agreed she should have some sort of career, and they married.

  Three years later, when he was finishing his last year of graduate school, Michael applied for postdoctoral positions, was accepted everywhere, and chose one at Duke University. Adrienne quit her studies at New York University and applied to the Ph.D. program in anthropology at Duke, and to two other programs. She was turned down by all three. So she arrived in Durham as Michael’s wife, the rejected doctoral candidate. In New York, where she had done two years of graduate work already, she had been praised as an outstanding student in her department. Her mentor had invited her to lunch to discuss her work. She had close friends and colleagues. Now she sat alone every day in the library staring blankly at a cold stack of books, so miserable she could hardly read.