The Imagineers of War
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What role suspicions of espionage actually played in Godel’s ouster remains mired in secret records that as of today the FBI and CIA have been unwilling to divulge, despite long-standing Freedom of Information Act requests. Those records, if eventually released, may ultimately have little bearing on DARPA’s place in history, but they would help shed light on Godel’s downfall and bring closure to his family. For those who have never entered the Kafkaesque world of public access to government records, it is difficult to articulate the immense frustration one feels trying to access documents that the government wants to withhold, or the incredible satisfaction that comes from obtaining them. Sometimes the importance of obtaining records is more sentimental than substantive.
Shortly before her father’s death, Godel’s oldest daughter, Kathleen Godel-Gengenbach, was able to obtain at least one document related to her father’s personal history: his original birth certificate, which had been sealed and bore his birth name, Hermann Adolph Buhl. She gave the birth certificate to her father shortly before he died.
“He cried,” she wrote.
ARCHIVES
Army War College, U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania
Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Abilene, Kansas
George H. Lawrence personal collection
George H. W. Bush Presidential Library, College Station, Texas
Gerald Ford Presidential Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Herbert F. York Papers, Mandeville Special Collections Library, University of California, San Diego
Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford, California
Ithiel de Sola Pool Papers, MC440, MIT Archives, Cambridge, Massachusetts
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, Boston, Massachusetts
National Archives and Records Administration, Atlanta, Georgia
National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland
National Archives and Records Administration, St. Louis, Missouri
National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.
Research Group in Psychology and the Social Sciences Records, 1957–1963 (Record Unit 179), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Stephen J. Lukasik personal collection
Thomas Thayer Collection, U.S. Army Center of Military History, Washington, D.C.
William Nierenberg, Mandeville Special Collections Library, University of Southern California, San Diego
INTERVIEWS
Author Interviews and Correspondence (2007–2014)
Stephen J. Andriole, office director, DARPA
Rand Araskog, special assistant, DARPA
Ronald Arkin, professor, Georgia Institute of Technology
Allen Atkins, director, Aerospace Technology Office, DARPA
Natalie Atkins, executive assistant, DARPA
Charles Bates, program manager, DARPA
Robert Brodkey, program manager, DARPA
Alan Brown, director of engineering, Lockheed Martin
Harold Brown, Secretary of Defense
Eric Cartwright, program manager, DARPA
William Casebeer, program manager, DARPA
Vincent Cerf, program manager, DARPA
Ray Colladay, director, DARPA
L. Neale Cosby, consultant, DARPA
Steve Crocker, program manager, DARPA
Mary Cummings, professor, Duke University
Malcolm Currie, director of defense research and engineering, Department of Defense
Larry Davis, professor, University of Maryland
Larry Dubois, office director, DARPA
Seymour Deitchman, director of AGILE, DARPA
Gary Denman, director, DARPA
Emanuel Donchin, professor, University of South Florida
Regina Dugan, director, DARPA
Richard Dunn, chief counsel, DARPA
Carol duPont, vice president, duPont Aerospace Company
Tony duPont, president, duPont Aerospace Company
Frank Fernandez, director, DARPA
Robert Fossum, director, DARPA
John S. Foster, director of defense research and engineering, Department of Defense
Robert Frosch, deputy director, DARPA
Ken Gabriel, deputy director, DARPA
Alan Gevins, neuroscientist
Kathleen Godel-Gengenbach (correspondence only), daughter of William Godel
Michael Goldblatt, director of Defense Sciences Office, DARPA
Paul Gorman, general (retired), U.S. Army
Sean Gorman, data scientist
Richard Hallion, chief scientist, U.S. Air Force
Charles “Chuck” Heber, program manager, DARPA
George Heilmeier, director, DARPA
Charles Herzfeld, director, DARPA
Donald Hess, director of administration, DARPA
Eric Horvitz, computer scientist, Microsoft
Lee Huff, director, Behavioral Sciences Office, DARPA
Todd Huffman, Synergy Strike Force
Todd Hughes, program manager, DARPA
Michiaki Ikeda, Nagasaki atomic bomb survivor
Larry Jackel, program manager, DARPA
Robert Kahn, director, Information Processing Techniques Office, DARPA
Deepak Khosla, scientist, HRL Laboratories
Kent Kresa, director, Strategic Technology Office, DARPA
George Lawrence, program manager, DARPA
Peter Lee, director, Transformational Convergence Technology Office, DARPA
Geoffrey Ling, director, Biological Technologies Office, DARPA
Stephen J. Lukasik, director, DARPA
Christian Macedonia, program manager, DARPA
Hans Mark, director of defense research and engineering, Department of Defense
Dennis McBride, program manager, DARPA
Robert Moore, deputy director, DARPA
David Morell, program manager, DARPA
Walter Munk, professor, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
Ronald Murphy, program manager, DARPA
Charles “Chuck” Myers (correspondence only), director for air warfare, Office of the Secretary of Defense
David Neyland, office director, DARPA
Sean O’Brien, program manager, DARPA
Ward Page, program manager, DARPA
Peter P. Papadakos, executive director, Gyrodyne Helicopter Historical Foundation
Dennis Papadopoulos, professor, University of Maryland
Constantine “Jack” Pappas, naval officer
Sandy Pentland, professor, MIT
John Perry, program manager, DARPA
William Perry, Secretary of Defense
John Poindexter, director, Information Awareness Office, DARPA
Arati Prabhakar, director, DARPA
Hal Puthoff (correspondence only), scientist, SRI International
George Rathjens, deputy director, DARPA
Victor Reis, director, DARPA
Carl Romney, deputy director, DARPA (and of the Air Force Technical Applications Center)
Sven Roosild, program manager, DARPA
Jack Ruina, director, DARPA
Justin Sanchez, director, Biological Technologies Office, DARPA
Warren Stark, program manager, DARPA
Ivan Sutherland, program manager, DARPA
James Tegnelia, acting director, DARPA
Anthony J. Tether (correspondence only), director, DARPA
Jack Thorpe, program manager, DARPA
Robert Van de Castle, professor, University of Virginia
Amy Vanderbilt, program manager, DARPA
Fred Wikner, director, Office of Net Technical Assessments
Samuel V. Wilson, lieutenant general (retired), deputy assistant for Special Operations
Stuart Wolf, program manager, DARPA
Herbert York, chief scientist, DARPA
Stephen Young, program manager, DARPA
Mitch Zakin, program manager, DARPA
&
nbsp; Ken Zemach, consultant, Rapid Equipping Force
*Note: The preceding list includes only those who agreed to be interviewed on the record. I have not included specific dates, because many of those listed above were interviewed multiple times, with follow-up phone calls and frequent e-mail correspondence. I have given their title as it most closely related to their work at or with DARPA.
American Institute of Physics, College Park, Maryland
Richard Blankenbecler, May 5, 1987
Robert S. Cooper, Sept. 3, 1993
Freeman Dyson, Dec. 17, 1986
Jack Evernden, June 18, 1998
John S. Foster, Dec. 3, 15, 1968, Jan. 7, 1969
Edward A. Frieman, June 26, 1986, Dec. 4 and 5, 2006
Robert Frosch, July 10, 23, Aug. 19, Sept. 15, and Oct. 6, 1981, May 28, 1998
Charles Herzfeld, July 28, 1991
Donald Le Vine, July 29, 1991
Stephen J. Lukasik, April 21, 1987
Gordon J. F. MacDonald, March 21, 1994
Jon Peterson, Oct. 21, 1997
Eberhardt Rechtin, April 24, 1987
Carl Romney, Jan. 20 and 28, 1998
Jack Ruina, May 29, 1998, Aug. 8, 1991
Robert Sproull, July 11, 1983
Carlisle Martin Stickley, Sept. 22, 1984
Alexander J. Tachmindji, Aug. 7, 1991, March 24, 1993
Charles H. Townes, Jan. 28 and 31, 1984, May 20 and 21, 1987
Kenneth M. Watson, Feb. 10, 1986
Stuart Wolf, March 23, 2006
Herbert F. York, Sept. 24, 1980, Feb. 7, 1986, April 24, 2008
Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
Paul Baran, March 5, 1990
George Heilmeier, March 27, 1991
Charles Herzfeld, Aug. 6, 1990
J. C. R. Licklider, Oct. 28, 1988
Stephen J. Lukasik, Oct. 17, 1991
Jack Ruina, April 20, 1989
Ann Finkbeiner Interviews
Frank Fernandez, Nov. 5, 2004
Stephen J. Lukasik, June 25, 2005
Jack Ruina, Feb. 12, 2002
Herbert F. York, June 16, 2002
Alex Roland Interviews
Lynn Conway, Jan. 12 and March 7, 1994
Robert Cooper, May 12, 1994
Robert Duncan, May 12, 1994
Robert Kahn, Aug. 2, 1993, Nov. 29, 1994
Steven Squires, June 17, July 12, and Dec. 21, 1994
Interviews Commissioned by DARPA
Austin Betts, Dec. 23, 2003
Ray Colladay, Jan. 16, 2007
Robert Cooper, Feb. 23, 2007
Gary Denman, Jan. 17, 2006
Frank Fernandez, Jan. 4, 2007
Craig Fields, March 7, 2007
Robert Fossum, March 14, 2007
John S. Foster, April 20, 2007
William Godel, June 17, 1975 (conducted by Lee Huff)
George Heilmeier, Jan. 16, 2007
Charles Herzfeld, Feb. 23, 2007
Stephen J. Lukasik, Jan. 17, 2007
Larry Lynn, Dec. 8, 2006
Victor Reis, Jan. 17, 2007
Jack Ruina, Jan. 11, 2007
Robert Sproull, Dec. 7, 2006
Anthony J. Tether, May 1, 2007, Feb. 13, 2009
Herbert York, Jan. 5, 2007
*Note: The preceding interviews, with the exception of William Godel, were conducted by Williams/Gerard on behalf of DARPA.
Selected Bibliography
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Bamford, James. The Puzzle Palace: A Report on America’s Most Secret Agency. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982.
Barbree, Jay. “Live from Cape Canaveral”: Covering the Space Race, from Sputnik to Today. New York: HarperCollins, 2007.
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Belfiore, Michael P. The Department of Mad Scientists: How DARPA Is Remaking Our World, from the Internet to Artificial Limbs. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books, 2009.
Bilstein, Roger E. Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles. Washington, D.C.: Scientific and Technical Information Branch, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1980.
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Buhl, H. A. H., Jr. An Eye at the Keyhole. Unpublished manuscript (courtesy of K. Godel-Gengenbach), 1976.
Burke, David Allen. Atomic Testing in Mississippi: Project Dribble and the Quest for Nuclear Weapons Treaty Verification in the Cold War Era. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2012.
Cecil, Paul Frederick. Herbicidal Warfare: The Ranch Hand Project in Vietnam. New York: Praeger, 1986.
Chertok, B. E. Rockets and People. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA History Office, Office of External Affairs, 2005.
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Coleman, Elisheva R., Samuel A. Cohen, and Michael S. Mahoney. “Greek Fire: Nicholas Christofilos and the Astron Project in America’s Early Fusion Program.” Journal of Fusion Energy 30, no. 3 (2011): 238–56.
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Cosmas, Graham A. MACV: The Joint Command in the Years of Escalation, 1962–1967. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 2006.
D’Antonio, Michael. A Ball, a Dog, and a Monkey: 1957, the Space Race Begins. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007.
DARPA: 50 Years of Bridging the Gap. Tampa: Faircount, 2008.
Day, Dwayne A., John M. Logsdon, and Brian Latell, eds. Eye in the Sky: The Story of the Corona Spy Satellites. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998.
Deitchman, Seymour J. The Best-Laid Schemes: A Tale of Social Research and Bureaucracy. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1976.
———. “The ‘Electronic Battlefield’ in the Vietnam War.” Journal of Military History 72, no. 3 (July 2008): 869–87.
———. “A Lanchester Model of Guerrilla Warfare.” Operations Research 10, no. 6 (1962): 818–27.
Dickson, Paul. Sputnik: The Shock of the Century. New York: Walker Publishing, 2001.
Dobbs, Michael. One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War. London: Arrow, 2009.
Dyson, George. Project Orion: The True Story of the Atomic Spaceship. New York: Henry Holt, 2002.
———. Turing’s Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe. New York: Pantheon Books, 2012.
Finkbeiner, Ann K. The Jasons: The Secret History of Science’s Postwar Elite. New York: Viking, 2006.
FitzGerald, Frances. Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars, and the End of the Cold War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000.
Garreau, Joel. Radical Evolution: The Promise and Peril of Enhancing Our Minds, Our Bodies—and What It Means to B
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Gertner, Jon. The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation. New York: Penguin, 2012.
Ghamari-Tabrizi, Sharon. The Worlds of Herman Kahn: The Intuitive Science of Thermonuclear War. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005.
Gravel, Mike, Noam Chomsky, and Howard Zinn. The Pentagon Papers: The Senator Gravel Edition. Boston: Beacon, 1971.
Hafner, Katie, and Matthew Lyon. Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
Harris, Shane. The Watchers: The Rise of America’s Surveillance State. New York: Penguin, 2010.
Heppenheimer, T. A. Facing the Heat Barrier: A History of Hypersonics. Washington, D.C.: NASA, 2006.
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Herzfeld, Charles M. A Life at Full Speed: A Journey of Struggle and Discovery. Arlington, Va.: Potomac Institute Press, 2014.
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———. The Wizards of Armageddon. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983.
Karnow, Stanley. Vietnam, a History. New York: Viking, 1983.
Kempe, Frederick. Berlin 1961: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Most Dangerous Place on Earth. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 2011.
Kilcullen, David. Counterinsurgency. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Kistiakowsky, George B. A Scientist at the White House: The Private Diary of President Eisenhower’s Special Assistant for Science and Technology. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976.
Langguth, A. J. Our Vietnam: The War, 1954–1975. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000.