Imperial Requiem: Four Royal Women and the Fall of the Age of Empires
Page 74
49. Times, December 13, 1911.
50. Queen Mary to Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, December 13, 1911, in Queen Mary, Pope-Hennessy, p. 445.
51. Diary entry of King George V, December 14, 1911, GV/PRIV/GVD/AA 37/36, King George V Papers, the Royal Archives, quoted in ibid., p. 457.
52. Clay, King, Kaiser, Tsar, p. 294.
12: “The Little One Will Not Die”
1. Bogle, A Heart for Europe, p. 37.
2. Neue Freie Presse, November 20, 1912.
3. Times, June 29, 1914.
4. New York Times, May 15, 1911.
5. Wilhelm II, The Kaiser’s Memoirs, p. 142.
6. Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II (Kobo desktop version), chap. 4, para 37.
7. Daily Telegraph, October 28, 1908.
8. Westminster Gazette, October 31, 1908.
9. Carter, George, Nicholas and Wilhelm, p. 309.
10. Ibid., p. 4.
11. Ibid., p. 22.
12. Massie, Dreadnought, pp. 691–692.
13. Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II, p. 246.
14. Viktoria Luise, The Kaiser’s Daughter, p. 36.
15. Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II (Kobo desktop version), chap. 3, para. 24.
16. German Crown Prince, Memoirs, p. 99.
17. Stone, Europe Transformed, p. 138.
18. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 274.
19. Viktoria Luise, The Kaiser’s Daughter, p. 14.
20. Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II, p. 210.
21. Viktoria Luise, The Kaiser’s Daughter, p. 77.
22. Radziwill, Royal Marriage Market, p. 42.
23. German Crown Prince, Memoirs, p. 6.
24. Anonymous, The Kaiser’s Heir (London: Mills & Boon, 1914), p. 26.
25. Schwering, Berlin Court Under William II, p. 80.
26. Viktoria Luise, The Kaiser’s Daughter, pp. 53, 56.
27. Ibid., p. 66.
28. Ibid.
29. Ernest Augustus was the son of Princess Thyra of Denmark, whose father was King Christian IX. Thyra’s sisters were Queen Alexandra and Empress Marie Feodorovna. Had Hanover not been annexed in 1866, Thyra’s husband would have become king, and she would have become a reigning consort like her sisters.
30. Clay, King, Kaiser, Tsar, pp. 1–2.
31. Viktoria Luise, The Kaiser’s Daughter, p. 68.
32. Legge, King George and the Royal Family, p. 197.
33. Viktoria Luise, The Kaiser’s Daughter, p. 71.
34. Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, to Queen Mary, May 29, 1913, in Queen Mary, Pope-Hennessy, p. 479.
35. Diary entry of Empress Augusta Victoria, May 24/25, 1913, in The Kaiser’s Daughter, Viktoria Luise, p. 74.
36. Tyler-Whittle, The Last Kaiser, p. 255.
37. Farquhar, Behind the Palace Doors, p. 279.
38. Diary entry of Queen Mary, May 27, 1913, in Queen Mary, Pope-Hennessy, p. 478.
39. Queen Mary to Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, June 1, 1913, in ibid.
40. Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II, p. 254.
41. Schwering, Berlin Court Under William II, p. 110.
42. Bogle, A Heart for Europe, p. 43.
43. Gelardi, Born to Rule, pp. 121–122.
44. Lili Dehn, The Real Tsaritsa (London: Thornton Butterworth, 1922), pp. 82–83.
45. Buxhoeveden, Alexandra Feodorovna, p. 153.
46. Kurth, Tsar, p. 89.
47. Wilson and King, Resurrection of the Romanovs, p. 46.
48. Kurth, Tsar, p. 89.
49. Wilson and King, Resurrection of the Romanovs, p. 46.
50. Gelardi, Born to Rule, p. 187.
51. Rappaport, Last Days of the Romanovs, p. 82.
52. Erickson, Alexandra, p. 210.
53. Rappaport, Last Days of the Romanovs, p. 73.
54. Tsarina Alexandra to the Reverend William Boyd Carpenter, bishop of Ripon, January 24/February 7, 1913, Add. MSS 46721/244, the British Library, quoted in Born to Rule, Gelardi, p. 188.
55. Wilson and King, Resurrection of the Romanovs, p. 40.
56. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 101.
57. Rappaport, Last Days of the Romanovs, p. 76.
58. Kurth, Tsar, p. 92.
59. Wilson and King, Resurrection of the Romanovs, pp. 60–61.
60. Ibid., p. 62.
61. Anna Viroubova, Memories of the Russian Court (New York: Macmillan, 1923), p. 93.
62. C. S. Denton, Absolute Power (London: Arcturus Publishing, 2006), p. 575.
63. Erickson, Alexandra, p. 221.
64. Gelardi, Born to Rule, p. 136.
65. Denton, Absolute Power, p. 575.
66. Ibid., p. 176.
67. Vorres, Last Grand Duchess, p. 140.
68. Tsarina Alexandra to the Reverend William Boyd Carpenter, bishop of Ripon, January 24/February 7, 1913, Add. MSS 47621/244, the British Library, quoted in Born to Rule, Gelardi, p. 178.
69. Vorres, Last Grand Duchess, p. 140. Alexis is the more commonly used transliteration used in Britain of the name Alexei.
70. Alex De Jonge, The Life and Times of Grigorri Rasputin (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1982), p. 152.
71. Gelardi, Born to Rule, p. 177.
13: The Gathering Storm
1. Bogle, A Heart for Europe, p. 40.
2. Brook-Shepherd, The Last Empress, p. 26.
3. Ibid., pp. 26–27.
4. Thomas, “Empress Zita,” The Catholic Counter-Reformation, p. 2.
5. Undated memo of King George V, PS/PSO/GV/C/K/2553/1/70, King George V Papers, the Royal Archives, quoted in George, Nicholas and Wilhelm, Carter, p. 351.
6. Massie, Dreadnought, p. xxiii.
7. Van der Kiste, Queen Victoria’s Children, pp. 184–185.
8. Edwards, Matriarch, p. 238.
9. Legge, King George and the Royal Family, p. 149.
10. Ibid., p. 158.
11. Woodward, Queen Mary, p. 149.
12. Duff, Queen Mary, p. 131.
13. Van der Kiste, Queen Victoria’s Children, p. 199.
14. Röhl, Wilhelm II, p. 657.
15. Charles Kingston, Famous Morganatic Marriages (London: Stanley Paul, 1919), p. 93.
16. Schwering, Berlin Court Under William II, p. 92.
17. Radziwill, Royal Marriage Market, p. 40.
18. New York Times, May 26, 1914.
19. Bogle, A Heart for Europe, p. 44.
20. Empress Zita to Gordon Brook-Shepherd, April 23, 1968, in The Last Empress, Brook-Shepherd, p. 30.
21. Massie, Dreadnought, p. 859.
22. Queen Mary to Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, July 5, 1914, in Queen Mary, Pope-Hennessy, p. 483.
23. Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra, pp. 277–278.
24. Bogle, A Heart for Europe, p. 52.
25. Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra, p. 288.
26. Ibid., p. 289.
Part 3: The Great Tragedy (1914–18)
14: The Call to Arms
1. Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II (Kobo desktop version), chap. 7, para 50.
2. Gelardi, Born to Rule, p. 199.
3. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 273.
4. Bogle, A Heart for Europe, p. 53.
5. Queen Mary to Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, July 28, 1914, in Queen Mary, Pope-Hennessy, pp. 483–484. Servia is an out of date English word for Serbia. In some British sources, the two words are used interchangeably.
6. Carter, George, Nicholas and Wilhelm, p. 369.
7. Emperor Wilhelm II to Gottlieb von Jagow, July 30, 1914, in ibid., p. 370.
8. Pierre Gilliard, Thirteen Years at the Russian Court (London: Hutchinson, 1921), p. 105.
9. Erickson, Alexandra, p. 238.
10. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 271.
11. Wilson and King, Resurrection of the Romanovs, p. 66.
12. Gelardi, Born to Rule, p. 200.
13. Tsar Nicholas II to King George V, August 2, 1914, in Crowns in a
Changing World, Van der Kiste, p. 103.
14. Anonymous, Real Crown Prince, p. 156.
15. Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II, p. 332.
16. Ibid., p. 253.
17. Schwering, Berlin Court Under William II, p. 64.
18. New York Times, June 8, 1913.
19. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 270.
20. Diary entry of Queen Mary, August 3, 1914, in Queen Mary, Pope-Hennessy, p. 484.
21. Viktoria Luise, The Kaiser’s Daughter, p. 82.
22. Farquhar, Behind the Palace Doors, p. 279.
23. Carter, George, Nicholas and Wilhelm, p. 371.
24. Davis, The Kaiser As I Know Him, p. 164.
25. Public statement of Empress Augusta Victoria, August 6, 1914, in The Fall of the German Empire, 1914—1918 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1932), ed. Ralph Haswell Lutz, vol. 1, pp. 21–22.
26. Wilson and King, Resurrection of the Romanovs, p. 102.
27. Gilliard, Thirteen Years, pp. 107–110.
28. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 273.
29. King George and Queen Maud were children of King Edward VII. Emperor Wilhelm, Queen Sophie, and the Duchess Charlotte were the children of the Empress Frederick. Tsarina Alexandra and Grand Duke Ernest Louis were Princess Alice’s children. Crown Princess Marie was the daughter of the Duke of Edinburgh (later the Duke of Coburg). Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden was the daughter of the Duke of Connaught. Duke Charles Eduard was the posthumous son of the hemophiliac Duke of Albany. Queen Victoria Eugenie was the only daughter of Princess Beatrice. Through King Christian IX of Denmark, Tsar Nicholas II, King George V, King Haakon VII of Norway, and King Constantine I of Greece were also first cousins.
30. Erickson, Alexandra, p. 240.
31. Brandreth, Philip and Elizabeth, p. 20.
32. Packard, Victoria’s Daughters, p. 283.
33. W. Bruce Lincoln, The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias (New York: Dial Press, 1981), p. 685.
34. Bernard Pares, My Russian Memoirs (New York: AMS Press, 1969), p. 355.
35. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 295.
36. Eugene De Schelking, Suicide of Monarchy: Recollections of a Diplomat (Toronto: Macmillan Company of Canada, 1918), p. 118.
37. Diary entry of July 24, 1915, in An Ambassador’s Memoirs (London: Hutchinson, 1927), Maurice Paléologue, vol. 2, pp. 35–36.
38. Woodward, Queen Mary, p. 177.
39. Wakeford, Three Consort Queens, p. 176.
40. Woodward, Queen Mary, p. 174–175.
41. Snyder, The Red Prince, pp. 77–78.
42. Andrew Wheatcroft, The Habsburgs: Embodying Empire (London: Penguin Books, 1996), p. 287.
43. Catherine Radziwill, Secrets of Dethroned Royalty (New York: John Lane, 1920), pp. 163–164.
44. Brook-Shepherd, The Last Habsburg, p. 153.
45. Brook-Shepherd, The Last Empress, p. 34.
46. Ibid.
47. Diary entry of Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma, August 20, 1914, in ibid., pp. 34–35.
48. Ibid.
15: “I Am an Officer with All My Body and Soul”
1. New York Times, February 22, 1915.
2. Wilson and King, Resurrection of the Romanovs, p. 102.
3. Belinda Davis, Home Fires Burning: Food, Politics, and Everyday Life in World War I Berlin (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), pp. 34, 107.
4. Davis, The Kaiser As I Know Him, p. 167.
5. Cecil, Wilhelm II, p. 3.
6. Carter, George, Nicholas and Wilhelm, p. 384.
7. Robert Zedlitz-Trützschler, Twelve Years at the Imperial German Court (London: Nisbet, 1924), p. 37.
8. Brook-Shepherd, The Last Empress, pp. 10–11.
9. Bertita Harding, Imperial Twilight: The Story of Karl and Zita of Hungary (New York: Blue Ribbon Books, 1941), p. 121.
10. New York Times, September 14, 1915.
11. Thomas, “Empress Zita,” The Catholic Counter-Reformation, p. 2.
12. Bogle, A Heart for Europe, p. 54.
13. Harding, Imperial Twilight, p. 69.
14. Bogle, A Heart for Europe, p. 58.
15. Margutti, Emperor Francis Joseph, p. 159.
16. Brook-Shepherd, The Last Empress, p. 37.
17. Gelardi, Born to Rule, p. 216.
18. Tsarina Alexandra to the Reverend William Boyd Carpenter, bishop of Ripon, January 20/February 2, 1915, Add. MSS 46721/246, The British Library, quoted in Born to Rule, Gelardi, pp. 216–217.
19. Diary entry of Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich, September 6, 1915, in From Splendor to Revolution, Gelardi, p. 281.
20. Gelardi, Born to Rule, pp. 217–218.
21. Tsarina Alexandra to Tsar Nicholas II, April 4, 1915, in Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 283.
22. Empress Marie Feodorovna to Tsar Nicholas II, February 1/14, 1915, in Letters of Tsar Nicholas and Empress Marie, Bing, p. 292.
23. Empress Marie Feodorovna to Tsar Nicholas II, May 22/June 4, 1916, in ibid., p. 297.
24. Erickson, Alexandra, p. 243.
25. Ibid., p. 100.
26. Viroubova, Memories, pp. 109–110.
27. Rappaport, Last Days of the Romanovs, p. 67.
28. Tsarina Alexandra to Tsar Nicholas II, October 1, 1915, in The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Tsar Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra, April 1914–March 1917 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999), ed. Joseph T. Fuhrmann, no. 504, p. 257.
29. Tsarina Alexandra to the Reverend William Boyd Carpenter, bishop of Ripon, January 20/February 2, 1915, Add. MSS 26721/248, The British Library, quoted in Born to Rule, Gelardi, p. 223.
16: Apocalypse Rising
1. Empress Augusta Victoria to Prince Chlodwig of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, July 29, 1896, in “Empress Auguste Victoria and the Fall of the German Monarchy” in The American Historical Review (October 1952), Andreas Dorpalen, vol. 58, no. 1, p. 22.
2. Ibid.
3. Radziwill, Royal Marriage Market, p. 32.
4. German Crown Prince, Memoirs, p. 5.
5. Fontenoy, Secret Memoirs, vol. 1, p. 191.
6. Shaw, Royal Babylon (Kobo desktop version), chap. 5, para 47.
7. Zedlitz-Trützschler, Twelve Years, p. 67.
8. Erickson, Alexandra, p. 245.
9. Times, March 11, 1916.
10. Woodward, Queen Mary, p. 175.
11. Edmund Walsh, The Fall of the Russian Empire (Boston: Little, Brown, 1928), p. 117.
12. King, Last Empress, p. 245.
13. Kokovstov, Out of My Past, p. 296.
14. Queen Alexandra to King George V, undated, GV/PRIV/AA35/6, King George V Papers, the Royal Archives, quoted in George, Nicholas and Wilhelm, Carter, p. 391.
15. Times, October 13, 1914.
16. Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II, (Kobo desktop version), chap. 1, para. 41. In his book, Clark specifically used these examples in his analysis of Emperor Wilhelm II. While Clark uses them in a specific context, they are apt in a broader sense. Like Wilhelm, there was very much a sociocultural pattern in the way Alexandra and many other royals have been evaluated.
17. Wilson and King, Resurrection of the Romanovs, p. 47.
18. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 293.
19. Grand Duke Alexander, Once a Grand Duke, p. 271.
20. Gelardi, Born to Rule, p. 239.
21. Ibid., pp. 241–242.
22. Ibid., p. 244.
23. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 296.
24. Hugo Mager, Elizabeth, Grand Duchess of Russia (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1998), pp. 302–303.
25. Felix Yusupov, Lost Splendour (London: Cape, 1953), p. 157.
26. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 310.
27. Grand Duchess Marie, Education of a Princess, pp. 248–249. This was not the same Marie Pavlovna (“Miechen”) who was Nicholas II’s aunt and a princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. This grand duchess was one of the tsar’s cousins.
28. Gelardi, Born to Rul
e, p. 250.
29. Shaw, Royal Babylon (Kobo desktop version), chap. 5, para 141.
30. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, pp. 313–314.
31. Grand Duchess Marie, Education of a Princess, p. 250.
32. Gleb Botkin, The Real Romanovs (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1931), pp. 127–128.
33. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 315.
34. Ibid., p. 317.
35. Princess Paley, Memories of Russia, 1916–1919 (London: Herbert Jenkins, 1924), p. 38.
36. Grand Duke Alexander, Once a Grand Duke, p. 275.
37. Gilliard, Thirteen Years at the Russian Court, p. 183.
38. Carter, George, Nicholas and Wilhelm, p. 395.
39. Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra, pp. 402–403.
17: “May God Bless Your Majesty”
1. Robin Okey, The Habsburg Monarchy 1765–1918: From Enlightenment to Eclipse (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), p. 381.
2. Bogle, A Heart for Europe, p. 73.
3. Ibid., p. 60.
4. Ibid., p. 63.
5. Leslie Carroll, Notorious Royal Marriages: A Juicy Journey Through Nine Centuries of Dynasty, Destiny, and Desire (London: Penguin Books, 2010), p. 370.
6. Brook-Shepherd, The Last Empress, p. 41.
7. Beech and McIntosh, Empress Zita of Austria, p. 41.
8. The Kingdom of Slavonia was a province of the Habsburg monarchy and, later, the Austrian Empire. Its borders were spread across parts of northern Croatia and Serbia. Slavonia should not be confused with the modern day nation of Slovenia.
9. Harding, Imperial Twilight, p. 64.
10. Viktoria Luise, The Kaiser’s Daughter, pp. 89–90.
11. Gordon Brook-Shepherd, Uncrowned Emperor: The Life and Times of Otto von Habsburg (London: Hambledon & London, 2003), p. 27.
12. Taylor, Fall of the Dynasties, p. 353.
13. Times, November 23, 1916.
14. Ibid.
15. New York Times, November 24, 1916.
16. Thomas, “Empress Zita,” The Catholic Counter-Reformation, p. 2–3.
17. Maureen Healy, Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire: Total War and Everyday Life in World War I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 296.
18. Thomas, “Empress Zita,” The Catholic Counter-Reformation, pp. 2–3.
19. Taylor, Fall of the Dynasties, p. 355.
20. Okey, The Habsburg Monarchy, p. 384.
21. Brook-Shepherd, The Last Habsburg, pp. 51–52.