Social Justice Isn't What You Think It Is
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Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria, 256, 272
distribution and redistribution, 21, 30, 41, 93, 263
divorce, 51, 207, 215, 220, 221–23, 227, 229–31, 234. See also marriage
Doctors Without Borders, 196
Dzielski, Mirosław, 62
earth, 59, 85
Eberstadt, Mary, 184, 222, 232
Ecclesiastes, 69
égalité, 17
Einstein, Albert, 73
elderly, 36, 145, 158
Emancipation Proclamation, 284
empowerment, 214, 242, 243; regulatory process and, 246–51; social justice and, 244, 279; social work and, 154, 219, 230, 234, 260
encyclicals, 3, 5, 6, 7. See also titles of encyclicals
Engels, Friedrich, 71, 95
Enlightenment, the, 51, 90
equality, 31, 29–30, 102–4. See also inequality
Esolen, Anthony, 228–29, 287n4
ethics, 151, 254; Aristotle on, 119; Christian social, 258, 266; codes of, 207–9, 213–14, 260–61; of individuals, 19, 40, 41, 42; social work and, 200, 204–5, 279; society and, 54
Europe, 5, 18, 28, 36, 61, 92, 95; American experiment and, 27, 173
euthanasia, 205
Evangelii Gaudium (Francis, 2014), 169; economic themes of, 167–69; Francis and, 161, 171
family, families, 2, 3, 22, 31, 70, 119, 137, 175, 217, 227, 230, 247–51; in agricultural societies, 18, 75; blended, 220, 223; as community, 70, 187–88; failure of, 36, 176; human race as, 58, 59, 84, 85; individuals and, 7, 8; in industrial societies, 8, 18, 95, 97; living wage and, 111, 146, 149, 225, 238; poor, 24, 222, 259; religion and, 96, 97, 232; sex and, 185, 220, 234, 235; under socialism, 101, 113; state and, 51, 183–84, 231, 232, 244–47. See also marriage
Family Group Conference, Conferencing (FGC), 241–42, 277, 278, 280; as part of restorative justice, 243, 249; regulatory pyramid and, 246, 247, 249, 250; use of, 242, 250–51, 280
Fanfani, Amintore, 165, 173
Fascism, Fascists, 4, 108; in Italy, 5, 173; Pius XI and, 112, 113
federalism, 82, 122, 136–37, 186, 187. See also subsidiarity
Federalist, The, 186
Ferree, William, 89–90, 118
Feser, Edward, 224, 226, 230
Fisher, Antony, 52
Fortin, Ernest, 89, 90–91
France, French, 17, 23, 67, 96, 97, 130, 165, 169, 172, 176
Francis, 9, 88; Evangelii Gaudium (2013), 161, 171; as self-described sinner, 181; on unreformed capitalism, 161–71. See also Evangelii Gaudium
Franciscans, 70, 157, 238
freedom: big government and, 25; of choice, 45; in human nature, 57, 59; moral responsibility and, 47; of religion, 66–67. See also liberty, liberties; rights
free economy, 25, 26, 140; Hayek and, 37, 45–46, 53; John Paul II and, 129, 147, 151
friendship: charity and, 259–60; of God, 56–59, 66, 178–79, 185–86, 192, 255–56, 266, 285; marriage and, 228
Gaudium et Spes (Vatican II, 1965), 8, 58
Gaulle, Charles de, 173
gays, 33, 35
Geach, Peter, 254, 255
general justice, 19, 92, 108, 111, 266
Genesis, 57, 85, 131
George, Francis Cardinal, 206–7
George, Robert P., 204, 207, 230
Germany, 73, 92, 117, 165, 179; Hitler’s rise in, 17, 108, 109; Nazism in, 5, 173; post–World War I, 106, 108; post–World War II, 140; Weimar, 118
Gibbon, Edward, 257
globalization, 64, 71, 84, 86, 153, 159, 174; solidarity and, 85; subsidiarity and, 158–59
God, 42, 103; caritas and, 56, 57, 58; condescension of, 260; as Creator, 18, 31, 55–60, 62, 66, 78, 85, 132, 178–79; death of, 43; as Father, 58; humans as image of, 257
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 30
Gonzalez, Felipé, 129
Grameen Bank, 238–40, 243
Gramsci, Antonio, 47, 168
Great Depression, 17, 106, 108
Greece, Greeks, 20–21, 30, 257
Habermas, Jürgen, 29
Haines, Andrew M., 6
Hamilton, Alexander, 136
Hart, David Bentley, 256
Havel, Vaclav, 175
Hawaii, 242, 258, 280
Hayek, Friedrich, 1, 21, 115, 116, 141, 143, 165, 289n3, 290n4, 290n7, 290n8, 291n15, 291n17, 292n19, 293n25, 293n26; The Fatal Conceit, 41, 42–43; mirage of social justice and, 37–54; The Mirage of Social Justice, 45, 291n17; as Nobel prizewinner, 28, 37; as social justice practitioner, 49–54; on use of term “social justice,” 17, 48
Hippocratic Oath, 205, 214
Hispanics, 76
Hitler, Adolf, 17, 39, 108, 109, 110, 186
Hobbes, Thomas, 93, 217
Höffner, Joseph Cardinal, 92
Hollywood, 176
Holy Spirit, 120, 254
Homestead Act (1862), 51, 122, 126
Hong Kong, 61, 164, 191, 239
human capital, 28, 88, 122, 239; John Paul II on, 40, 62–63, 142, 152, 153, 178; wealth and, 61, 86, 122, 143, 174
human nature, 22, 37, 57, 80, 98, 136, 138, 182, 301n5
human rights, 2, 18, 34, 65, 179, 192, 205, 213, 284; Church and, 55–56; democracy and, 28, 120, 173; John Paul II and, 28, 132–33, 140, 142; Leo XIII on, 99
human spirit, 59, 60, 66, 71
Hume, David, 41, 44, 183, 290n11
hypocrisy, hypocrites, 180–83
Ignatius of Loyola, Saint, 271
immigration, immigrants, 4, 18, 22, 33, 76, 166, 168, 206, 279
India, 34, 61, 73, 164, 168
individualism, individuals, 7, 23, 25, 27, 44–45, 95, 117, 275–76, 311n1; Anglo-American, 104, 113, 117, 156; collectivism and, 9, 200, 201, 203, 218, 245, 281; common good and, 32, 33; Leo XIII on, 96, 104, 274; Pius XI on, 218, 274; in United States, 175, 176
industrial development, Leo XIII on, 8, 18, 97
inequality, 20, 21, 30, 31, 32, 102, 104
Iron Curtain, 122, 130, 138
Israel, 59
Italy, Italians, 47, 90, 117, 119, 122, 172; capitalism in, 165, 168; Marxism in, 168; Mussolini and Fascism in, 5, 17, 108, 109, 113, 173
Japan, 108, 143, 164
Jaspers, Karl, 210, 265
Jefferson, Thomas, 56, 67, 126, 202, 203, 294n5
Jesuits, 19, 89, 90, 107, 271
Jesus Christ, 6, 29, 51, 58, 81, 261, 270; in Gospel of Matthew, 16, 65, 170, 262; parables of, 103, 264, 266; as Redeemer, 55, 103, 178
Job, 42
John, Saint, 170
John XXIII, 159; Mater et Magistra (1961), 74; Pacem in Terris (1963), 67; Vatican II and, 34
John Paul II, 9, 88, 121, 132–34, 178; The Acting Person, 129; anthropology of, 131; on associations, 71, 138; attempted assassination of, 131; on capitalism, 8, 129, 161–62; on Catholic social thought, 156; common good and, 136, 137; communism and, 5, 185; conscience and, 130; democracy and, 120, 129, 139; Dignitatis Humanae and, 122; economic liberty and, 122, 132; on historical change, 173; on human capital, 62, 63, 127, 128; human subjectivity and, 131; on labor, 87; ordered liberty and, 121; as philosopher of creativity, 131–32; in Poland, 84; Reconciliation and Penance (1984), 193; religious liberty and, 122, 132; Rerum Novarum and, 133; on shared work, 63–64; social doctrine of, 4; socialism and, 21–22, 73–74, 135, 136; on solidarity, 83, 129, 138, 148, 151, 156; Sollicitudo Rei Socialis (1987), 79, 135, 177; Theology of the Body, 7–8; Veritas Splendor (1993), 210; on wages, 74, 76; on wealth, 131. See also Centesimus Annus; Laborem Exercens; Wojtyła, Karol
Johnstown Flood (Pennsylvania), 275
Judaism, Jews, 51, 69, 81, 131, 175, 284; conscience and worship of, 68–69, 204; human story in, 56, 57, 62; John Paul II and, 132
Julea Ward Freedom of Conscience Act (Michigan, 2012), 204
Julian (Roman emperor), 257
Julius Caesar, 65, 66, 73, 109
justice, 19; charity and, 200, 201, 252–64. See also general justice; social justice
Kant, Immanuel, 41, 44, 291n11, 312n5
Kennedy, John F., 34
Kierkegaard, Søren, 66
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 282
Kinnock, Neil, 129
know-how, 28, 61, 86, 122, 126, 127, 144, 153, 178 191, 294n8. See also human capital
Kołakowski, Leszek, 43, 177
Komorowski, Bronisław, 84–85
labor, 18; creativity and, 62–63; unions and, 23, 71, 83; socialism and, 80, 100–101
Laborem Exercens (John Paul II, 1982), 74, 131, 142; capital and, 62, 132, 142
Last Judgment, 16
Latin America, 147, 165; capitalism in, 167; left in, 149, 151; liberation theology in, 149, 191; poor and poverty in, 146, 152, 164, 191–92
law, legislation: criminal courts and, 44; Hayek and, 37, 41, 48; rule of law, 42, 59, 264
left, 148, 150, 188; Catholic, 151, 154; Centesimus Annus and, 149, 151, 157; Leo XIII and, 91; on social justice, 7, 23. See also Communism, Communists; Socialism, Socialists
Lenin, Vladimir, 39, 47
Leo XIII, 3, 9, 18, 21, 86, 88, 95, 108, 173; Aeterni Patris (1879), 93; associations and, 118, 156, 196; on cause of wealth, 60; charity and, 261–62; civil society and, 118, 156; first social encyclical and, 5; individualism and, 274; influences on, 90; on liberalism, 31; on natural rights, 69; on private property, 72; socialism and, 73, 96, 98–102, 155, 196, 296n30; on social justice as new virtue, 2, 15, 16, 110, 120; on state’s power, 71, 91, 112; studies U.S. Constitution, 27–28; on wages, 74. See also Rerum Novarum
Lewis, C. S., 32–33
liberalism, liberals, 7, 9, 10, 51, 281; Catholic social thought and, 156, 201; Hayek and, 53; Leo XIII on, 3, 104; Mill and, 96; Pius XI on, 110, 118; Rawlsian, 261
liberation theology, theologians, 149, 191, 192, 193, 195, 268; creation theology vs., 177–79
Liberatore, Matteo, S.J., 91
libertarianism, 9, 147
liberty, liberties, 27, 37–38, 69, 71, 96, 122, 125, 138, 196, 285; civil, 18, 284; of conscience, 130, 203–4; God-given, 56–57, 60, 67, 126, 136, 294n5; Hayek and, 37, 48, 53, 54; John Paul II and, 8, 121, 129–31, 195; law and, 20, 48, 130; ordered, 121–22, 130; political, 140, 178; religious, 18, 28, 69, 122, 130, 142; socialism and, 7, 99. See also freedom
Lincoln, Abraham, 83; on freedom, 126–27; on invention, 63, 123–27, 143; John Paul II’s echo of, 127–28, 142; “Lecture on Discoveries and Inventions,” 122–26; on patents and copyrights, 122–23, 126, 143, 166; on subsidiarity, 82, 114, 122
living wage, 38, 111, 146, 149, 225, 238; right to, 74–77
Locke, John, 63, 292n23, 294n8
Lonergan, Bernard, S.J., 172
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 92, 93
MacIntyre, Alisdair, 231–32, 246, 277, 283
Madison, James, 67–68, 128, 136, 187, 284
Magisterium, 5, 167
Maritain, Jacques, 57, 173
market, markets, 40, 45, 54, 116, 117, 150, 151, 167, 263; capitalism and, 140, 147, 148, 150, 160; Centesimus Annus and, 150, 151; forces of, 42, 147, 170; free, 26, 87, 97, 128, 148; global, 64, 133, 152, 153; information from, 116, 152; order of, 291–92n18, 292n21; regulation of, 114, 117; social economy and, 107, 146; systems of, 45, 87, 115, 116, 117, 137, 146, 149, 171, 174
marriage, 10, 226, 234; collapse of, 201; gay, 33, 205, 216; social justice and, 10, 220–36; state and, 185. See also divorce; family, families
Marx, Karl, 47, 62, 71, 92, 95, 97
Marxism, Marxists, 47, 132, 134–35, 168, 170, 177, 195, 261, 267
Mason, George, 67–68
Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination (MCAD), 215
Matthew, Saint, 264; Gospel of, 15–16
McCabe, Herbert, 209
McCloskey, Deirdre, 255
McKnight, John, 245
media elites, 176
mercy, 2, 52, 201, 254, 257–58, 266, 286; in Bible, 175; of God, 201, 236
merit, 41, 44, 90, 103, 270, 290n11, 292n18
Messner, Johannes, 89, 91–92
microcredit, 239, 243
Middle East, 59
Mill, John Stuart, 41–42, 47, 72, 85, 95, 96, 165
missionaries, 15, 168, 173, 258
Mont Pelerin Society, 53
morality, 37, 111, 113, 183, 185, 190, 214, 217, 257; moral capital and, 176–77; moral imperative and, 61, 91, 96–98; moral man and, 42, 57
Moreland, Michael P., 209–10
Moschella, Melissa, 211–12
Moses, 51
Mother Teresa, 258, 269, 271, 272
Mussolini, Benito, 17, 39, 107, 108, 109; Pius XI and, 113, 118, 173. See also Fascism, Fascists
Napoleon III, 165
National Association of Social Workers (NASW), 203, 208; Code of Ethics of, 204, 207
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 221
natural laws, 56, 128
natural rights, 90, 99, 126, 224; protection of, 69, 169
Nazism, National Socialism, 5, 47, 81, 129
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 184, 209, 257–58
Nell-Breuning, Oswald von, 93, 114, 118; Quadragesimo Anno and, 19, 91, 107; on Pius XI, 113, 114, 117; social justice and, 89, 107, 108, 112, 114, 115, 118
New Zealand, 35, 242
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 41, 42, 185–90, 291n12
nonhistorical orthodoxy, 4–5, 6
nonpartisanship, 3
North Korea, 73
Norway, 34, 234
Novak, Michael, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 233; on caritas, 254, 255; social justice and, 3, 200, 225
Novus Ordo Seclorum, 27, 105
nuns, 15
Obama, Barack, 203, 212
Obamacare, 25
O’Reilly, John Boyle, 261
paganism, pagans, 184, 256–57, 258, 284
Paine, Thomas, 67
Pakaluk, Michael, 225–27, 231, 232, 233, 236
patch approach, 240, 241, 243, 277, 278, 280
Paul, Saint, 260
Paul VI, 67, 85, 120
Paulhus, Normand Joseph, 92
Pellegrino, Edmund, 215, 277
Perrin, Jacques, 89, 90, 92
Peru, 239
Phillips, Trevor, 212
Pilsudsky, Josef, 109
Pius XI, 3, 4, 9, 19, 88, 91, 173, 218; encyclicals of, 91, 93, 105, 106, 107; individualism and, 218, 274; liberalism and, 110, 114; Mussolini and, 112–13; peace and, 109, 110; social justice and, 3, 15, 16, 87, 106–20. See also Quadragesimo Anno; Ratti, Achille
Pius XII, 28, 120, 173
Planned Parenthood, 33
Plato, 30, 184
Plotinus, 184
Poland, Poles, 81, 109, 127, 164; Communism in, 130, 140; John Paul II and, 129, 130; martial law in, 84–85, 131; Polonia and, 81, 177–78; solidarity in, 71, 83–85, 130, 138. See also John Paul II; Solidarnosc; Wojtyła, Karol
political economy, 22, 27, 192; Caritas in Veritate on, 157, 160; Centesimus Annus and, 129, 139; Evangelii Gaudium and, 167
poor, 174, 259; Catholic duty to help, 8; Christian concern for, 6–7; creative energy of, 263, 264; daily practice of helping, 10–11; government programs to help, 24; as Hugo’s les misérables, 47; inevitability of, 96; Progressives and, 33; relief of, 174; reproductive rights of, 35; secular humanists and, 51; working, 75–76. See also poverty
popes, 3, 5, 17, 28; Holy See, 27, 28. See also encyclicals; and names of individual popes
Populorum Progressio (Paul VI, 1967), 156, 157
poverty, 240, 260, 263; American War on, 36; capitalism and, 8; causes of, 60; as disgrace, 97; federal level of, 24; Leo XIII and, 98; living wage and, 75; as natural, 178; oppression and, 177; reduction of, 86; removal of, 61, 104; socialism as cure of, 72. See also poor
private property, 8, 17, 85, 140, 171, 263; right to, 71–74, 91, 240, 263; socialists and, 98, 99, 113–14
privilege, privileged, 35, 165, 166
professionalization of charity, 259, 260–61
Progressives, progressives, 17, 19, 32, 53, 153; agenda of, 33–35, Catholics as, 82, 149, 150; conscience and, 10, 203; mode
rn, 21, 72, 190
Protestantism, Protestants, 132, 157, 165, 175, 186
Proverbs, 69
Puritans, 34, 176
Putnam, Robert, 9
Quadragesimo Anno (Pius XI, 1931), 5; canonization of social justice in, 17, 19, 86, 91, 93, 111, 112, 218; Nell-Breuning drafts, 107, 108; Rerum Novarum and, 5, 105
Quakers (Society of Friends), 186, 285
Rand, Ayn, 7, 257–58
Ratti, Achille, 109. See also Pius XI
Ratzinger, Joseph Aloisius, 157, 193. See also Benedict XVI
Reagan, Ronald, 75, 76, 84–85
reason, 41, 43, 68, 72, 93, 99, 100, 130, 184
Red Cross, 196, 275
regulatory pyramid, 246–49
relativism, 183, 185, 276
religion, 17–18, 37, 38, 104, 212
republics, 20–21, 22, 27, 172–73
Rerum Novarum (Leo XIII, 1891), 21, 86, 89–105; Catholic teachings and, 5; on cause of wealth, 60; charity in, 261–62; European social economy in, 18; as first social encyclical, 5, 80; John Paul II on, 22, 80, 133, 145; on natural rights, 69; on private property, 72; socialism and, 73, 79; on wages, 74
responsive regulation, 242, 244
Richmond, Mary, 259
rights, 19, 24; of association, 69–71; in Catholic social teaching, 55–77; to intellectual property, 125; to living wage, 74–77; new civil, 34–35; to private property, 71–74, 85; reproductive, 34–35; to worship, 67–69. See also freedom; liberty, liberties
Röpke, Wilhelm, 173
Rorty, Richard, 29, 51, 179, 284
Rosmini, Antonio, 91, 295n8
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 90–91, 183, 184, 292
Russell, Bertrand, 29, 51, 179, 284
Russia, 5, 101–2, 188. See also Soviet Union
Sacramentum Mundi, 81, 89, 122
saints, 2, 16, 181, 197, 227, 237, 258, 272
Saint-Simon, Henri de, 165
Sandusky, Jerry, 229
Scalia, Antonin, 234
Schumann, Robert, 173
science, scientists, 43, 57, 62, 63, 66, 125; charity and, 259–60, 261, 265, 268, 279; laws of nature and, 56; social, 47, 54, 114, 118–19, 128, 139, 190, 206, 221–22, 230, 254. See also know-how; reason
scouts, 9, 173, 179
Second Vatican Council. See Vatican II
secular humanists, 51, 57, 170
self, 62, 79, 202, 217, 219; control of, 20, 193; giving of, 255, 256, 258, 260, 261, 269, 270; government by, 20, 43, 46, 50, 120, 196; in marriage, 226, 227, 233, 235, 236; professional use of, 246, 280; self-interest, 30, 50, 93, 136, 137, 311n1; in social encyclicals, 7