Foster, John, 195, 204; and DoE panel, 229; and ‘thermonuclear engine,’ 200
Fuchs, Klaus, 50, 52–53, 87, 190
Fukushima Daiichi, 20, 26
Furth, Harold, 125, 153–54, 157, 181–83; at American Chemical Society meeting, 175; and Lidsky, 304; and TFTR’s first plasma, 155
Fusion Ignition Research Experiment (FIRE), 301
fusion program, US, as instrument of foreign policy, 94
fusion, definition of, 11–14; as energy source, argument for, 18–19
fusion, inertial confinement, 292, 304
Gamow, Georgii, 39–40, 42, 43
General Atomics, 100; and DIII-D, 165, 287; Doublet II, 130; and multipole, 107
General Electric, 100, 214
General Theory of Relativity, 37
Geneva conference. See International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy
glasnost, 245
Goldston, Rob, 268–70
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 244; and INTOR, 245–47; and ITER, 270
Gore, Al, 236
Gottleib, Melvin, 106, 129
Gould, Gordon, 199
Gould, Roy, 147
graphite, 16, 17, 166
Graves, Ernest, 218
gravity, 11, 14, 15, 17, 44
Groupe de Liaison, 135, 137, 139, 140, 142
Grove, Don, and TFTR’s first plasma, 155–57
GSG9, 144–45
H-bomb, 73–74, 87, 110; and electricity, 194; and hohlraums, 223; and laser fusion, 221; ‘Super,’ 190–91
H-bomb, and Soviet, 58, 111, 202
H-mode, definition of, 164, 165
Haange, Remmelt, 291–92
Halite-Centurion programme, 230, 231
Hangar 7, 54–58, 62, 67, 68
Hartley Vale Kerosene Refinery, 46
Harwell, and AERE, 48
Hawryluk, Richard, 292
helium nucleus. See alpha particle
helium-3, 13, 41, 43, 172, 302
helium-4, 13, 43
helium, and early universe, 11; and solar fusion, 14
Helmholtz, Herman von, 34, 38, 44
Herrington, John, 277
High Power Laser Energy Research facility (HiPER), 299
high-mode. See H-mode
Hiroshima, 16, 190, 195
Hirsch, Robert, 147–54
hohlraum, 192–93, 212, 223–25, 228, 230, 234, 279–83
Holtkamp, Norbert, 285, 286, 290
Hoover, Herbert, 86
Houtermans, Fritz, 31, 39–40
Hughes Research Laboratories, 200
Hunter, Bob, 181
hydrogen, and early universe, 11–12; and fusion, 27, 36–42; and stars, 14–15. See also H-bomb and protons
IAEA, 60, 104, 242; conference at Culham, 120; conference at Novosibirsk, 107, 108, 125, 126, 136, 206, 207; conference at Salzburg, 119; and INTOR, 242–43
ICRH, 162
ICSE, 140
IFMIF, 302
IFRC, 242, 243
Ignitor, 261, 262
Ikeda, Kaname, 285, 286, 290
IMP, 148
‘impossibilitron,’ 83
indirect drive, 224, 225, 227, 232, 234, 292, 297
instabilities, 55, 162; and 2XIIB, 274; and Bruekner, 219; and D-T, 197; and DCX, 127; and ELMs, 186, 287; kink, 56, 85; and lasers, 155, 215; and Nuckolls, 197; Rayleigh-Taylor (RT), 223, 227, 228, 283; sawtooth, 131; and Spitzer’s concerns with, 95, 104–5; and target compression, 219; and temperature measurement difficulties, 95, 116; and tokamak, 130; and Tuck, 91; and Wagner, 164; and ZETA, 95, 120
Institute of Atomic Energy (Moscow), 58, 120, 126, 242
International Atomic Energy Agency. See IAEA
International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, first (1955), 60–61, 92
International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, second (1958), 93–100, 133, 242; and Aymar, 252; cooperation, east-west, 258; and declassification of fusion programs, 71, 97; and Euratom, 134; and Japan, 159; and press, 65; scientific presentations at, 97; US exhibit, 96–97; and US fusion program, 98
International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility. See IFMIF
International Fusion Research Council. See IFRC
International Quantum Electronics Conference (Montreal), 212
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. See ITER
International Tokamak Reactor. See INTOR
INTOR, 243–48
iodine gas, and laser fusion, 204
Ioffe Institute, 160
Ioffe, M. S., 119
ion cyclotron resonant heating. See ICRH
iron, and supernovas, 14; and torus, 48
isotopes, export of, 87; and fusion, 18; and Oak Ridge, 150; and sun’s energy, 36; uranium, 102
ITER, 24–25, 27–28, 184; American withdrawal from, 258; collaboration, official, 271; conception of, 247; cost of, 289; council meeting (2010), 290; criticism of, 258; design report, final, 256; and Dorland and Kotschenreuther, 255; and ELMy H-mode, 186; EU/Japan siting agreement, 270; ignition predictions, 248; and Japanese economic problems, 257; location for, 260, 248–49; management structure, 286; project baseline, 287; and reactor design, 249–50; redesign, 259; siting problems, 266–69; start of project, 285
‘ITER lite,’ 257
ITFX, 283–84
‘It’s a boy,’ 190
‘Ivy Mike,’ 189, 190, 194
Janus laser (20-J), 212, 215–16
JET, 23, 137–46; 1990s gain results, 171; 1MA, 158; and carbon lining, 166; construction, 157; Culham researchers’ concerns with, 158; Culham, 146; D-shaped design, 142; D-T operation refit, 178–79; D-T plasma burn, 180; and dual heating design, 162; ELMs, 186–87; first plasma, 158; H-mode, 165, 168–69; independence of, 158; and ITER, 250; record shot, 185; salary rates, 158; tokamak design, 140–41; and the x-point, 168–69
JFT-2, 130, 159
Johnson, Lyndon B., and the Great Society, 106
Johnson, Thomas, 81, 85; and declassification, 93; and Geneva, 94; and project Sherwood, 88–89
Joint European Torus. See JET
JT-60, 159, 160, 261; and carbon lining, 166; and gain, 186–87, 249; and INTOR, 244; refit, 170–71
JT-60U, 171
Kadomtsev, Boris, 131
Katyn massacre, 112
KDP, 225, 226, 229, 279, 297
Keilhacker, Martin, 185
Kelvin, Lord. See Thompson, William
Kennedy, John F., nuclear testing ban, 201
Kidder, Ray, 195; and D-T fuel ignition, 204; and Kolb, 206; and laser pulse, 203–4, 211
kink instability, 55–57, 85. See also instabilities
Kitty Hawk, 306
KMS Fusion, 211–21
KMS Industries, 206, 208–9
Kolb, Alan, 206
Koonin, Steven, 295; National Academy of Sciences inertial confinement fusion advisory committee, 235–36; and National Academy of Sciences laser fusion panel, 231; and NIF, problems with, 283–84; on Pons and Fleischmann, 176
Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR), 184
Kotschenreuther, Michael, 254–55
krypton fluoride, 205, 292, 297
Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy, 120, 123, 124, 126, 242. See also LIPAN
Kurchatov, Igor, 58–60, 113, 115; death of, 120; and declassification, 116–17; speech at Harwell, 117; stellarators, 117–18
L-mode, 164
Laboratory Microfusion Facility. See LMF
Laboratory of Laser Energetics. See LLE
Laboratory of Measuring Instruments. See LIPAN
Large Hadron Collider, 25, 263
Large Helical Device, 290
laser amplifiers, 204–6, 212, 216, 232, 238, 279, 280
laser fusion machines. See NIF
laser fusion, and weapons designers, 221–22
laser thermometer, 108, 121–25
Lavrentyev, Oleg Aleksandrovich, 109–14,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 298
&nb
sp; Lawrence, Ernest O., 194
Lawson, John, 64
Lebedev Physics Institute, 115, 199, 210
Levitron, 148
Lewis, Gilbert, 41
Lidsky, Lawrence, criticism of fusion, 301–4
LIFE, 293–95, 299
Limited Test Ban Treaty, 203
limiter, 165–67, 170, 179
Lindemann, Frederick. See Cherwell, Lord
LIPAN, 113–14, 116–20. See also Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy, 120
liquid lithium, 211, 251, 303
lithium deuteride, 193, 206
lithium, 13, 19–20, 40, 41, 75, 111, 193, 206, 250
“Little Boy,” 195
Livermore, D-T, concern with, 151; fusion project, 83; and Geneva, 97; and KMS, 206–9; lasers, 200, 204, 211–39; and LIFE, 294, 299; mirror machines, 85, 107, 273–77; mode of operation, 230–31; NIC experiments, 281–84, 292; and weapons design, 194–95; weapons testing, 203
LLE, 210–11; and budget cuts, 227; and Delta laser, 215; and Congress’ Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 218; and Omega, 216; and UV light, 226, 228
LMF, 231–32
Los Alamos, 32, 80; Centurion, 230; Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrotest Facility, 234; and D–T tokamak, 151; H-bomb, 74, 78–79; Ivy Mike, 190; lasers, 205, 211; Manhattan Project, 32, 50, 52; pinch devices, 90, 92; Perhapsatron, 95, 97; sausage, the, 191; Scyllac, 107
low-mode. See L-mode
Lubin, Moshe, and laser fusion, 210–11; and Omega, 216–19; resignation of, 226
M-theory, 90–92
Macmillan, Harold, 63–64
magnetic fusion machines. See ITER
magnetic mirror, 84, 276
Maiman, Theodore, 199–200, 203, 204
Makhnev, V. A., 110–11
Manhattan Project, 16, 21, 32, 44, 52, 53, 57, 78, 102, 150, 190, 191
maser, 199, 206
Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 163
McCarthy, Joe, 88
McCone, John, 100
McCrory, Robert, 227
McDaniel, Paul, 209
McMahon Act, 58
Meade, Dale, 261
Measuring Instrument Industry, 110–11
Medi, Enrico, 134
Metropolitan-Vickers, 56
MFTF-B, 276, 277
MFTF, 275, 276
Microsystems and Engineering Sciences Applications (MESA), 233
microwave amplifier, 199
Mirror Fusion Test Facility. See MFTF
mirror machines, 97, 107, 119, 135, 136, 137, 148
Mitsos, Achilleas, 264, 268, 271
mode locking, 204
Model A, 80, 81, 84, 89
Model B-2, 96
Model B-3, 102
Model B, 80, 89, 90, 100
Model C, 80, 89, 90, 99, 102, 126; and Geneva conference, 96; tokamak, transformation to, 128–29
molybdenum, and limiters, 166
Montoya, Joseph, 217
Moses, Ed, 293
Motojima, Osamu, 290–91
Mukhovatov, Vladimir, 118–19
multipole, 107, 126
Munitions Supply Laboratories, 32
Nagasaki, 16, 189, 190
NAS panel, and inertial fusion research, 295–300
National Academy of Sciences laser fusion panel, 231–32
National Cold Fusion Institute, 177
National Ignition Compaign. See NIC
National Ignition Facility. See NIF
National Nuclear Security Administration. See NNSA
Natural Resources Defense Council. See NRDC
Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), 205-6, 297–98
Nd:crystal laser, 205
Nd:glass, 204–6, 231, 234, 279, 292, 297
neodymium glass. See Nd:glass
neodymium ions, 205
neutral beam systems, 152–53, 155, 162–63, 169, 179, 256, 274–75
neutron damage, 294
‘neutron derby,’ 215
Next European Torus, 247
NIC, 278, 281–85
NIF, 27–28, 292, 297, 299, 300; and capsule implosion, 282–83; and direct drive, 284; completion of, 239; criticism of, 234–35; dedication ceremony, 277; description of, 278–81; energy emphasis, 293; and ignition, 285; and ITFX, 283; and LIFE, 293–95; technical troubles, 237–38; US inertial confinement fusion program, 236
NKVD, 112
NMR machines, 21
NNSA, 277–78, 284
Nova laser, 229–32, 234
Novaya Zemlya, 202
Novosibirsk conference. See IAEA
NRDC, 235–36
Nuckolls, John, bare drop model, 215; and fusion power plant concept, 194–98; and laser fusion, 221; and Montreal conference, 212; and Nature paper, 212; and Nova laser, 229–30; and nuclear weapons, 203; return to fusion, 211; ‘thermonuclear engine,’ 200–201
‘Nuckolls’ Nickel Novels,’ 198
nuclear reactor, first, 16–17
O’Leary, Hazel, 235
Oak Ridge Tokamak. See Ormak
ohmic heating, 128, 151–52, 162, 163
Oliphant, Mark, 41
Omega laser, 216, beams, 223; and direct drive, 297; and fast ignition, 299; funding for, 217, 221; and NIC, 278; and NIF–236; and NNSA, 284; upgrade, 232; Zeta, 222
On the Origin of the Species by Natural Selection (Darwin), 34, 35
On the Possibilty of Producing Thermonuclear Reactions in a Gas Discharge (Kurchatov), 59
Ontario Hydro, 260, 265
OPEC, 149
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 87–88
ORGEL, 136, 137
Ormak, 127–29, 138, 150, 152, 159
Osaka University, and fast ignition, 299
oxygen, as produced by fusion, 14
palladium, 172
Palumbo, Donato, 134–40, 143, 157–58
PDX, 164, 165, 167
Peacock, Nicol, 123
Pease, Sebastian, 107; and Artsimovich, 122–25; and JET, 140, 144; and Novosibirsk, 108; Sweden, 117
Peierls, Rudolf, 50, 52
perestroika, 245
Perhapsatron, 68, 83; comparison, 95; fall from favor, 100, 116; and Geneva, 97; and kink instability, 85; and longitudinal magnetic field, 104; and M-theory, 90; and spurious neutrons, 95–96
Perón, Juan, 74–75, 80
photomultipliers, 124
Pile 1, 65
pinch effect, 46. See also M-theory
planets, formation of, 14
Plasma Fusion Center, 301, 304
plasma, creation of, 12–13; in laboratories, 21–23; properties of, 42, 44–48; theory of, 132
platinum, 172
Plowden, Edwin, 62–65
PLT, 152–53, 155, 163
‘plum pudding’ model, 41
plutonium, 16, 53, 146, 305; and weapons, 52, 61, 65, 78, 81, 93, 150, 193, 234, 306
Pollock, J. A., 46
Poloidal Divertor Experiment. See PDX
poloidal magnetic fields, 116
polonium, 35
Pons, Stanley, 171–77
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, 144
Portal, Lord, 51
Post, Richard, 83–85, 119, 273
Postma, Herman, 127, 153
potassium dihydrogen phosphate. See KDP
PPPL, 99, 120, 128, 129, 130, 131, 182, 183, 268, 292, 304. See also Project Matterhorn
Prague Spring, 123
Princeton Large Torus. See PLT
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. See PPPL and Project Matterhorn
Project Independence, 149
Project Matterhorn, 74, 77, 78, 80, 81, 98, 99
Project Sherwood, 88–94; budget increase, 89; and funding cuts under McCone, 100; and Geneva, 96; naming of, 85; public announcement of, 92–93; and ZETA, 65, 66
Prokhorov, Alexander, 199
Prometheus, 15
proto-star, formation of, 12–14
proton-proton chain, 43
protons, 13, 16, 18, 36, 40–43, 141
Pulsa
tor, 130
pulsed plasmas, 54–55, 79, 92
‘pumpout,’ 100–102
pusher-tamper, 193
pusher, 195–97
Q-switching, 204
Quadripartite Initiative Committee, 247
quantum mechanics, 39–40
radioactivity, 18, 35, 41, 141, 150, 294
radium, 35, 36
Raffarin, Jean-Pierre, 266
Rayleigh-Taylor. See RT instabilities
Rebut, Paul-Henri, 133, 135; and hard-core pinch, 136; and ITER, 249–53, 256; and JET, 140–46, 157–58, 178, 180; TFR, 137–38; and toroidal pinch, 136
Richardson, Bill, 237–38
Richter, Ronald, 74–75, 80, 300
Roaf, Douglas, 33, 48
Robinson, Derek, 123
Robinson, Marion, 124
Rokkasho, 260, 263, 265–67
Rose, Basil, 68–70
Rose, David, 243
Rosenbluth, Marshall, 90, 92
RT instabilities, 223, 227, 228, 283
Rutherford, Ernest, 41–42, 44, 67
Sagdeev, Roald, 242
Sakhalin, 109, 111
Sakharov, Andrei, Beria, meeting with, 112; electromagnetic trap, criticism of, 111–12; and magnetic trap, 113, 114–16; opinion of Lavrentyev, 111–12
‘Sausage, the,’ 189, 191–93
sawtooth instability, 131
Sayeret Matkal, 144
scaling laws, 132, 162, 255
Sceptre-III, 95
Schawlow, Arthur, 199–200
Schlesinger, James, 147
Schmidt, Helmut, 146
Schwarzschild, Martin, 81
scintillator, 182
‘scrape-off layer,’ 166–68
Scylla pinch, 97
Seaborg, Glenn, 147
Semipalatinsk, 74
Sensenbrenner, Jim, 256, 257
‘separatrix,’ 168, 186
Shafranov, Vitalii, 142
Shimomura, Yasuo, 263
Shiva, 217, 218, 222–23, 228
Siegel, Keeve ‘Kip’ M., 208–10; and Congress’ Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 219–20; death of, 220
Skinner, H. W. B., 51–52
Snowmass meeting, 261
Soviet Physics-Uspekhi, 109
Spallation Neutron Source, 286
‘sparkplug,’ 193
Special Air Service, 144
spectral dispersion, 228
Spitzer Space Telescope, 106
Spitzer, Lyman, Jr., 74, 75–108; and AEC, meeting at, 78; and Artsimovich, 105, 117, 120; and British temperature claims, 95; and divertors, 166; and the figure-of-8 shape, 77; and IAEA conference, 104; and Model A, 81; Princeton fusion lab, resignation from, 105–6; and Project Sherwood, reservations about, 89–90; and the stellarator, 77; and the torus design, 77
Sputnik, 65–67, 70, 94, 102
SSP, 233–35
Stagg Field, 16
stars, creation of, 13–14; death of, 14
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