and repercussions of second shift, 8
Holt, Nancy
and career strategies, 194
and changes in the workplace, 250
and comparison groups, 51-57
and cultural pressures, 52, 57, 64, 240
daily routines, 34-38
and divorce, 209-10
and economic logic of gender roles, 223
and family myths, 19, 127
and feminism, 47-48, 54, 58, 59, 75
and gender ideology, 16, 40-42, 58, 190
and gender strategies, xxiv, 192, 198
and generational changes, 235, 256-57
and housework, 38-44, 44-51, 103, 109, 188, 252
and marital tensions, 11, 57-60, 201, 207, 246-47
and resentment, 253
and supermom strategy, 32-33
and upstairs-downstairs myth, 44-46, 48, 54-55, 58-59, 75, 102, 112, 203
and workplace pressures, 249
Home Economics Movement, 241
Horner, Matina, 249
household incomes, 25
housekeepers
and cultural pressures, 25
and the Delacortes, 66
and gender strategies, 196-97
and the Myersons, 104
and the Shermans, 178-79
and the Steins, 116-17, 121-23
and supermom stereotype, 1
and women’s careers, 82, 83
housekeeping standards, 26
housewives, 4, 77-78, 221-22, 239-40, 249
housework. See also second shift
and the Alstons, 148-49, 195, 213
and conflicting pressures, 105-6
direct approaches to, 192-93
and divorce, 207-12
and gender equity, 13, 48-49
and gender roles, 26-27
and the Holts, 38-44, 44-51, 103, 109, 252
and the Livingstons, 162-63, 214
men’s participation in, xvi-xvii, 7-9, 289n6 (see also specific individuals)
research on, 271-78
time spent on, xvi, xxiv, 3-4, 9
and traditionalism, 72
and the Winfields, 183
and women’s careers, 87
housing costs, 12
Huber, Joan, 210-11
Huffington Post, 263
Hughes, Gwendolyn, 251
illness
and career pressures, 167-68
and fatigue, 84, 193
and gender strategies, 73-74
and sleep deprivation, 263
ulcers, 132
income. See wages and income
incompetence strategy, 72-73, 73-76, 193, 199, 205
industrial economy, 11-12, 235-39, 259
Italy, 259-60
Japan, 260
Judson, Anita
career of, 235, 237
and changes in the workplace, 250
divorce, 130, 133-34, 141-42, 261
and economic pressures, 189
family life described, 129-32
and gender strategies, 132-42, 195, 257
and generational changes, 235
and marital tensions, 11
and second shift work, 188
separation, 208
Judson, Eric, 129, 130, 261
Judson, Ray
and changes in the workplace, 250
divorce, 130, 133-34, 141-42, 261
and economic pressures, 189
and family background, 190-91
family life described, 129-32, 134-40
and gender strategies, 142, 198
and housework sharing, 173, 215
and marital tensions, 11, 203
and second shift work, 188
separation, 208
work day described, 137-38
Judson, Ruby, 129, 133, 139, 261
Juster, F. T., 21
Kaplan, Elaine, 4, 24
Karasak, Robert, 138
Kessler, Ronald, 208
Kuttner, Bob, 222-23
Lasch, Christopher, 250-51
latch-key children, 227
leisure time
and divorce rates, 4
and economic logic of gender roles, 217
and family myths, 20
and gender differences in the workplace, 138-39
and hobbies, 99-104, 105, 147, 197, 214-15
and the Holts, 38, 49-50, 55, 56, 197, 214-15
and housework sharing, 217
leisure gap, 265-66
and the Steins, 118-19, 123
and support for women, 247
and wage gaps, 130, 277-78
lesbian couples, 5, 52
Levinger, George, 211
Livingston, Barbara
and child care, 160-61, 164-72
family life described, 160-64
and gender ideology, 191
marriage counseling, 208
separation, 261
and supermom strategy, 162, 194
Livingston, Cary, 160-64, 164-72, 191, 228, 261
Livingston, John
and child care, 160-61, 164-72, 227, 228
and economic logic of gender roles, 163, 217
family life described, 160-64
and gender ideology, 191
and gender strategies, 197
and housework sharing, 162-63, 214
marriage counseling, 208 separation, 261
Machung, Anne, 4, 19, 255, 258
MacIntyre, Duncan, 23
maids. See housekeepers
manhood ideology. See also gender ideologies
and career environment, 113
and child-care standards, 225
and class issues, 189
and cultural change, 250, 252
and gender ideology, 15
and gender strategies, 157-58
and the Holts, 45, 54
and household participation, 12
and the Judsons, 140
and money, 130-31, 237
and nurturance, 119
and the Shermans, 180
and the Steins, 125
and the Tanagawas, 78, 85
and third stage of fatherhood, 186-87
marital tensions, 11, 164-72, 201-12. See also divorce
Marx, Karl, 237
matriarchal families, 23-24
McRae, James, 208
Megatrends (Naisbitt), 261
men, 213-34. See also specific individuals
child care done by, 9, 215, 219-21, 224-25, 225-28, 231-34, 254, 2244
and class issues, 62-63
comparisons between, 51-57
and control of their own time, 9, 281n1
cooperation strategies of, 43, 49-50, 98
and decline of domestic culture, 242-43
earnings of, xxiv, 215-17, 217-24, 237, 244-45, 247-49, 277-78
and economic development in US, 11-12
fathers and upbringing of, 213-15
and gender ideologies, 15-17
and history of American fatherhood, 185-87
housework done by, xvi-xvii, 7-9, 289n6 (see also specific individuals)
minority, 63
needs-reduction strategy of, 199, 252
and “new man,” 29, 30-32, 181, 186
resentment toward, from wives, 253
resistance strategies of, 199, 252
“substitute offerings” of, 49, 199
token chores of, 49
young, 256-58
Milkie, Melissa, 265-66
Mixed Blessings (Cowen), 125
MomsRising, 268
Mothers in Industry (Hughes), 251
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 23, 24
Myerson, Ann
and career pressures, 106-10, 194
and child care, 156, 227
and class issues, 241, 242
and conflicts over housework, 105-6, 147
and cultural pressures, 239-40
and devaluation of time, 253-54
and economic logic of gender roles, 217
family life descr
ibed, 96-99
and family myth, 99-104
and gender ideology, 188-89, 191
and gender strategies, 200, 253
and leisure gap, 197
and marital tensions, 203
as “new peasantry,” 242
and workplace pressures, 96-99
Myerson, Elizabeth, 97, 100, 102-4, 108-9
Myerson, Nora, 97, 100
Myerson, Robert
and divorce, 203
and family myth, 99-104
and gender ideology, 188-89, 190, 191
and housework sharing, 105-6, 147
and leisure time, 197
and marital tensions, 195
and second shift work, 188
and value of career, 106-8
and weekly routines, 97-98
Naisbitt, John, 261
Nash, John, 187
National Academy of Sciences, 232
National Children’s Survey, 244
National Telework Week, 268
The Negro Family: The Case for National Action (report), 23
Netherlands, 268
“new man,” 29, 30-32, 181, 186
New York Times Magazine, 22-23, 227
Norway, 260, 267
O’Malley, Tom, 209-10
parenting. See also children and child care; fatherhood
and the Alstons, 148-52
emotional support strategy, 79
and gender roles, 8
and gender strategies, 155, 195-96
and the Myersons, 102
single parenthood, 133, 230, 248-49
and the Steins, 117
and step parents, 184-85
and workplace pressures, 178-80
part-time employment, 2, 266
Pasquera, Beatrice, 242
paternity leave, 261
patriarchal families, 205-7, 246, 252
peasantry, 238n, 241
personnel policies, 91-95
Pillsbury, Susan, 193
Pleck, Joseph, 208, 221-22
Radin, Norma, 232-33
Raley, Sara, 265-66
Reagan, Nancy, 66
Redesigning the American Dream (Hayden), 12, 260
The Remembered Gate (Berg), 243
The Reproduction of Mothering (Chodorow), 155-57
Robinson, J. P., 139
Sagi, Abraham, 233
salaries. See wages and income
Sanchez, Consuela, 241
second shift. See also entries for specific activities such as housework.
and changing roles, 192-93
and child care, 159, 195-96
and cutting back at work, 194-95
and cutting back on domestic responsibilities, 195-96
described, 4
and divorce, 207-12
extra workload of, 4, 7-10, 14, 20-21, 22, 30, 246, 248, 254, 265, 270, 272
and gender ideologies, 41-42, 154, 190-92
and gender roles, 104
hired help for, 196-97 (see also baby-sitters and day-care workers; housekeepers)
and housework sharing, 175
impact on men, 7-8
men’s participation in (see specific individuals)
origin of term, 7
personal meanings of, 188
research on, 3, 271-78
and supermom strategies, 33
women’s strategies for, 192-97
self-care children, 227, 260
self-esteem, 4, 41, 42
separations, 44, 139-40
service sector jobs, 216, 237, 250
Sex and the Single Girl (Brown), 26
sex life
and children, 165-66
and the Delacortes, 67
and the Holts, 43-44, 46, 50, 189
and indirect strategies, 193
and the Steins, 124-25, 189
Shaevitz, Marjorie Hansen, 27-28
Shaevitz, Mort, 27-28
Sherman, Adrienne, 174-81
and child care, 156
and cultural pressures, 240
and direct approaches, 192
and divorce, 205-6
and economic pressures, 218
and generational changes, 257
and negotiation of housework, 252
retirement, 261
Sherman, Michael
and career tensions, 205-6
and child care, 156-57, 228
and economic logic of gender roles, 217, 218, 223
and fatherhood, 181, 186, 187, 224-25
and gender strategies, 197
and housework sharing, 7, 173-81, 213, 214, 215
retirement, 261
and second shift work, 189
Sims, Dan, 20
Sims, Dorothy, 19-20, 21
Sims, Timothy, 20
single parenthood, 133, 230, 248-49
sleep deprivation, 10, 20, 162, 263-64, 279n2
social class. See class, social
Soviet Union, 24-25, 208, 259
Spitze, Glenna, 210-11
Staines, Graham, 208
Stein, Jessica
and children’s behaviors, 123-24
and class issues, 241
and cultural pressures, 240
and domestic help, 116-17, 121-23
and economic pressures, 189
family life described, 111-16
and gender strategies, 124-28
and gratitude, 118-19, 128
and marital tensions, 11, 201, 202, 208
and nurturance, 119-20
Stein, Seth
and child care, 123-24, 156, 254
and class issues, 241
and domestic help, 116-17, 121-23
and economic pressures, 189
family life described, 111-15
and gender ideology, 130, 190
and gender strategies, 124-27
and gratitude, 118-19, 128
and housework sharing, 173, 213
and marital tensions, 11, 201, 202, 208
and nurturance, 119-20
sacrifices of, 180
and second shift work, 189
and workplace pressures, 180
Stein, Victor, 112, 114, 116-17, 119-24, 255
Stein, Walter, 114, 120, 123-24, 255
Steinem, Gloria, 66, 68-69
stress, 138-39, 167-68, 216, 263
superdad(s), 17, 162, 197
superkid(s), 226-27
supermom(s)
and black women, 24
and Carol Alston, 147
and child-care standards, 225-26
critiques of, 29-30
and cultural images, 22-33, 32-33
and division of labor, 94
emotional cost of, 59-60
as gender strategy, 194
image, 22-23
language of, 55
and the Livingstons, 162, 194
motivations for, 13
parodies of, 29-30
and role models, 22
and social changes, 251-52
and Soviet women, 24-25
stereotype image of, 1
and women’s careers, 99
The Superwoman Syndrome (Shaevitz), 27-28, 29
Sweden, 208, 268
Szalai, Alexander, 3, 4
Tanagawa, Alexandra, 79-82, 84, 87-88, 90-91
Tanagawa, Diane, 79-80, 81
Tanagawa, Nina
career of, 81-88, 91-95, 144, 249
and changes in the workplace, 250
and concerns with children, 90-91
and cultural pressures, 240
and divorce, 88-90, 203
and economic logic of gender roles, 218
family life described, 77-78
and family myths, 81, 127-28
and gender strategies, 78-81, 147, 194, 199, 200
and generational changes, 235
and housework sharing, 109, 188
illnesses, 84, 193
Tanagawa, Nina (cont.)
and indirect approaches, 193
and leisure ga
p, 197
and marital pressures, 246-47
Tanagawa, Peter
and changes in the workplace, 250
and concerns with children, 90-91
and cultural change, 250
and divorce, 88-90, 203
earnings, 130
and economic logic of gender roles, 218
family life described, 77-78
and family myths, 81, 127-28
and gender ideology, 190
and gender strategies, 78-81, 112, 125, 147, 198-200, 252
and gratitude, 84-86, 118
and housework sharing, 103, 147, 154, 173, 215
sacrifices of, 180
and second shift work, 188
and workplace pressures, 81-88, 93-95
Thoits, Peggy, 4
traditional gender ideology
and the Alstons, 154-55
and comparison groups, 52
and the Delacortes, 61-71, 71-73, 73-76, 193, 199, 205
described, 15-17
and the domestic heritage, 243
and gender strategies, 188
and high-earning women, 216
and the Judsons, 140
and marital tensions, 201, 204-5
and the Myersons, 102
and patriarchal families, 205-7
transitional gender ideology
described, 15-17
and the domestic tradition, 243
and the Holts, 58
and the Judsons, 132, 140
and male share of housekeeping, 75, 276, 282-83n1
and marital tensions, 201, 204
repercussions of, 8
and the Tanagawas, 77, 83
and women’s careers, 83, 94
Trudeau, Gary, 200
True magazine, 239
unemployment and underemployment among African Americans, 23-24
and family relationships, 266
and the Holts, 42
of men, 219-20, 223, 227
and race issues, 251
UNESCO, 266-67
unmarried couples, 5, 52
urbanization, 235-39
US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 141
Vanek, Joan, 25
wages and income. See also economic pressures
and the Alstons, 145
and changes in the workplace, 237, 250
and cultural pressures, 23
and economic logic of gender roles, 217-24, 219-21
and family myths, 127-28
and gender ideologies, 85-86
and gender strategies, 135
and housework sharing, 215-17
and income disparity, 14, 23, 130,
179, 243-47, 248
and the Judsons, 130
and leisure gap, 277-78
limits of economic logic, 217-24
and women’s careers, 85-87
“A Week Like Any Other”
(Baranskaya), 24-25
Welter, Barbara, 236-37
Western Europe, 3
Whipple, Thomas, 26
Williams, Joan, 141
Wilson, Katherine, 229-30
Winfield, Adam, 181, 228, 234, 255
Winfield, Art
and child care, 156-57, 181-85
and economic logic of gender roles, 218, 222, 223
and fatherhood, 181-85, 186, 187
and gender strategies, 197, 199
and housework sharing, 7, 213, 214, 215
The Second Shift: Working Families and the Revolution at Home Page 34