God's War: A New History of the Crusades

by Christopher Tyerman

  84. A possible reading of Joinville’s account: why was the king wading up to his chest? Why did the southerly wind matter so much on the march south in November 1249? Cf. similar doubts Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, vi, Additamenta, p. 154; Guillaume de Nangis, RHGF, xx, 370.

  85. The sense of Maqrizi’s account of the defiance and refusal to contemplate a negotiated accommodation, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 301.

  86. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 105–6.

  87. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 160–61; cf. Richard, St Louis, pp. 119, 127.

  88. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 107; vi, 163; cf., v, 116–7 for money sent to Louis from the west. For Arabic hints of the same policy, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 294, 299, 300–301.

  89. Liber Secretorum fidelium Crucis, Gesta Dei Per Francos, ed. Bongars, vol. 2.

  90. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 147; for other reactions v, 170–73, 254, 280–81. Cf. trans., R. Vaughan, Chronicles of Matthew Paris (London 1984), p. 239, and p. 256 for Italian disturbances.

  91. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 241.

  92. The Chronicon of St Laud of Rouen, RHGF, xxiii, 395. In general, M. Barber, ‘The Crusade of the Shepherds in 1251’, Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History, ed. J. Sweet (Lawrence 1984), pp. 1–23; G. Dickson, ‘The Advent of the Pastores (1251)’, Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire, 66 (1988), 249–67.

  93. For some primary sources, the chronicles of Primat, John of Colonna and St Laud, RHGF, xxiii, 8–9, 123–4, 395–6; Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 246–54, p. 248 for emphasis on the Lamb as a symbol; Salimbene of Adam, Chronicle, ed. and trans. J. L. Baird (Binghampton 1986), p. 453.

  94. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 253.

  95. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 318.

  96. See, apart from Jordan and Richard, J. Le Goff, St Louis (Paris 1996).

  97. Chartes de Terre Sainte provenant de l’Abbaye de Notre Dame de Josaphat, ed. H.-F. Delaborde (Paris 1880), pp. 105–6, no. L.

  98. Jackson, Mongols, esp. pp. 113–28 for a recent survey; cf. Holt, Age of Crusades, p. 86–92; Irwin, Middle East, pp. 30–36.

  99. Eracles, pp. 635–8; Shirley, Crusader Syria, pp. 117–19.

  100. For Baibars, Irwin, Middle East, pp. 37–61; Holt, Age of Crusades, pp. 90–98. The best account of his campaigns is by Ibn Furat, Ayyubids, Mamluks and Crusaders, ed. and trans. U. and M. C. Lyons and J. S. C. Riley-Smith (Cambridge 1971).

  101. The best detailed modern narrative is Richard, St Louis, pp. 293–332; cf. Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 508–18; Jordan, Louis IX, pp. 214–18.

  102. Jal, Pacta Naulorum, i, 516 et seq. The main French chronicle accounts are by the St Denis monks Primat, RHGF, xxiii, 39–61 and the associated account by Guillaume de Nangis in his biography of Louis IX, RHGF, xx, 438–62.

  103. Diplomatic Documents (Chancery and Exchequer), i, ed. P. Chaplais (London 1964), no. 419.

  104. Lloyd, English Society, chap. 4, ‘The Crusade of 1270–1272: A Case Study’ and Appendix 4 contain the best account of the organization of the expedition; cf. Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 509–13, 515; Richard, St Louis, pp. 306–15; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 124–32.

  105. On these preparations, Richard St Louis, pp. 315–29.

  106. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 345.

  107. Thomas Wykes, Chronicon, Annales Monastici, ed. Luard, iv, 217–18.

  108. J. R. Maddicott, ‘The Crusade Taxation of 1268–70 and the Development of Parliament’, Thirteenth Century England, ed. P. Coss and S. Lloyd, ii (Woodbridge 1990).

  109. Eracles, pp. 457–8.

  110. The Dominican Geoffrey of Beaulieu, RHGF, xx, 20, and generally pp. 20–24.

  111. An aspiration confirmed by Louis’s Dominican confessor Geoffrey of Beaulieu, RHGF, xx, 21, 25.

  112. The pleasing legend is in William of Saint-Pathus, Vie de St Louis, ed. H.-F. Delaborde (Paris 1899), pp. 153–5; but cf. Geoffrey of Beaulieu, RHGF, xx, p. 23 and Guillaume de Nangis, RHGF, xx, 460–61, confirmed by the testimony of another eyewitness, one of Louis’s sons, Peter of Alencçon, John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 349; for Geoffrey administering the last rites, Primat, RHGF, xxiii, 57.

  113. Richard, St Louis, pp. 329–32; Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 516–17.

  114. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 131 and 407; for Edward’s crusade, above note 104 and pp. 720, 722.

  115. Lloyd, English Society, pp. 144–8; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 126–30.

  116. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 163, cf. p. 351.

  117. E.g. by the officials of Philip VI in the 1330s.

  118. Mayer, Crusades, p. 283; Throop, Criticism, p. 232 and passim.

  119. Throop, Criticism, pp. 229–30 for the account by James I of Aragon, who was there.

  120. For a discussion of these, Throop, Criticism, pp. 69–213; but cf. Siberry, Criticism of Crusading, for a different view, on which see Mayer, Crusades, pp. 320–21.

  121. Ed. H. Finke, Konzilienstudien zur Geschichte des 13 Jahrhunderts (Munster 1891), Anhang, pp. 113–17; trans. N. Housley, Documents on the Later Crusades 1274–1580 (Basingstoke 1996), pp. 16–21. See the comments of Riley-Smith, Short History, pp. 176–8.

  122. Throop, Criticism, p. 228.

  123. Gregory X, Registres, no. 569.

  124. P. Guido, Rationes decimarum Italiae nei secoli XIIIe Xiv. Tuscia: la decima degli anni 1274–1290, Studi e Testi, LVIII (Vatican City 1932), esp. pp. xli – xliii.

  125. Jackson, Mongols, pp. 165–95.

  126. Salimbene of Adam, Chronicle, pp. 504, 505.

  127. Mayer, Crusades, p. 286.

  128. Holt, Age of Crusades, p. 102.

  129. Gestes des Chiprois, iii, and Crawford, Templar of Tyre, chaps, 473 and 474; Runciman, History of the Crusades, iii, 405–6.

  130. Above, chapter 22, p. 732; the best Frankish local account is that of the Templar of Tyre, trans. Crawford, chap. Templar of Tyre, 396–516.; cf. Ibn Furat, Ayyubids.

  131. Ismai il Abu’l-Fida, trans. Holt, Age of Crusades, p. 104; for an inside view on the siege of Acre, Crawford, Templar of Tyre, chaps. 482–508; cf. Runciman, History of the Crusades, iii, 414, note 2 for western sources; Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 344–50.

  132. Holt, Age of Crusades, p. 104.

  133. Gestes des Chyprois, iii and Crawford, Templar of Tyre, chap. 513.

  134. Runciman, History of the Crusades, iii, 423; Mayer, Crusades, p. 287.

  25: The Eastern Crusades in the Later Middle Ages

  1. J. Moorman, A History of the Franciscan Order (Oxford 1968), p. 436.

  2. B. Kedar and S. Schein, ‘Un projet de “passage particulier”’, Bibliothèque de l’Ecole des Chartes, 137 (1979), 221; Philippe de Mézières, Epistre Lamentable, ed. K. de Lettenhove in Froissart, Chroniques, xvi (Brussels 1872), 491.

  3. Philippe de Mézières, Le Songe du Vieil Pèlerin, ed. G. W. Coopland (Cambridge 1969); N. Iorga, Philippe de Mézières (1327–1405) et la croisade au XIVe siècle (Paris 1896); C. J. Tyerman, ‘Marino Sanudo Torsello and the Lost Crusade: Lobbying in the Fourteenth Century’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, vol. 32 (1982), 57–73.

  4. John Froissart, Chronicles of England, France, Spain etc., trans. T. Johnes (London 1839), ii, 584–8; Tyerman, ‘Sanudo’.

  5. Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris), MS Latin 11015 fols. 32 recto–54 verso for Guy’s treatise, fols. 39 recto–41 recto for the section on poisons.

  6. Bongars, Gesta Dei Per Francos, ii, 30–31, 36–7, 75–7; F. Cardini, ‘I costi della crociata’, Studi in memoria di Frederigo Melis (Naples 1978), pp. 179–210; N. Housley, ‘Costing the Crusade’, The Experience of Crusading, i, ed. M. Bull and N. Housley (Cambridge 2003), 48.

  7. Le Voyage d’Outremer de Bertrandon de la Brocquière, ed. C. Schéfer, Recueil de voyages et de documents pour server à l’histoire de la géographie depuis le xiiie jusqu�
�à la fin du xvie siècle, xii (Paris 1892), 267–74, esp. p. 274.

  8. Benedetto Accolti, De bello a Christiani contra Barbaros Gesta, RHC Occ., v, 532–3 et seq.; cf. a useful summary, M. Meserve, ‘Italian Humanists and the Problem of the Crusade’, Crusading in the Fifteenth Century, ed. N. Housley (Basingstoke 2004), pp. 13–38.

  9. For a useful general survey, N. Housley, The Later Crusades (Oxford 1992).

  10. C. J. Tyerman, ‘Philip V of France, the Assemblies of 1319–20 and the Crusade’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 57 (1984), 15–34; idem, ‘Sed Nihil Fecit? The Last Capetians and the Recovery of the Holy Land’, War and Government in the Middle Ages, ed. Gillingham and Holt, pp. 170–81.

  11. C. J. Tyerman, ‘Philip VI and the Recovery of the Holy Land’, English Historical Review, 100 (1985), 25–52.

  12. Philip V to Louis count of Clermont, July 1319, Archives Nationales (Paris) MS JJ 60, no. 100.

  13. Philippe de Mézières, Songe du Vieil Pèlerin, i, 399.

  14. P. Edbury, ‘The Crusading Policy of Peter I of Cyprus’, Eastern Mediterranean Lands, ed. P. M. Holt (Warminster 1977), pp. 90–105; idem, Cyprus, pp. 161–79; Setton, Papacy and the Levant, i, 225–84.

  15. Reproduced in Riley-Smith, Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, opposite p. 276.

  16. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 289–93; A. Luttrell, ‘English Levantine Crusaders 1363–1367’, Renaissance Studies, 2 (1988), 143–53.

  17. Philippe de Mézières, The Life of St Peter Thomas, ed. J. Smet (Rome 1954); Guilluame de Machaut, La Prise d’Alexandre, ed. L. de Mas Latrie (Geneva 1877), now trans. J. Shirley and P. Edbury, The Capture of Alexandria (Aldershot 2004).

  18. T. Walsingham, Historia Anglicana, ed. H. T. Riley, Rolls Series (London 1863–4), i, 301–2.

  19. Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, l. 51.

  20. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, p. 139 note 41.

  21. Maier, Preaching, pp. 52–6; cf. pp. 167–9 for the Drenther crusade.

  22. E. Baluze, Miscellaneorum, i (Paris 1678), 165–95.

  23. See below pp. 343–74, 894–905.

  24. D. Wilkins, Concilia Magnae Britanniae et Hiberniae (London 1733–7), iii, 588 (Oct. 1464); cf. the future pope using the same phrase in 1454, L. d’Achéry, Spicilegium (Paris 1723), iii, 795–6.

  25. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, p. 37 and note 20; Setton, Papacy and the Levant, i, 202.

  26. Muldoon, Popes, Lawyers and Infidels, passim and esp. pp. 88–91, 119–31; Housley, Later Crusades, pp. 288, 308–10.

  27. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 289, 293, 355.

  28. Christiansen, Northern Crusades, pp. 147–51.

  29. In general, Forey, The Military Orders, pp. 204–41.

  30. For opinions and refs., A. Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land (Aldershot 2000), esp. pp. 19, 34, 78, 178–9.

  31. The best account is M. Barber, The Trial of the Templars (Cambridge 1978); cf. Barber, New Knighthood, pp. 280–313.

  32. S. Schein, ‘Philip IV and the Crusade: A Reconsideration’, Crusade and Settlement, ed. Edbury, pp. 121–6.

  33. Christiansen, Northern Crusades, pp. 151, 231–41.

  34. Forey, The Military Orders, p. 240.

  35. On the Ottomans, C. Imber, The Ottoman Empire 1300–1481 (Istanbul 1990); H. Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600 (London 1973); on Byzantium, D. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium 1261–1453 (London 1972).

  36. Setton, Papacy and the Levant, pp. 195–223; E. L. Cox, The Green Count of Savoy (Princeton 1967).

  37. Wilkins, Concilia, iii, 587. For a recent discussion, N. Bisaha, ‘Pope Pius II and the Crusade’, Crusading in the Fifteenth Century, pp. 39–52.

  38. Documents on the Later Crusades 1274–1580, ed. N. Housley (Basingstoke 1996), p. 149.

  39. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 320.

  40. A. Linder, Raising Arms: Liturgy in the Struggle to Liberate Jerusalem in the Late Middle Ages (Turnhout 2003), pp. 179, 189–90.

  41. Setton, Papacy and the Levant, p. 245; Housley, Later Crusades, p. 40.

  42. Above, note 35.

  43. Quoted Housley, Later Crusades, p. 64.

  44. Housley, Later Crusades, pp. 90–91 provides a convenient potted account.

  45. Schéfer, Voyage d’Outremer, esp. pp. 181–99, when he met Murad II; for Boucicaut, Le livre des Faicts de bon Messire Jean le Maingre dit Boucicaut, ed. M. Petitot, Collection des mémoires relatives à l’histoire de France, vi and vii (Paris 1819).

  46. Meserve, ‘Italian Humanists’, pp. 26–7, 35.

  47. N. Oikonomides, ‘Byzantium between East and West’, Byzantium and the West, ed. J. Howard-Johnston, Byzantinische Forschung, xiii (Amsterdam 1988), 326–7 and note 17. The situation in Greek cities was far more resistant.

  48. In general, D. Geanakoplos, ‘Byzantium and the Crusades’, History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, iii, 27–103; J. Gill, Byzantium and the Papacy 1198–1400 (New Brunswick 1979); Nicol, Last Centuries of Byzantium.

  49. R. Manselli, ‘Il cardinale Bessarione contro il periculo turco e l’Italia’, Miscellanea franciscana, 73 (1973), 314–26.

  50. S. Runciman, The Fall of Constantinople (Cambridge 1965).

  51. Adam of Usk, Chronicon, ed. and trans. E. M. Thompson (London 1904), pp. 57, 220.

  52. J. Cabaret d’Oronville, La Chronique de bon duc Loys de Bourbon, ed. A. M. Chazaud (Paris 1876), pp. 218–57; Froissart, Chronicles, ii, 434–49, 465–77, 481–4; generally Setton, Papacy and the Levant, i, 329–41.

  53. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 278–80.

  54. Cabaret d’Oronville, Chronique, p. 257; some French nobles also died on the way home.

  55. J. J. N. Palmer, England, France and Christendom (London 1972), esp. pp. 180–210; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 294–301; cf. Philippe de Mézières, Letter to Richard II: A Plea Made in 1395 for Peace between England and France, trans. G. W. Coopland (Liverpool 1975).

  56. E.g. in the main official French chronicle source, Chronique du religieux de Saint-Denys, contenant le règne de Charles VI, ed. L. Bellaguet (Paris 1839), ii, esp. 428–9; in general A. S. Atyia, The Crusade of Nicopolis (London 1934); Setton, Papacy and the Levant, i, 341–69; Housley, Later Crusades, pp. 73–81.

  57. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 300–301 and refs.

  58. M. Keen, Chivalry (New Haven 1984), esp. pp. 179–99, esp. p. 195 (Order of the Ship); for Order of the Knot and the crusade, Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris), MS Fr. 4274, fol. 6, reproduced E. Hallam (ed.), Chronicles of the Crusades (London 1989), p. 2.

  59. A point made by J. Paviot, ‘Burgundy and the Crusade’, Crusading in the Fifteenth Century, ed. Housley, pp. 71 and 204 note 11.

  60. Runciman, History of the Crusades, iii, 462.

  61. Setton, Papacy and the Levant, i, 352.

  62. Religieux de Saint-Denys, ii, 498.

  63. Froissart, Chronicles, ii, chap. xci and p. 654.

  64. Mézières, Epistre, pp. 444–523.

  65. J. Paviot, Les Ducs de Bourgogne, la croisade et l’Orient (Paris 2003); cf. R. Vaughan, Philip the Good (London 1970), pp. 268–74, 334–72.

  66. E.g. Olivier de la Marche, Mémoires, ed. H. Beaune and J. d’Arbaumont (Paris 1883–8), i, 83–4.

  67. Paviot, Ducs de Bourgogne, pp. 201–38, esp. p. 238 for Duke Philip’s lack of books on the Turks.

  68. For a summary, J. Paviot, ‘Burgundy and the Crusade’, pp. 71–3, 75–7, 79–80; Discours de voyage d’Oultremer, ed. C. Schefer, Revue de l’Orient Latin, 3 (1895), 303–42.

  69. Torcello’s Avis and Brocquière’s assessment Schefer, Voyage d’Oultremer, pp. 263–74; cf. Oeuvres de Ghillebert de Lannoy, ed. C. Potvin (Louvain 1878).

  70. R. J. Walsh, ‘Charles the Bold and the Crusade’, Journal of Medieval History, 3 (1977), 53–87.

  71. Housley, Later Crusades, p. 108; Walsh, ‘Charles the Bold’, p. 56.

  72. M.-T. Caron, Les Vœux du f
aison, noblesse en fête, esprit de croisade (Turnhout 2003), esp. pp. 120–25; pp. 133–67 for vows (p. 153 for Lannoy’s); Paviot, Ducs de Bourgogne, pp. 129–35; pp. 308–13 for Oliver de la Marche’s account; cf. la Marche, Mémoires, ed. J. A. C. Buchon (Paris 1836), p. 494–6.

  73. Paviot, Ducs de Bourgogne, p. 238: ‘la croisade chez Philippe le Bon etait un rève chevaleresque’.

  74. Paviot, Ducs de Bourgogne, p. 132.

  75. O. Halecki, The Crusade of Varna (New York 1943); Housley, Later Crusades, pp. 85–9.

  76. Runciman, Fall of Constantinople, for an elegant and elegiac account.

  77. Quoted, Bisaha, ‘Pius II and Crusade’, p. 40.

  78. Bisaha, ‘Pius II and Crusade’; J. Helmrath, ‘The German Reichstage and the Crusade’, Crusading in the Fifteenth Century, ed. Housley, pp. 53–69.

  79. W. R. Lunt, Financial Relations of the Papacy with England, (Cambridge, Mass. 1939–62), ii, passim for indulgence and taxation returns; Housley, Later Crusades, pp. 99–103.

  80. Voyage d’Oultremer, p. 339.

  81. J. Hofer, Giovanni da Capestrano (L’Aquila 1955); N. Housley, ‘Giovanni da Capistrano and the Crusade of 1456’, Crusading in the Fifteenth Century, ed. idem, pp. 94–115; Housley, Later Crusades, pp. 103–4, 408–10. For the impact, note the Middle English romance Capystranus.

  82. Setton, Papacy and the Levant, ii, 235.

  83. J. M. Bak, ‘Hungary and Crusading in the Fifteenth Century’, Crusading in the Fifteenth Century, ed. Housley, p. 117.

  84. Housley, ‘Capistrano’, p. 108, for a somewhat different slant.

  85. Housley, Later Crusades, pp. 104–5 for a summary; cf. ‘Capistrano’, p. 111

  86. Quoted Housley, Later Crusades, p. 108; in general, now, Bisaha, ‘Pius II and Crusade’.

  87. Above, note 86.

  88. Wilkins, Concilia, iii, 587–94; see French version at the Burgundian court, Caron, Vœux du faison, 167–85.

  89. Bisaha, ‘Pius II and Crusade’, pp. 50–51.

  90. M. Mallett, The Borgias (London 1969), p. 92.

  91. Runciman, History of the Crusades, p. 467.

  92. Piccolomini to Calixtus III in 1458, quoted Bak, ‘Hungary and Crusading’, p. 119; cf. N. Housley on the antemurale image, Religious Warfare in Europe 1400–1536 (Oxford 2002).