by David Boyle
Reconvened at Worms: see Gillingham, Richard I,
'Look to yourself. . .': the famous lines are in Roger of Howden, Chronica Magistri Rogeri Hoveden, Vol. 111.
Treaty signed at Mantes: details of the agreement are in Landon, Itinerary of Richard I,
Philip's marriage: see Bradbury, Philip Augustus, King of France 1180-1223. The discussion about whether Philip's repudiation of Ingeborg might have been because of his impotence comes from here.
'Beautiful in face . . .': ibid.
Joanna and Raymond: see Amy Kelly, Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings (Harvard and London, 1950). For why this was such a mistake for Joanna, see Trindade, Berengaria,
9: A King's Ransom
The main sources I used here are J. T. Appleby, England without Richard (London, 1965) and Frank Barlow, The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042-1216 (London, 1961). The best source of information about England's Jewish community and their role in medieval finance, at least as far as the ransom is concerned, is probably Cecil Roth, A History of the Jews of England (3rd edn, Oxford, 1964). As for the question of outlaws, I rely largely on Maurice Keen, Outlaws of Medieval Legend (rev. edn, London, 2000).
Chretien de Troyes: see Jean Frappier, Chretien de Troyes: The Man and His Work, trans. Raymond J. Cormier (Athens, Ohio, 1982).
The Holy Grail and its meaning: see Jessie L. Weston, From Ritual to Romance (Cambridge, 1920). For a modern retelling, see Lindsay Clarke, Parzival and the Stone from Heaven (London, 2001). The idea of the waste land was brought into the twentieth century by T. S. Eliot's famous poem.
Wauchier de Denain: see Jessie L. Weston, The Legend of Sir Perceval: Studies upon the Origin, Position and Influence on the Arthurian Cycle, Vol. 1 (London, 1906).
Siege of John's remaining castle: see Doris M. Stenton (ed.), The Great Roll of the Pipe for the Fifth Year of the Reign of King Richard the First, Michaelmas 1193 (London, 1927).
Urgent fortifications: ibid.
150,000 silver marks: see Lionel Landon, Itinerary of Richard I (London, 1935).
Three times anything the English government had raised: see N. Barratt, 'The English Revenue of Richard I', English Historical Review, Vol. 116, 2001,
Families that dominated the business of London: see Timothy B. Baker, Medieval London (London, 1970).
Exchequer of Ransom: see A. L. Poole, From Domesday Book to Magna Carta 1087-1216 (Oxford, 1951).
Ransom tax and the exchequer: see David Sinclair, The Pound:A Biography (London, 2001),
Baldwin of Bethune: see Histoire de Guillaume le Marechal, ed. P. Meyer (Paris, 1897-1907), Vol. 111, 1. 133.
William of Newburgh: see Alison Weir, Eleanor of Aquitaine, by the Wrath of God, Queen of England (London, 1999),
Since the days of Charlemagne: though not in England — there is no evidence for Jews in England before 1066.
Aaron of Lincoln: see Roth, A History of the Jews of England, On the time it took to collect his debts, see Poole, 1951, From Domesday Book to Magna Carta 1087-1216,
Interest rates: see G. G. Coulton, Medieval Panorama: The English Scene from Conquest to Reformation (New York, 1955),
Escorted the wealthiest Jewish financiers: see Stenton, The Great Roll of the Pipe for the Fifth Year of the Reign of King Richard the First, Michaelmas 1193.
Tally sticks: see Sinclair, The Pound,
Inflation: see P. D. A. Harvey, 'The English Inflation of 1180-1220', in Past & Present, No. 61, November 1973. There is some disagreement about exactly when inflation began to take hold. See Barratt, 'The English Revenue of Richard I', for the view that inflation was only really taking off in the 1190s.
Isaac the Jew and silver coins: see Sinclair, The Pound,
St Paul's Cathedral: see William Benham, Old St Paul's Cathedral (London, 1902). The details about activities in St Paul's come from a century or more later, but there is no reason to suggest they did not apply at this time as well, as they did in cathedrals all over Europe. In fact, in 1385 the cathedral authorities were forced to ban playing ball games inside the cathedral because the windows kept getting broken. One of the first things the chapter did when Notre-Dame was completed in Paris was to ban the sale of wine in the nave. See also Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert, The London Encyclopaedia (London, 1983).
Hostages: there is a list in Landon, Itinerary of Richard I,
Roger de Tosny: see Landon, Itinerary of Richard I,
The return of Longchamp: see Appleby, England without Richard,
Baldwin Wake: see Kate Norgate, England under the Angevin Kings (London, 1887),
'The royal officers accelerated . . .': William of Newburgh, Histo-ria Rerum Anglicarum, ed. R. Howlett (Rolls Series, 1884), Book IV,
'I love not man in all the world . . .': see Maurice Keen, Outlaws of Medieval Legend (rev. edn, London, 2000),
'The fury of St Edmund . . .': see Appleby, England without Richard,
'Those children of perdition . . .': quoted in Amy Kelly, Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings (Harvard and London, 1950),
William FitzOsbert: see Peter Ackroyd, London: The Biography (London, 2000),
Forests: strictly speaking, 'forest' was a legal and administrative term for the king's own hunting land. The actual forest stretched over a third of England during the reign of Henry II.
Eustace the Monk and Fulk Fitzwarin: see Keen, Outlaws of Medieval Legend.
Robin Hood: see, for example, J. C. Holt, Robin Hood (rev. edn, London, 1989). The earliest rhymes seem to refer to Edward II, but by his reign it was clear that the name 'Robin Hood' was already widely used.
'Allow no woman . . .': see John Major, A History of Greater Britain, trans, and ed. Archibald Constable (Edinburgh, 1892),
'Hear undernead dis laid stean . . .': see Keen, Outlaws of Medieval Legend,
Little John: ibid.
The real Earl of Huntingdon: K. J. Stringer, Earl David of Huntingdon 1132—1219: A Study in Anglo-Scottish History (Edinburgh, 1985).
The drift of money: see Sinclair, The Pound,
Robert Brito: see John Gillingham, Richard I (Yale, 1999),
Which seems to have raised a meagre -£7,000: James H. Ramsay, A History of the Revenues of the King of England 1066-1399, Vol. I (Oxford, 1925).
Forced to use the Domesday Book: Frank Barlow, The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042-1216 (London, 1961),
Hubert Walter and the Jews: see Roth, A History of the Jews of England.
Akeman Street and Eleanor's journey: see under various headings in Weinreb and Hibbert, The London Encyclopaedia.
In barrel upon barrel of silver coins: see Peter Spufford, Money and Its Use in Medieval Europe (Cambridge, 1988),
For the rest of November: see Gillingham, Richard I,
'Henry by the grace of God . . .': see Roger of Howden, Chronica Magistri Rogeri Hoveden, ed. William Stubbs (Rolls Series, 1868-71), Vol. II,
King of Provence: see discussion in Gillingham, Richard I,
Deflationary shock: depending on whom you believe, inflation seems to have been running at a steady 3 per cent a year in England throughout Richard's imprisonment. See Barratt, 'The English Revenue of Richard I',
The vast ransom: for a discussion of the other major payments in silver from England to Germany, see Spufford, Money and Its Use in Medieval Europe,
Tally sticks and the fire at Westminster: see account in A. N. Wilson, The Victorians (London, 2002),
10: The Return of the King
Once again, the main source for the return of Richard to England and Normandy is John Gillingham's Richard I (Yale, 1999). For the use of the ransom in Austria, see the works on the history of Vienna by Reinhard Pohanka and also A. L. Poole, 'Richard I's Alliances with the German Princes in 1194', in R. W. Hunt, W. A. Pantin and R. W. Southern (eds.), Studies in Medieval History (Oxford, 1948).
'Venison and fowls . . .': see Helen Child Sargent and George Lyman Kittredge (eds.), English and Scottish Popular Ballads (Boston, 1904), quoted in Amy Kelly, Elea
nor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings (Harvard and London, 1950).
'Sumer is icomen in . . .': one of the earliest recorded songs in English and dated variously from 1240 onwards. It is the spring carol that is still sung every year from the top of the chapel tower of Magdelen College, Oxford, at dawn on 1 May.
Philip and John's letter: Roger of Howden, Chronica Magistri Rogeri Hoveden, ed. William Stubbs (Rolls Series, 1868-71), Vol. 111,
The Old Man of the Mountains: Longchamp sent a copy of the letter home to Ralph of Diceto, but, as we have seen, it is generally agreed to have been a forgery.
'The eloquence of Nestor . . .': see Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi in Chronicles and Memorials of the Reign of Richard I, ed. William Stubbs and trans. Helen Nicholson as Chronicle of the Third Crusade (Ashgate, 1997),
'The empire, lord emperor . . .': see William of Newburgh, His-toria Rerum Anglicarum, ed. R. Howlett (Rolls Series, 1884), Book IV,
Leopold of Austria's role in Richard's release: see A. W. A. Leeper, A History of Medieval Austria (London, 1941),
'Anxious and difficult. . .': that was how Walter described themin a letter to Ralph of Diceto. See Ralph of Diceto, The Historical Works of Master Ralph of Diceto, Deacon of London, ed. William Stubbs (Rolls Series, 1876), Vol. II,
Details of Richard's homage: see Gillingham, Richard I,
Coronation regalia: see Lionel Landon, Itinerary of Richard I (London, 1935),
The Duke of Gloucester and Emperor Sigismund: see James Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire (London, 1874).
'Worn to a skeleton . . .': see her letters to Celestine,
'The staff of my old age . . .': quoted in Alison Weir, Eleanor of Aquitaine, by the Wrath of God, Queen of England (London, 1999),
The emperor changed his mind: William of Newburgh, Historia Rerum Anglicarum, Book I, quoted in Kelly, Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings,
Mass in Cologne: see Ralph of Diceto, The Historical Works of Master Ralph of Diceto, Deacon of London, ed. William Stubbs (Rolls Series, 1876), Vol. II, See also Gillingham, Richard I,
The promised pensions: see Poole, 'Richard I's Alliances with the German Princes in 1194'.
Naval strategy: see Gillingham, Richard I,
On foot to Canterbury: see Helen C. Bentwich, History of Sandwich in Kent (Deal, 1971).
'Faster than the winds flew . . .': William of Newburgh, Historia Rerum Anglicarum, Book IV,
London Bridge: see Patricia Pierce, Old London Bridge (London, 2001).
'For really, if he could have known . . .': William of Newburgh, Historia Rerum Anglicarum, Book IV,
The main source for London at this time is Becket's biographer William FitzStephen: see his A Description of London, trans. H. E. Butler, Historical Association Pamphlets, 1954. See also Peter Ackroyd, London:The Biography (London, 2002) and Timothy B. Baker, Medieval London (London, 1970).
Jesters, smooth-skinned lads . . .': Richard of Devizes, Chronicon, ed. and trans. J. T. Appleby (London, 1963).
Carol singing: see Christopher Page, The Owl and the Nightingale:Musical Life and Ideas in Medieval France 1100-1300 (London, 1989),
'Merry England': the phrase was first used by Henry of Huntingdon around n 50. See G. G. Coulton, Medieval Panorama: The English Scene from Conquest to Reformation (New York, 1955),
John's castellan at St Michael's Mount: see Gillingham, Richard I,
Adam de St Edmund: see Landon, Itinerary of Richard I,
David, Earl of Huntingdon: see K. J. Stringer, Earl David of Huntingdon 1132-1219: A Study in Anglo-Scottish History (Edinburgh, 1985),
'Well, what can you see?': see Gillingham, Richard I,
Robert Brito: ibid.
The tournament yobs: see J. T. Appleby, England without Richard (London, 1965),
Hugh of Nonant's death: ibid. The malevolence shown towards him by the chroniclers, most of them churchmen or monks, was not so much because of his political intrigues but because of the incident when he put down his own monks in Coventry with the use of armed soldiers, and his often-repeated and derogatory views about monks in general.
Three lions: see Landon, Itinerary of Richard I, There is a tradition that he took one lion from his mother and one from his father, with the third lion added on his own account, but there is no evidence for this. See J. P. Brooke-Little, Boutell's Heraldry (rev. edn, London, 1973),
Crown-wearing ceremony: see Roger of Howden, Chronica Magistri Rogeri Hoveden, Vol. 111,
New dockyard: see Gillingham, Richard I, See also John Gillingham, 'Galley Warfare and Portsmouth: The Beginnings of a Royal Navy', in Thirteenth Century England VI: Proceedings of the Durham Conference 1993, ed. Michael Prestwich, R. H. Britnell and Robin Frame (Woodbridge, 1997).
'God has come again . . .': see Histoire de Guillaume le Marechal, ed. P. Meyer (Paris, 1897-1907), Vol. 3, 11. 10352ff.
If you threw an apple in the air: see Kelly, Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings,
'Why do you look like that?': see Gillingham, Richard I, - the story was remembered later by William the Marshal.
'He took such a pleasure . . .': see William of Newburgh, Historia Rerum Anglicarum, Book V,
'How is your conscience . . .': see Agnes Strickland, The Lives of the Queens of England from the Norman Conquest, Vol. I (London, 1840, republished Bath, 1972),
'By my head . . .': see Gillingham, Richard I,
Paying for the Fourth Crusade: see Peter Spufford, Money and Its Use in Medieval Europe (Cambridge, 1988),
Wiener Neustadt: see Leeper, A History of Medieval Austria,
'Summer has come . . .': see O. Giintter, Walther von Vogelweide mit einer Auswahl aus Minnesang und Spruchdichtung (Berlin, 1927).
Saladin's death: see Stephen Runciman, A History of the Crusades Vol. 3 (Cambridge, 1954),
Henry the Lion's death: see A. L. Poole, Henry the Lion (Oxford, 1912),
Isaac Comnenus's death: see H. Fichtenau, 'Akkon, Zypern und das Losegeld fur Richard Lowenherz', Archivfur Osterreichisches Geschichte, Vol. CXXV (Vienna, 1966).
Henry of Champagne's death: see Runciman, A History of the Crusades,
Henry VI's death: see Gillingham, Richard 7,
'O splendid deed . . .': this was from the Annales de Jumieges, quoted in Gillingham, Richard I,
'What wrong have I done you . . .': Roger of Howden, Chronica Magistri Rogeri Hoveden, Vol. IV,
Mercadier recaptured Bertrand the crossbowman: another story says that he was sent instead to Richard's sister Joanna, who had him torn apart by horses. But this is unlikely, because Joanna was otherwise engaged at the time.
John and Bishop Hugh: see Marion Meade, Eleanor of Aquitaine:A Biography (London, 1977),
'So be it then . . .': quoted in Caroline Bingham, The Crowned Lions: The Early Plantagenet Kings (Newton Abbot, 1978),
Joanna's death: Ann Trindade, Berengaria: In Search of Richard the Lionheart's Queen (Dublin and Portland, 1999),
The Cypriot princess: see Fichtenau, 'Akkon, Zypern und das Losegeld fur Richard Lowenherz'.
Eleanor and Blanche of Castile: see Douglas Boyd, Eleanor: April Queen of Aquitaine (Stroud, 2004),
Berengaria's final days: see Trindade, Berengaria,
John's letter to Berengaria: see Strickland, The Lives of the Queens of England from the Norman Conquest,
'Ah! Lord God! . . .': Faidit's most famous song is quoted in English in Gillingham, Richard I, and, in a different version, in Bingham, The Crowned Lions,
'His valour could no throng . . .': Roger of Howden, quoted in Bradford B. Broughton, The Legends of Richard I Coeur de Lion: A Study of Sources and Variations to the Year 1600 (The Hague, 1966).
Vienna walls and the Ringstrasse: see Leeper, A History of Medieval Austria, See also The Times, 28 November 1928.
11: The Very Last Day of Chivalry
The spirit of the new age is made all too apparent by reading any of the various books on the suppression of the Cathars: for example, Stephen O'Shea, The P
erfect Heresy: The Revolutionary Life and Death of the Medieval Cathars (London, 2000). I have particularly relied on R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe 930-1230 (Oxford, 1987).
Otto of St Blaise: see Joachim Bumke, Courtly Culture, Literature and Society in the High Middle Ages, trans. Thomas Dunlap (Berkeley, 199),
A dead rat: this can still be seen in the Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum.
William of Norwich: see Cecil Roth, A History of the Jews in England (3rd edn, Oxford, 1964),
'Islam within': see Jeffrey Richards, Sex, Dissidence and Damnation: Minority Groups in the Middle Ages (London, 1990).